2005年广州医学院第一附属医院细菌耐药性监测

目的调查广州医学院第一附属医院2005年临床分离菌对各种抗菌药物的耐药现状。方法药敏试验采用纸片扩散法,数据分析采用WHONET5.4软件。结果2005年我院共收集患者首次分离株1843株,其中革兰阳性菌507株(27.51%),革兰阴性菌1336株((72.49%)。MRSA和MRCNS的检出率分别为71.7%和87.6%。粪肠球菌对呋喃妥因、氨苄西林的敏感率分别为88.0%和73%。未出现万古霉素和替考拉宁中介和耐药的葡萄球菌和肠球菌。肠杆菌科细菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南均极敏感,耐药率最低。大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中ESBLs的检出率分别为36.6%和56.1%。鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的敏感率分别为98.8%和90.2%。铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率分别为48.0%和39.2%,14.0%菌株对所有检测药物耐药。结论我院2005年临床分离菌以革兰阴性菌为主,铜绿假单胞菌位居第一。肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类的敏感性最高,非发酵菌数量呈上升趋势,且耐药状况严重,14%铜绿假单胞菌对所有检测药物耐药。     

重庆市某三甲综合医院2020年细菌耐药性监测

目的 了解该院2020年常见病原菌的分布和耐药情况,指导临床合理使用抗菌药物,辅助抗感染治疗。方法 收集该院2020年住院和门诊患者送检的临床标本中分离的菌株,参考美国临床和实验室标准协会2018年药敏试验执行标准对药敏试验结果进行判断,并采用WHONET5.6软件对分离菌株的来源和耐药性进行分析。结果 2020年共检出非重复菌株4 125株(真菌除外),其中革兰阳性菌1 340株,占32.5%;革兰阴性菌2 785株,占67.5%。全院分离病原菌排列前5位分别是大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和鲍曼不动杆菌,病原菌来源主要以呼吸道标本、尿液、血液为主。耐药数据分析结果显示,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌检出率分别为25.7%和71.1%;未检出对万古霉素耐药的肠球菌,对利奈唑胺耐药的屎肠球菌检出率为1.4%;对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物耐药的鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌检出率分别为85.3%和13.0%;对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物耐药的肠杆菌目细菌总检出率为12.3%,其中对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物耐药的大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和阴沟肠杆菌检出率分别为1.6%...     

2019-2021年我院重症医学科病原菌感染特点及耐药性分析

目的 调查分析我院重症医学科(intensive care unit, ICU)患者感染的病原菌分布、耐药情况及变化趋势,同时与全国细菌耐药监测网比较,指导临床合理使用抗菌药物。方法 采用回顾性研究的方法,对2019-2021年ICU各类标本分离检出的病原菌,药敏结果进行统计分析。结果 共收集分离菌株2 088株,下呼吸道1 463株(占70.1%),血211株(占10.1%),中段尿115株(占5.5%)。2 088株分离菌株中,革兰阴性杆菌1 483株(占71.0%),革兰阳性菌527株(占25.2%),真菌78株(占3.7%)。革兰阴性杆菌中前四位分别为肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌;革兰阳性菌中前三位依次是金黄色葡萄球菌、屎肠球菌、粪肠球菌;真菌以白色念珠菌为主。革兰阴性杆菌中对碳青霉烯类耐药率由高到低依次为鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌,其中鲍曼不动杆菌对碳青霉烯类耐药率增长明显,超过80%;而铜绿假单胞菌对碳青霉烯类耐药率接近和超过20%。自2020年开始,肺炎克雷伯菌分离率呈上升趋势,占据第一位,对碳青霉烯类的耐药率低于20%,...     

