Supracondylar Fractures of the Humerus in Children: A Follow-Up With Particular Reference to Late Results After Severely Displaced Fractures

A follow-up of 73 cases out of a 10-year material of 90 children with supracondylar fractures of the humerus is described. Forty-three children had fractures with gross displacement, whereas 30 children had undisplaced or slightly displaced fractures. This last group all achieved excellent results after simple conservative treatment. Twenty-three cases among the group with severe displacement were treated with vertical extension, 17 eases with one or more attempts at manipulative reduction and plaster fixation, and three with operation using Kirschner wires. The functional results were approximately the same in the first two groups and were satisfactory in 85-100 per cent. The results with varus derformity were better in the group treated by extension (82 per cent as opposed to 50 per cent in the group treated by manual reposition). We conclude that extension in a vertical direction is the most suitable method of treatment of these often severely displaced fractures.     

三种固定方法治疗儿童肱骨髁上骨折的临床对照试验

目的:探讨不同固定方法治疗儿童移位肱骨髁上骨折临床疗效及其临床适应证。方法:137例儿童移位肱骨髁上骨折患者,男85例,女52例;年龄3~12岁。分别采用交叉克氏针内固定(A组)38例,小夹板外固定(B组)67例,石膏托外固定(C组)32例。观察3组骨折愈合时间、肘内翻的发生率及肘关节伸屈功能并进行比较。结果:本组随访6个月~5年,平均29个月,参照Flynn疗效评价标准:A组,优29例,良7例,差2例,优良率为94.74%;B组,优12例,良49例,差6例,优良率为91.04%;C组,优9例,良16例,差7例,优良率为78.13%。A组疗效分别与B、C组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);B组与C组疗效比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:三种固定方法以闭合克氏针固定疗效最佳,但三种固定方法各有其适应证:对无移位或轻度移位的肱骨髁上骨折可采用石膏托固定或小夹板固定;对严重移位或旋转,极不稳定型骨折可采用闭合交叉克氏针穿针固定或小夹板固定。临床应根据骨折类型、皮肤条件以及是否合并有神经血管损伤来合理选择最佳治疗方案。     

Eight years' clinical experience with the Orthofix tibial nailing system in the treatment of tibial shaft fractures

Intramedullary nailing has become a popular and effective procedure for the treatment of most tibial fractures. However, concerns regarding difficulties with reduction, the use and extent of intramedullary reaming, and hardware failure are probably the only constraints to its widespread use. In this prospective study, we present the clinical and radiographic results of the Orthofix tibial nailing system used in the treatment of tibial shaft fractures. One hundred and fifteen fresh tibial fractures in the same number of patients with a mean age of 37.5 years (17-85 years) were treated with operative stabilisation using the Orthofix tibial nailing system. All of the operations took place in a conventional operating theatre, on a simple tranlucent operating table and with manual reduction of the fracture. In the majority of the cases closed reduction and conventional reaming were performed and the mean duration of the operation was 38 min. Fracture healing occurred at 16 weeks (11-30 weeks) and was confirmed both clinically and radiographically. In six cases (two severely comminuted and four segmental fractures) delayed union occurred, however there were no tibial non-unions necessitating re-operation. There were no substantial differences in time to fracture union or in the rate of complications related to minimal open reduction. In addition, there seem to be more benefits than risks in the use of power intramedullary reaming during intramedullary fixation of tibial shaft fractures. In conclusion, most tibial shaft fractures can effectively and safely be treated using this type of locking intramedullary nailing device, with relatively few complications, and with satisfactory long-term clinical results.     

