扩散加权成像在正常胎儿脑发育中的应用

目的 探讨扩散加权成像(DWI)对正常胎儿脑发育的评估价值.方法 回顾性分析40例正常胎儿脑DWI表现,孕周19～39周,平均33.6周.在ADC图上分析总结正常胎儿脑表现特征,并测量脑干、双侧小脑半球、基底节区、丘脑、颞叶白质、额叶白质、枕叶白质、半卵圆中心及顶叶白质的ADC值,分析不同部位ADC值随孕周变化的规律.结果 在ADC图上,胎儿幕上脑实质表现为信号强度不同的分层状结构,随孕周增加分层减少.双侧大脑半球间对称部位ADC值无显著性差异.幕上深部白质平均ADC值高于小脑半球、脑干及深部灰质核团,顶叶ADC值最高(1.62 ±0.17) mm/s,脑干ADC值最低(1.08±0.13) mm/s.胎儿脑干、双侧小脑半球、基底节区、丘脑、颞叶白质、枕叶白质、半卵圆中心及顶叶白质ADC值与胎龄呈负相关,小脑半球相关系数最高(r=0.78),枕叶相关系数最低(r=0.38),额叶与胎龄无线性相关(P＞0.05).小脑半球ADC值随胎龄增长下降最快(b=0.03).结论 DWI可应用于正常胎儿脑发育的评估,为胎儿脑发育的产前诊断及预后提供重要信息.     

MR扩散加权成像在肝脏占位性病变中的应用

目的 探讨MR扩散加权成像(DWI)及表观扩散系数(ADC)值在肝脏占位性病变诊断的价值.方法 对53例正常及100例肝占位性病变患者行DWI检查,并测量ADC值.包括肝细胞癌24例,肝转移瘤31例,肝血管瘤19例及肝囊肿26例. 结果正常肝组织ADC值为(1.52±0.24)×10-3mm2/s;肝细胞癌、肝转移瘤、肝血管瘤、肝囊肿ADC值分别为(1.38±0.37)×10-3 mm2/s、(1.71±0.78)×10-3 mm2/s、(2.41±0.51)×10-3 mm2/s、(3.96±0.76)×10-3 mm2/s,肝恶性肿瘤与肝囊肿、肝血管瘤ADC值存在统计学意义(P＜0.05).在DWI图像上,肝囊肿呈低或等信号,肝血管瘤呈稍高信号,肝癌和转移瘤呈高信号.结论 分析DWI图像特点及ADC值在肝脏占位性病灶中的鉴别诊断有重要价值.     

扩散加权成像在卵巢肿瘤中的应用

扩散加权成像(DWI)是目前唯一能够检测生物组织内水分子扩散运动的无创方法 ,该种扩散运动可以通过表观扩散系数(ADC)来量化分析。扩散峰度成像(DKI)、体素内不相干运动(IVIM)成像、背景抑制扩散加权全身成像(DWIBS)等DWI新技术用于卵巢肿瘤的评估提高了卵巢肿瘤影像诊断的准确性。综述DWI及其新技术在卵巢肿瘤定性诊断、分期、疗效评估、预后判断中的作用及其潜在缺陷。     

磁共振扩散加权成像在肝纤维化诊断中的应用

肝炎-肝纤维化-肝硬化-肝细胞癌是逐渐发展的病理过程,其中肝纤维化是唯一可逆性阶段。有关肝纤维化早期诊断和治疗的研究是当今临床及医学影像学研究的热点和难点。磁共振扩散加权成像(DWI)是近年开发并趋向成熟的功能成像技术,尤其对肝纤维化有望成为其早期诊断无创而有效的手段。现就DWI的成像方法及其对肝纤维化病理分级、分期等应用现状予以综述。     

磁共振扩散加权成像在肝纤维化诊断中的应用

肝炎-肝纤维化-肝硬化-肝细胞癌是逐渐发展的病理过程,其中肝纤维化是唯一可逆性阶段。有关肝纤维化早期诊断和治疗的研究是当今临床及医学影像学研究的热点和难点。磁共振扩散加权成像（DWI）是近年开发并趋向成熟的功能成像技术,尤其对肝纤维化有望成为其早期诊断无创而有效的手段。现就DWI的成像方法及其对肝纤维化病理分级、分期等应用现状予以综述。     