某医院重症医学科患者血流感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析的研究

目的 分析2013-2022年该院重症医学科(ICU)血流感染感染病原菌分布和对抗菌药物的耐药性。方法 收集2013-2022年ICU血流感染患者的临床菌株数据,使用WHONET5.6软件和SPSS13.0软件统计分析。结果 2013-2022年分离出307株病原菌,革兰阴性菌有185株(60.3%),其中大肠埃希菌93株(30.3%),肺炎克雷伯菌48株(15.6%),铜绿假单胞菌10株(3.3%),鲍曼不动杆菌9株(2.9%);革兰阳性菌有93株(30.3%),其中葡萄球菌属49株(16.0%),肠球菌属31株(10.1%);真菌有29株(9.4%),以白念珠菌和光滑念珠菌为主。大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷菌对碳青霉烯类耐药率分别为2.2%和22.9%,对第3代头孢菌素耐药率为60.2%和45.8%;铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌对碳青霉烯类耐药率分别为20.0%和88.9%;革兰阳性菌主要对万古霉素、替加环素和利奈唑胺的敏感率高,对青霉素和红霉素的耐药率较高。结论 该院ICU血流感染患者的主要致病菌是革兰阴性菌,耐药菌检出率较高。临床科室应加强致病菌的耐药监测,合理规范使用抗菌药物。     

2005年北京协和医院细菌耐药性监测

目的监测北京协和医院2005年临床分离株的耐药谱。方法收集患者首次非重复分离株4702株,其中革兰阴性菌63.2%,革兰阳性菌36.8%。以CLSI推荐的纸片扩散法测定其抗菌药物敏感性,用WHONET5.3软件分析结果。结果大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和产酸克雷伯菌对碳青霉烯类最敏感(99.7%～100%),其敏感率在80%以上的药物为哌拉西林-三唑巴坦、阿米卡星、头孢他啶和头孢西丁,而对头孢噻肟敏感率仅为48.9%～78.8%。肠杆菌属、柠檬酸杆菌属、沙雷菌属对碳青霉烯类、阿米卡星和头孢吡肟敏感率较高,为87.7%～100%,肠杆菌属和柠檬酸杆菌属对头孢西丁的耐药率分别为84.5%和50.0%,而沙雷菌属耐药率仅为12.5%,但有31.2%中介。铜绿假单胞菌对阿米卡星、美罗培南、亚胺培南、哌拉西林-三唑巴坦较敏感(70.5%～71.9%),对其他药物敏感率均低于65%。鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南敏感率为70.7%,而对美罗培南敏感率仅为41.4%,对头孢哌酮-舒巴坦和氨苄西林-舒巴坦耐药率分别仅为25.1%和35.5%,对其他药物耐药率均高达58.5%～89.7%。所有葡萄球菌对万古霉素100%敏感,MRSA和MRCNS的检出率分别为57.9%和85.5%,MRSA对复方磺胺甲噁唑和MRCNS对利福平的敏感率均接近80%,对其他药物均较耐药。MSSA和MSCNS对头孢菌素类敏感率均在95%以上。屎肠球菌和粪肠球菌对万古霉素和替考拉宁最敏感(99.3%,98.3%),未检出耐万古霉素的肠球菌属。结论肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类仍最为敏感,但不发酵糖菌对其耐药率升高。葡萄球菌属和肠球菌属中均未发现耐万古霉素菌株。     

临床血培养分离病原菌耐药性分析

目的了解医院血培养阳性标本检出的病原菌构成和耐药情况,为临床血流感染诊疗提供参考。方法采用法国生物梅里埃公司的VITEK2-COMPACT全自动微生物分析仪对菌株进行鉴定和药物敏感性分析,BacT/Alert3D全自动血液培养仪进行血培养,并归纳医院2011年1月至2012年10月697株临床血液检出菌及药敏结果。结果共检出697株病原菌,其中革兰阴性杆菌376株（53.95%）;革兰阳性球菌284株（40.75%）;真菌23株（3.30%）;革兰阳性杆菌14株（2.01%）。产ESBLs大肠埃希菌检出率59.32%,产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌检出率26.15%,未检出碳青酶烯耐药肠杆菌科细菌。铜绿假单胞菌对碳青酶烯类、氨基糖苷类、喹诺酮类、头孢他啶和头孢吡肟的耐药率均小于40%,泛耐药铜绿假单胞菌检出率19.44%;鲍氏不动杆菌的耐药性高于铜绿假单胞菌,除阿米卡星和氨苄西林/舒巴坦外,对检测的其余抗菌药物耐药率均大于50%,泛耐药鲍氏不动杆菌检出率48.00%。葡萄球菌和肠球菌对万古霉素、替加环素、利奈唑烷、喹奴普汀/达福普汀高度敏感;真菌对所有抗真菌药物的耐药率均小于10%。结论引起医院患者血流感染的病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌和革兰阳性球菌为主,耐药菌株常见,检出泛耐鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌,未检出碳青酶烯耐药肠杆菌和万古霉素耐药葡萄球菌和肠球菌。     

