医学专业女大学生心理健康状况与个性的关系研究

目的了解医学专业女大学生的心理健康状况及其与个性的关系。方法采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)、艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)对428名医学专业女大学生进行测评。结果 1医学专业女大学生SCL-90的躯体化、偏执因子分低于全国常模青年组,强迫、焦虑、精神病性因子分高于全国常模青年组,差异有统计学意义(t=-3.692～4.232,P0.05);2医学专业女大学生EPQ的N、P因子与SCL-90各因子均呈正相关,E、L因子与SCL-90大多数因子呈负相关。结论医学专业女大学生的心理健康状况总体正常,个性与心理健康水平密切相关。     

高年级大学生心理健康及与生活事件和应对方式的相关分析

目的探讨高年级大学生的心理健康状况及其与生活事件和应对方式的相关关系。方法采用症状自评量表（SCL-90）、青少年生活事件量表（ASLEC）、应对方式问卷（CSQ）对2至4年级320名大学生进行评定。结果研究对象强迫、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐怖、偏执、精神病性因子得分非常显著高全国常模,人际关系、偏执因子得分非常显著低于大学生样本（P〈0.01）。生活事件中人际、学习、健康三因子以及应对方式中自责、退避、合理化三因子与SCL-90总分呈非常显著正相关（P〈0.01）。结论高年级大学生健康状况优于大学生样本,劣于1986年健康成人。人际关系、学习压力、身体健康生活事件和自责、逃避、合理化、幻想应对方式均会影响个体心理健康。     

大学生性格与心理健康的相关研究

目的了解本地大学生心理健康状况与性格的关系，为心理健康教育提供参考依据。方法以齐齐哈尔市某大学451名大学生为调查对象，其中男生232名，女生219名。采用青年性格问卷（CPI）与症状自评量表（SCL-90）进行调查。结果①本地大学生在躯体化、抑郁、敌对性、恐怖和偏执5个因子上的得分显著高于常模（P〈0．05）；而在人际关系因子上的得分与常模存在非常显著的差异（P〈0．01）。②女大学生在幸福感、精干性两方面得分高于男大学生，存在显著差异（P〈0．05）。③性格与心理健康相关性分析结果显示，性格的各因子分（除感情化因子外）与症状自评量表的各因子分之间呈显著负相关（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。结论本地大学生心理健康总体水平偏低，应大力加强大学生的心理健康教育，良好的性格有益于大学生的心理健康。     

成人教育医学生心理健康状况的调查分析

目的了解成人教育医学生的心理健康状况及影响因素。方法采用分层整群随机抽样的方法抽取928名成人教育医学生,利用SCL-90、EPQ和自制的一般情况调查问卷进行调查。结果成人教育医学生有中度以上心理问题的检出率为5．39％，其中强迫、精神病性显著高于全国常模（P〈0．05）。神经质与SCL-90各项因子呈显著正相关；精神质与抑郁、焦虑、敌对、偏执、精神病性存在显著正相关（r〉0．3，P〈0．05）。SCL-90总分与EPQ各维度线性逐步回归分析表明，不同人格特征对心理健康有影响，其中以神经质对心理健康的影响最为显著。结论成人教育医学生存在一定的心理健康问题，应根据其自身特点进行有针对性地心理健康教育。     

青年警察心理健康调查研究

目的了解青年警察心理健康状况。方法采用症状自评量表（SCL-90）进行测量调查,并与中国常模和警察院校学生样本比较。结果青年警察总均分阳性反应以上者占总体的21.00%;阳性因子个体发生率前5位的是：恐怖19.00%;偏执17.00%;焦虑15.00%;敌对13.00%;人际关系敏感10.00%;与中国常模比较,呈极显著差异（P〈0.001）的因子依次为：恐怖、偏执;呈非常显著差异（P〈0.01）的因子是敌对;呈显著差异（P〈0.05）的因子依次为：人际关系敏感、焦虑;好于警察院校学生对照组并呈极显著差异（P〈0.001）的因子依次是：强迫、偏执、精神病性、人际关系敏感、焦虑、躯体化、敌对、抑郁,在恐怖因子上无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。结论青年警察存在一定的心理健康问题,应采取有效的心理干预措施,提高警察的心理健康水平。     