全身扩散加权成像在恶性淋巴瘤诊断中的价值

目的：评价全身磁共振扩散加权成像（WB-DWI）在恶性淋巴瘤诊断及疗效评价中的作用。方法：回顾性分析47例经病理证实的恶性淋巴瘤患者WB-DWI表现;另选10例健康志愿者进行比较。8例霍奇金淋巴瘤（HD）患者,其中5例治疗前、后均行WB-DWI检查,3例为治疗后患者;39例非霍奇金淋巴瘤（NHL）患者,治疗前行WB-DWI检查19例,治疗前、后均行WB-DWI检查11例,仅治疗后检查9例。在ADC图上分别测量恶性淋巴瘤患者和健康志愿者淋巴结的ADC值,16例复查患者在初次检查相一致部位再次测量淋巴结的ADC值,并进行前后比较,同时与健康志愿者进行比较。结果：全身MR-DWI对淋巴瘤的显示较敏感,MR-DWI共检出大于1cm淋巴结372处。35例治疗前恶性淋巴瘤患者平均ADC值为（0.86±0.21）×10^-3mm^2/s,28例治疗后复查患者平均ADC值为（1.22±0.31）×10^-3mm^2/s,治疗前、后平均ADC值的差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;10例健康志愿者颈部淋巴结平均ADC值为（1.29±0.12）×10^-3mm^2/s,与30例治疗前淋巴瘤患者ADC值比较,差异具有统计学意义,与28例治疗后患者ADC值比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论：WB-DWI和ADC值的测量在恶性淋巴瘤的临床诊断、分期及疗效监测的评价方面是一种快速和行之有效的技术,具有一定的临床价值。     

扩散加权成像在小儿脑肿瘤诊断中的价值

目的:探讨磁共振扩散加权成像在d,JL脑肿瘤诊断中的应用价值.方法:回顾性分析60例经病理证实不同类型的小儿脑肿瘤扩散加权成像及ADC图像,其中包括神经胶质瘤36例,室管膜瘤11例,髓母细胞瘤13例.结果:正常脑白质ADC值在三组间无统计学差别,均值为(0.76±0.06)×10-3mm2/s.三组肿瘤实质的ADC值及rADC(肿瘤实质/正常白质)值如下:胶质瘤为(1.18±0.33)×10-3mm>2/s、1.54±0.44;室管膜瘤为(0.97±0.19)× 10-3mm2/B、1.26±0.26;髓母细胞瘤为(0.62±0.09)×10-3mm2/s、0.84±0.16.三组肿瘤的ADC及rADC值存在显著性差异,胶质瘤高于室管膜瘤,髓母细胞瘤最低.Ⅰ-Ⅱ级胶质瘤为(1.32±0.32)×10-3mm2/s、1.71±0.43;Ⅲ-Ⅳ级胶质瘤为(1.02±0.28)×10-3mm2/s、1.35±0.37,两者之间也有显著性差异,前者高于后者.结论:DWI对于小儿上述三类脑肿瘤的鉴别诊断有一定的帮助.ADC及rADC值能较为可靠地鉴别小儿常见颅内肿瘤以及区分Ⅰ-Ⅱ与Ⅲ-Ⅳ级胶质瘤.     

磁共振扩散加权成像在肝外胆管癌诊断中的应用研究

目的探讨MR扩散加权成像(DWI)及表观扩散系数(apparent diffusion coefficient,ADC)值对肝外胆管癌的诊断价值。资料与方法回顾性分析58例经手术病理证实的肝外胆管癌患者的MRI原始资料,包括不同b值的DWI(b值为100 s/mm2、300 s/mm2、500 s/mm2、800 s/mm2、1000 s/mm2)及常规MRI平扫(T2WI、T1WI)。测量不同b值时肝外胆管癌病灶ADC值,计算病灶与正常肝脏间对比噪声比(CNR),根据HE染色病理图片记录肝外胆管癌细胞密度,并进行分析。结果 DWI对肝外胆管癌病灶的信号显示优于T2WI及T1WI。随着b值的增大,病灶ADC值逐渐降低,病灶与正常肝脏间CNR呈逐渐下降趋势,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。不同b值时,肝外胆管癌病灶ADC值与细胞密度之间均呈负相关(P<0.05);b=800 s/mm2时,其相关性最高(r=-0.81,P<0.05)。结论 DWI能较清楚地显示肝外胆管癌病灶,b值为800 s/mm2时最佳,与ADC值测量共同分析,有助于肝外胆管癌病灶的检出。     