2014-2018年某院ICU感染目标病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的了解该院重症监护病房(ICU)感染目标病原菌的分布及耐药性,为ICU病原菌的有效控制及合理选择抗菌药物提供依据。方法回顾性分析该院ICU 2014年1月至2018年12月送检标本所分离的病原菌,锁定目标病原菌,分析其耐药性。结果送检标本共5339份,分离病原菌3364株,其中革兰阴性杆菌占62.2%,革兰阳性球菌占23.0%,真菌占14.8%。革兰阴性杆菌分离数量居前3位的分别为鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌和肺炎克雷伯菌;革兰阳性球菌分离数量居前3位的分别为屎肠球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和粪肠球菌。目标病原菌药敏试验结果和多重耐药性分析显示:鲍曼不动杆菌对各类抗菌药物耐药率均偏高,最高达89.4%;肺炎克雷伯菌对第三、四代头孢菌素类药物耐药率均>50.0%;耐碳青霉烯铜绿假单胞菌构成比总体呈下降趋势,耐碳青霉烯肺炎克雷伯菌和耐碳青霉烯鲍曼不动杆菌构成比5年变化不大;未发现耐万古霉素的金黄色葡萄球菌,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌2014-2017年构成比≥69.0%。结论该院ICU感染病原菌主要为革兰阴性杆菌,以鲍曼不动杆菌耐药尤为突出,年份不同,病原菌耐药性略有不同,应定期对ICU感染病原菌的分布及耐药性进行监测,指导临床合理应用抗菌药物。     

恶性血液病患者血流感染的病原菌分布及耐药性单中心回顾性分析北大核心CSCD

目的探讨恶性血液病患者血流感染的发生率、病原菌分布及耐药情况,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供参考。方法回顾性分析2018年1月至2021年12月南方医科大学南方医院血液科收治的恶性血液病合并血流感染患者的临床资料、病原菌分布及耐药性情况。结果4年内22717例次患者共发生582次血流感染,2018-2021年血流感染的发生率依次为2.79%、2.99%、2.79%和2.02%。共分离出599株病原菌,革兰阴性菌487株(81.3%),主要为肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌和铜绿假单胞菌;革兰阳性菌81株(13.5%),主要为金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡糖球菌和屎肠球菌;真菌31株(5.2%),以热带念珠菌为主。主要肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类、哌拉西林钠他唑巴坦钠、头孢哌酮钠舒巴坦钠和替加环素的耐药率分别为11.0%、15.3%、15.4%和3.3%。主要非发酵菌对哌拉西林钠他唑巴坦钠、头孢哌酮钠舒巴坦钠和喹诺酮类抗菌药物耐药率分别为29.6%、13.3%和21.7%。81株革兰阳性菌中仅2例对糖肽类抗菌药物耐药。结论2018-2021年南方医科大学南方医院血液科恶性血液病患者血流感染以革兰阴性菌为主,不同菌种耐药率差异较大。     