高校贫困生社会支持与心理健康及其人格特征的相关研究

目的 探讨贫困大学生心理健康状况和社会支持状况及人格特征的关系.方法 选取学校贫困生125名为研究组,相对应的120名非贫困生为对照组,采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)、社会支持评定量表和艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)测评.结果 ①贫困生SCL-90的总均分、躯体化水平、人际敏感、抑郁、焦虑、偏执、精神病性的因子分显著高于非贫困生;②在社会支持评定量表的主观支持和支持利用度得分贫困生普遍低于非贫困生;③社会支持各维度与SCL-90各因子负相关,与EPQ人格P和N维度呈显著负相关,而与人格E维度呈显著正相关.结论 社会支持对大学生心理健康和人格发展有重要影响,在高校心理健康教育中,要重视学生非智力因素的培养.     

大学生心理健康现状分析及对症状自评量表（SCL-90）的反思

目的了解大学生的心理健康状况,对症状自评量表（SCL-90）的结构及常模进行验证。方法使用SCL-90随机抽取广州地区414名大学生进行问卷调查。结果SCL-90各因子信度为0.685～0.873,结构效度拟合指标为GFI=0.966,NFI=0.980,CFI=0.987,RMSEA=0.047,χ2/df=2.767。大学生心理健康各因子及总分普遍低于大学生常模,但都高于全国常模（P〈0.01）。躯体化、焦虑、恐怖因子和总分的年级差异显著（F1（2,411）=7.182,F2（2,411）=7.785,P〈0.01;F3（2,411）=3.447,F4（2,411）=3.636,P〈0.05）,除敌对和精神病性因子外,其余7个因子及总分的文理科差异均显著（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）。结论应对SCL-90的常模进行权威修订。大学生心理健康发展水平不存在性别差异,三年级学生在某些方面的健康水平显著低于二年级学生,理科生的心理健康水平好于文科生。     

88例区级医院护士的个性特征与心理健康水平的调查分析

目的了解目前北方中等城市区级医院临床护士个性特征与心理健康水平的关系。方法采用症状自评量表（SCL-90）和艾森克个性问卷（EPQ）对88名临床护士进行调查。结果1SCL-90除了强迫、恐怖症状2个因子无显著性差异外,其他因子均分均有非常显著性差异,显著高于常模组;2EPQ量表中P量表分显著高于常模,其他3个因子无明显差异;3SCL-90各个因子分与EPQ的N量表分有明显的相关关系,相关系数最高,均为显著的正相关;其次是E量表分与SCL-90各因子呈负相关,与总分、精神病、强迫症状、抑郁、恐怖等呈显著负相关;P量表分与除强迫和恐怖因子呈负相关外其他各因子呈正相关;L量表分与SCL-90各因子呈负相关,与焦虑、偏执症状有显著负相关。结论个性特征是影响心理健康水平的重要因素之一。     

大学生心理暴力与心理健康的关系

目的探讨大学生心理暴力与心理健康的关系。方法运用自行设计的大学生心理暴力问卷和症状自评量表（SCL-90）对478名大学生进行施测,对大学生心理暴力和心理健康各因子进行描述统计、相关分析和逐步回归分析。结果①被试大学生心理健康各因子得分高于全国常模,其中强迫、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐怖、偏执和精神病性因子与全国常模相比有显著差异（P〈0.001）;②大学生心理暴力总分及各因子与心理健康总分及各因子之间存在一定程度的相关（r=0.117~0.491,P〈0.01）;③回归分析表明,心理暴力对心理健康各因子的回归效应均达到显著（β=0.166~0.485,P〈0.01）,是预测个体心理健康水平的良好指标。结论大学生心理暴力与心理健康密切联系。     

阅读疗法提高大学生心理健康水平的实验研究

目的探讨阅读疗法对提高大学生心理健康水平的影响。方法采用阅读疗法对大学生进行为期4个月的心理干预,采用临床症状自评量表（SCL-90）进行实验评估。结果实验组的总体心理健康状况后测得分（除敌对和其他因子外）显著低于前测,强迫（t=3.88,P〈0.001）和人际敏感（t=3.69,P〈0.001）改善最明显。实验组在接受阅读疗法干预之后各因子分（除总均分及精神病性和其他因子外）显著低于对照组,抑郁（t=2.88,P〈0.01）和焦虑分（t=3.09,P〈0.01）变化最大。艺术生的恐怖、偏执、焦虑分在干预之后也均有所降低。结论阅读疗法能够提高大学生的心理健康水平。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.