磁共振扩散加权成像在眼眶良恶性肿瘤鉴别中的应用

目的 探讨磁共振扩散加权成像(DWI)及表观扩散系数(ADC)在眼眶良恶性肿瘤鉴别诊断中的价值.方法 回顾性分析40例(良性组∶恶性组=25∶15)眼眶肿瘤病例的DWI及ADC图像,分析其DWI及ADC图像信号特点.逐层勾画肿瘤边界以获得整体感兴趣区(ROD,得到肿瘤平均ADC值(ADCM).眼眶良恶性肿瘤的信号特点比较采用Fisher精确检验,2组间ADCM值比较采用独立样本t检验.炎性假瘤及淋巴瘤的ADCM值比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验.采用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)法分析AIDCM值对眼眶良恶性肿瘤的鉴别诊断价值.结果 眼眶良恶性肿瘤组间DWI图像信号特点无明显统计学差异(P＞0.05),2组ADC图像信号特点有明显统计学差异(P＜0.05).良性肿瘤的ADCM明显高于恶性肿瘤(P＜0.05),其中炎性假瘤的ADCM明显高于淋巴瘤(P＜0.05).以ADC值≥1.289×10-3 mm2/s判断眼眶肿瘤良恶性,可获得最优的诊断价值[曲线下面积(AUC)0.968;敏感度0.960;特异度0.933].结论 磁共振DWI及ADC值在眼眶肿瘤良恶性鉴别中具有重要价值.     

磁共振扩散加权成像在食管癌显示及恶性程度评估中的应用

目的 探讨食管癌磁共振扩散加权成像(DWI)诊断的最佳b值及表观扩散系数(ADC)在食管癌恶性度预测方面的应用价值.方法 对初诊为食管癌的45例患者行前瞻性常规MRI平扫及DWI扫描,依据病理结果对照分析不同病理分级食管癌间的ADC值变化.采用单次激发SE-EPI序列,取不同b值(500、800 s/mm2和1000s/mm2)对食管癌患者进行DWI检查,得到相应的DWI及ADC图像.结果 食管癌病灶在各组不同b值获得的DWI图像上均表现为高信号,同时病灶的信噪比(SNR)及对比噪声比(CNR)均随着b值的升高而表现为下降;各b值下病灶的ADC值不同,同一b值下不同病理分级间病灶的ADC值亦不相同,食管癌的病理分级可以通过各b值下的ADC值进行有效的评价.绘制ROC曲线后分析得出,当b值为500 s/mm2时,受试者T作特征曲线(ROC)曲线下面积最大,对食管癌恶性度的预测价值最高,相应的ADC值为1.72×10-3 mm2/s,其敏感度和特异度为85.7％和82.4％.结论 b值为500 s/mm2时有利于食管癌病灶的检出和显示;ADC值测定可以反映肿瘤的病理分级,对于术前评估食管癌的恶性程度有重要作用,可以为临床治疗及患者预后评价提供更多的信息.     

Diffusion weighted MR imaging in non-infarct lesions of the brain

Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) is a relatively new method in which the images are formed by the contrast produced by the random microscopic motion of water molecules in different tissues. Although DWI has been tried for different organ systems, it has been found its primary use in the central nervous system. The most widely used clinical application is in the detection of hyperacute infarcts and the differentiation of acute or subacute infarction from chronic infarction. Recently DWI has been applied to various other cerebral diseases. In this pictorial paper the authors demonstrated different DWI patterns of non-infarct lesions of the brain which are hyperintense in the diffusion trace image, such as infectious, neoplastic and demyelinating diseases, encephalopathies - including hypoxic-ischemic, hypertensive, eclamptic, toxic, metabolic and mitochondrial encephalopathies - leukodystrophies, vasculitis and vasculopathies, hemorrhage and trauma.     