2013-2015年某结核病专科医院常见病原菌分布及耐药监测分析

目的 对2013-2015年某结核病专科医院临床分离病原菌进行分析,了解病原菌分布特点及耐药性.方法 采用VITEK2-compact检测系统对分离的细菌进行鉴定和药敏实验.采用WHONET5.6软件对细菌鉴定及药敏实验结果进行分析.结果 共检出革兰阴性菌2 991株,占90.4%,革兰阳性菌317株,占9.6%.连续3年检出率居前三位的病原菌依次为肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌.2013-2015年,产超广谱β内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌检出率分别为40.4%、48.2%和38.3%,产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌检出率分别为16.9%、8.4%和11.6%.未检出亚安培南耐药大肠埃希菌.肺炎克雷伯菌对亚安培南的耐药率平均为1.6%.甲氧西林耐药金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)检出率分别为53.8%、54.3%、42.9%.甲氧西林耐药凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)检出率分别为84.5%、82.7%、85.9%.未检出万古霉素、利奈唑胺、替加环素耐药葡萄球菌.肠球菌对庆大霉素、利奈唑胺、替加环素、万古霉素比较敏感.结论 碳青霉烯类抗菌药是抗肠杆菌科细菌最有效药物.万古霉素、利奈唑胺和替加环素是抗葡萄球菌较好的药物.肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌检出率逐年上升.需加强耐药监测以控制多药耐药菌的传播.     

2009年我院临床常见病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的分析2009年我院临床常见病原菌的分布及其对常用抗生素的耐药情况,以指导临床合理用药。方法利用V itek-32及ATB自动微生物分析仪对我院2009年送检临床标本的病原菌进行鉴定和药物敏感试验,同时对葡萄球菌、肠球菌、肺炎链球菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和奇异变形杆菌分别进行耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌(MRS)、高水平氨基糖甙类耐药(HLAR)、耐青霉素肺炎链球菌(PRSP)和超广谱β内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的检测。结果 2009年共分离到8 238株病原菌,其中革兰阴性菌4 836株,占58.7%;革兰阳性菌2 364株,占28.7%;真菌1 038株,占12.6%。大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和铜绿假单胞菌是临床最常见的革兰阴性杆菌。大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs株检出率分别为51.0%和32.5%,肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类、丁胺卡那、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦耐药率较低,耐药率在1.1%~39.9%。铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南的耐药率为22.0%。葡萄球菌中,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)的检出率分别为49.2%和81.6%,未分离到耐万古霉素葡萄球菌。HLAR肠球菌和VRE的检出率分别为63.5%和5.3%,PRSP的检出率为14.6%。真菌对氟康唑耐药率较高,对其余4种抗真菌药物较敏感。结论 2009年我院临床常见病原菌仍以革兰阴性杆菌为主,病原菌的耐药性明显升高,因此,应加强医院感染病原菌分布及耐药性监测,合理使用抗生素,减少耐药菌株的流行,降低医院感染的发生率。     

Measurement of L-carnitine and acylcarnitines in body fluids and tissues in children and in adults

We have developed a reliable and validated radio-enzymatic method for the assay of L-carnitine and acylcarnitines, using a modification of existing methods. The sensitivity of the assay is 10 mumol/l using 10 microliters of plasma or urine. It is also suitable for measurements of carnitine in a 10 mg sample of liver or muscle obtained by percutaneous biopsy. The use of N-ethylmaleimide in the reaction mixture together with an excess of [1-14C]acetyl CoA ensures that the reaction proceeds to completion and a linear response is obtained. Using this method control ranges have been established for plasma and urine carnitine concentrations in healthy children and adults, and for the carnitine content of liver and muscle in adults. No significant difference was found between fasting and post-prandial plasma carnitine levels. An age-related increase was found in urinary total carnitine and acylcarnitine concentration throughout childhood. These data provide a reliable basis for studies of patients with abnormal carnitine and acylcarnitine metabolism, distribution and excretion.     

Rosamicin in Urethral and Vaginal Secretions and Tissues in Dogs and Rats

In animal studies we investigated the distribution of rosamicin in plasma and urethral and vaginal tissues in rats as well as in urethral and vaginal secretions in dogs. We found concentration ratios between urethral secretion and plasma of 1.9 and between vaginal secretion and plasma of 2.4. The rosamicin concentrations in urethral and vaginal tissue significantly exceeded the levels of all other tissues investigated. Because rosamicin could be valuable for the treatment of bacterial urethritis and the colonization of the vaginal introitus with fecal bacteria in women, it should be investigated clinically in this respect.     

Similarities and differences in clients treated and in medications prescribed by APRNs and psychiatrists in a CMHC

This study is part of a larger study comparing prescribing practices of psychiatrists and advanced practice psychiatric nurses (APRNs) using the following three groups of patients: patients treated by psychiatrists, those treated by APRNs, and those treated by both APRNs and psychiatrists at different times in 1 year. Demographics for 5507 patients were examined. A subsample of APRNs and psychiatrists prescribed similar total numbers of medications. Psychiatrists prescribed more types of antidepressant medications other than the SSRI antidepressants, and they prescribed more than twice the number of benzodiazepines. APRNs prescribed more SSRIs and spent more time with clients during medication visits.     

Racial differences in oxidative stress and inflammation: in vitro and in vivo

African American race is an independent risk factor for enhanced oxidative stress and inflammation. We sought to examine whether oxidative-stress and inflammatory markers that are typically measured in humans also differ by race in cell culture. We compared levels between African American and Caucasian young adults and then separately in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) from both races. We found heightened oxidative stress and inflammation in the African Americans both in vitro and in vivo. African American HUVECs showed higher nitric oxide (NO) levels (10.8 ± 0.4 vs. 8.8 ± 0.7 μmol/L/mg, p = 0.03), Interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels (61.7 ± 4.2 vs. 23.9 ± 9.0 pg/mg, p = 0.02), and lower superoxide dismutase activity (15.6 ± 3.3 vs. 25.4 ± 2.8 U/mg, p = 0.04), and also higher protein expression (p < 0.05) of NADPH oxidase subunit p47phox, isoforms NOX2 and NOX4, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS), inducible NOS, as well as IL-6. African American adults had higher plasma protein carbonyls (1.1 ± 0.1 vs. 0.8 ± 0.1 nmol/mg, p = 0.01) and antioxidant capacity (2.3 ± 0.2 vs. 1.1 ± 0.3 mM, p = 0.01). These preliminary translational data demonstrate a racial difference in HUVECs much like that in humans, but should be interpreted with caution given its preliminary nature. It is known that racial differences exist in how humans respond to development and progression of disease, therefore these data suggest that ethnicity of cell model may be important to consider with in vitro clinical research.     

Postural strategies and falls in elderly and in parkinsonism]

OBJECTIVE: To use a posture analysis to show the evolution of postural pattern connected with falls.MATERIAL AND METHOD: It is a prospective study on two groups of 16 persons of more than 60 years. A group concerns 16 small disability off drug parkinsonian patients, a group concerns 16 healthy witnesses. All the persons benefited from a posture recording by means of a force platform and were followed during 1 year. RESULTS: Data analysis underlines three groups of persons corresponding to three postural patterns, independently of the presence of Parkinson disease. A group (n = 18) did not contain fallers, the second (n = 10 ) contained 20% of fallers, the third (n = 4) contained 100% of fallers. Differences between the groups were identified on 16 posturographic parameters. DISCUSSION: A group has a good functional value and one does not record any fall. Its characteristics, which correspond to a category of persons who compensate well for the phenomena of ageing, are found in the literature. A group has an intermediate functional value and regrets 20% of fallers. Kinetic profile reveals a tendency to the stiffness of the posture. This group is going to operate rather ankle strategies. A group has an inferior functional value and regrets 100% of fallers. Kinetic profile seems disrupted and not to be able to adapt itself in a satisfactory way to the situation otherwise than by stereotypical reactions. This group is going to operate systematically much less stabilizing hip strategies. CONCLUSION: A close determinism between physiological neuromotor ageing and Parkinson disease does exist. We showed with a prospective follow-up, the arisen of fall and showed the evolution of postural patterns related to fall. It appears as well that evolution mainly follows three stages leading from a small risk of fall gait pattern to a major risk of fall gait pattern.