乳腺癌MR弥散加权成像研究进展

MR在乳腺癌诊断方面的应用价值已经得到广泛认同,为增加检出乳腺癌的敏感性,需应用多种MR扫描技术。然而,常规MR在检测及描述乳腺病变特征时具有一定的局限性,弥散加权成像作为一种重要的功能成像技术,能够反映组织的生物物理学特征,有较大的发展前景。弥散加权成像是唯一能够检测活体组织内水分子弥散运动的非侵入性方法,可以检测出组织结构在分子水平上的改变。其成像时间短,敏感性高,无需使用对比剂,并且能比常规MR检查更早的发现病变,因此,它已经广泛应用于脑部疾病中,也越来越多地应用于乳腺疾病方面。本文就弥散加权成像在乳腺癌的应用方面予以综述。     

多b值DWI在儿童脑肿瘤中的初步研究

目的:探讨多b值DWI在儿童脑肿瘤中的应用价值。方法:对31例脑肿瘤患儿行EPI-DWI扫描,采用0～4000s/mm2之间的12个b值。按照单指数模型计算低b值ADC(ADClow)(b≤200s/mm2)、高b值ADC(ADChigh,200s/mm2相似文献   

Apparent diffusion coefficient of diffusion weighted MRI in endometrial carcinoma-Relationship with local invasiveness

Objective

To evaluate the relationship between apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value and the local invasiveness of endometrial carcinoma.

Methods and materials

The MR imaging of seventy-three patients with endometrial carcinoma proved by post-operative pathology and sixty-four patients with healthy uteri were retrospectively reviewed. All MR examinations included axial T2WI and T1WI, sagittal T2WI and diffusion-weighted sequences (b = 0 and b = 1000 s/mm²). Tumor size, mean ADC value (ADCm) and quartile ADC (ADCq) were acquired on post-processing workstation using voxel-analysis software. Differences between the ADC values among three layers of normal uterine body and endometrial carcinomas were compared by ANOVA test. Groups were divided according to pathologic type, histologic grade, depth of myometrial infiltration, presence of cervical invasion and lymphovascular space invasion, and lymph node metastasis. Tumor size and ADC values were compared and analyzed.

Results

ADC values were different in three zones of uterine body (P < 0.001), with the lowest in junctional zone [(1.126 ± 0.190) × 10⁻³ mm²/s] and highest in outer myometrium [(1.496 ± 0.196) × 10⁻³ mm²/s]. Mean ADC value of endometrial carcinomas [(1.011 ± 0.121) × 10⁻³ mm²/s] was lower than the normal uterine body. Quartile ADC and tumor size were greater in groups with more invasive pathologic factors (P < 0.05). Deep myometrial infiltration, cervical invasion, lymphovascular space invasion and lymph node metastasis were more common as quartile ADC values and tumor sizes increased.

Conclusion

Mean ADC value was lower in endometrial carcinoma was lower than the normal uterus. Quartile ADC, representing the intra-tumor heterogeneity of water movement, had a profound relationship with invasiveness of endometrial carcinomas, while mean ADC value did not. ADC values may serve as a quantitative indicator to complement routine sequences.     

胎儿颅脑扩散加权成像技术的初步探讨

目的：探讨未用镇静剂备件下胎儿颅脑DWI成像技术。方法：纳入60例单胎孕妇行胎儿颅脑扩散加权成像（DWI）。所有孕妇及胎儿未用镇静处理。通过改良常规DWI参数,缩短扫描时间,于呼气末屏气采集。所获得的图像经两名放射科医生独立进行评分,大于3分认为图像质量良好。采用组内相关系数进行统计学分析。结果：经过使用改良后的DWI序列,同时结合孕妇屏气配合,60例胎儿颅脑DWI均采集成功。所有胎脑DWI图像评分均大于3分,图像质量良好。两名放射科医生图像质量评分的组内相关系数为0．998（P〈0．001）。结论：在不采用镇静的条件下结合孕妇屏气配合,使用改良的DWI序列对胎儿颅脑DWI成像是可行的。     

Time course of the apparent diffusion coefficient after cerebral infarction

The purpose of this study was to evaluate quantitative apparent diffusion changes in the center of infarction by measurement of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), and to investigate the influence of ischemia on the contralateral hemisphere. By diffusion echo-planar imaging (EPI) 52 patients showing cerebral infarction were studied within 5 h to >12 months after onset of clinical symptoms. Using three diffusion gradient strengths (b1=30 s/mm(2); b2=300 s/mm(2), b3=1100 s/mm(2)) ADC maps were generated. After onset of ischemia, ADC in the center of infarction was lower than in the contralateral regions of human brain. At first ADC declined for approximately 28 h to a minimum of approximately 150x10(-8) cm(2)/s. Then the ADC reincreased and reached a "pseudonormalization" after approximately 5 days. Chronic infarctions did show much higher ADC values (2000x10(-8) cm(2)/s) than unaffected areas. Neither localization nor size of infarctions showed a significant influence on this time course. In the center of infarction diffusion is isotropic. Even brain regions of the contralateral hemisphere are influenced by cerebral ischemia. In these regions ADC is higher than for physiological conditions. The ADC also declines especially for the first 2-3 days after onset of symptoms, also followed by reincrease. The ADC calculation enables determination of the onset of infarction more exactly than is possible using only diffusion-weighted imaging. Diffusion in the center of infarction is isotropic; hence, orientation of the diffusion gradients has no significant influence on sensitivity of measurements. The calculation of the ADC ratio based on data derived from the center of infarction and the contralateral hemisphere seems to be critical because the ADC in the unaffected contralateral hemisphere also changes.     

扩散加权成像在膀胱肿瘤中的应用进展

扩散加权成像（DWI）技术具有无创、高效、操作简便等优势,能反映活体组织细胞内水分子的扩散特性,通过测定表观扩散系数（ADC）值大小,可获得组织内病理、生理信息,进而对组织结构及功能状态进行无创诊断。 DWI结合常规MRI影像可提高膀胱肿瘤早期诊断、临床分期、鉴别复发与放化疗炎症反应、放化疗疗效评价的准确性和特异性,在膀胱肿瘤治疗策略的选择和优化中具有重要价值。     

Role of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in differentiating between benign and malignant breast lesions

Objective

To assess the role of DWI and ADC in differentiating between benign and malignant breast lesions.

Materials and methods

51 patients (age range 24–66 years; mean age 48 years) were included in our study. MRI was done using bilateral fat-suppressed T2- weighted fast spin-echo, STIR, axial T1-weighted fast spin-echo. DWI series were acquired using echo planar imaging pulse sequences incorporated with diffusion gradients and finally dynamic contrast enhancement study was done.

Results

Sixty three lesions were detected in 51 patients included in our study. Twenty one lesions were malignant, three lesions were intermediate and twenty two lesions were fibroadenoma according to the final histopathological study and seventeen lesions were breast cysts. A total of 21 lesions showed lower ADC values than benign lesions and were in the range of 0.76–1.29 × 10⁻³ mm²/s and were diagnosed as malignant breast lesions. The sensitivity and specificity for DWI in the differentiating malignant from benign breast lesions were calculated and showed 95.4% and 97.5%, respectively.

Conclusion

DWI is easy to obtain in short scan time and easy to evaluate, and ADC values can differentiate between benign and malignant breast lesions with high sensitivity and specificity.     

Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of the normal fetal lung

To quantify apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) changes in fetuses with normal lungs and to determine whether ADC can be used in the assessment of fetal lung development. In 53 pregnancies (20–37th weeks of gestation), we measured ADC on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in the apical, middle, and basal thirds of the right lung. ADCs were correlated with gestational age. Differences between the ADCs were assessed. Fetal lung volumes were measured on T2-weighted sequences and correlated with ADCs and with age. ADCs were 2.13 ± 0.44 μm²/ms (mean ± SD) in the apex, 1.99 ± 0.42 μm²/ms (mean ± SD) in the middle third, and 1.91 ± 0.41 μm²/ms (mean ± SD) in the lung base. Neither the individual ADC values nor average ADC values showed a significant correlation with gestational age or with lung volumes. Average ADCs decreased significantly from the lung apex toward the base. Individual ADCs showed little absolute change and heterogeneity. Lung volumes increased significantly during gestation. We have not been able to identify a pattern of changes in the ADC values that correlate with lung maturation. Furthermore, the individual, gravity-related ADC changes are subject to substantial variability and show nonuniform behavior. ADC can therefore not be used as an indicator of lung maturity.