Clinical effect of manual reduction of humeroradial joint in the treatment of typeIeIII fresh Monteggia fracture in children

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of closed reduction on the humeroradial joint in the treatment of Bado type I, II and III fresh Monteggia fractures in children and investigate the effect of clinical factors, including Bado classification, age and time of treatment on the success rate of closed reduction. Methods: We retrospectively studied the data of children 10 years old with fresh Monteggia fractures (injury within two weeks) treated by manual reduction with plaster immobilization from January 2014 to April 2019. All patients were followed up in the outpatient department every two weeks for 4e6 weeks until plaster removal and then 3, 6 and 12 months. Online or telephone interview was provided for some inconvenient patients after 6 months. Mackay criteria were used to evaluate the clinical effect. Radiographic data were collected and reviewed to assess the reduction of the humeroradial joint. Function of the elbow joint and forearm was evaluated and risk factors related to the failure of reduction were assessed. The successful manual reduction was analyzed from three aspects, respectively Bado fracture type (I, II, III), patient age (<3 year, 3-6 years, >6 years) and time interval from injury to treatment (group A, <1 day; group B, 1-3 days; group C, >3 days). Results: Altogether 88 patients were employed in this study, including 58 males (65.9%) and 30 females (34.1%) aged from 1 to 10 years. There were 29 cases (33.0%) of Bado type I Monteggia fractures, 16 (18.2%) type II and 43 (48.7%) type III. Successful manual reduction was achieved in 79 children (89.8%) at the last follow-up. The failed 9 patients received open surgery. Mackay criteria showed 100% goodexcellent rate for all the patients. The success rate of manual reduction was 89.7%, 87.5% and 90.7% in Bado type I, II and III cases, respectively, revealing no significant differences among different Bado types (X² = 0.131, p = 0.937). Successful closed reduction was achieved in 13 toddlers (13/13, 100%), 38 preschool children (28/42, 90.5%) and 28 school-age children (28/33, 84.8%), suggesting no significant difference either (X² = 2.375, p = 0.305). However time interval from injury to treatment showed that patients treated within 3 days had a much higher rate of successful manual reduction: 67 cases (67/71, 94.4%) in group A, 10 cases (10/11, 90.9%) in group B, and 2 cases (2/6, 33.3%) in group C (X² = 22.464, p < 0.001). Fisher''s test further showed significant differences between groups A and C (p = 0.001) and groups B and C (p = 0.028). Conclusion: Closed reduction is a safe and effective method for treating fresh Monteggia fractures in children. The reduction should be conducted as soon as possible once the diagnosis has been made.     

三踝骨折及其手术治疗

从1986年5月～1996年1月收治三踝骨折24例,手法整复6例,余18例经开放整复内固定术治疗。采用螺丝钉固定内踝13例,外踝6例,后踝8例;外踝经克氏针固定5例,克氏针加钢丝固定1例。作者认为三踝骨折是复合性的踝关节骨折,应尽早手术,解剖复位和坚固内固定,才能保证踝关节功能恢复,防止创伤性关节炎发生。本文提出了先外踝,再后、内踝的整复次序,尽早整复固定下胫腓骨韧带联合分离,重视对外踝的正确处理。     

不同方法治疗老年桡骨远端粉碎性骨折的比较研究

目的对比分析手法复位石膏外固定、有限内固定加外固定架固定和掌侧斜T形钢板内固定治疗老年桡骨远端粉碎性骨折的疗效。方法2000年1月～2004年9月,我院共收治178例60岁以上老年桡骨远端粉碎性骨折患者,手法复位石膏外固定102例,闭合或小切口复位克氏针有限内固定加外固定架固定46例,掌侧斜T形钢板内固定30例,随访比较不同治疗方法的疗效。结果所有患者随访13～52个月,平均27个月,按Dienst功能评估标准进行评定,手法复位石膏外固定组优良率为78.4%,有限内固定加外固定架固定组优良率为93.5%,掌侧斜T形钢板内固定组优良率为80.0%,有限内固定加外固定架固定组疗效明显优于石膏外固定及掌侧斜T形钢板固定组,差异有极显著性意义(P<0.01);石膏外固定与掌侧斜T形钢板固定组间疗效无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论对于老年桡骨远端粉碎性骨折,有限内固定加外固定架固定组疗效优于手法复位石膏外固定组和钢板内固定组。     

闭合复位3枚空心钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折的疗效分析

目的探讨闭合复位空心钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折的临床疗效及并发症情况。方法自2007-01—2010-12．对80例股骨颈骨折行闭合复位3枚空心钉内固定手术,80例获得至少24个月随访,平均47．8个月。采用X线摄片评估骨折愈合及并发症情况,采用髋关节功能Harris评分对术后临床功能疗效进行评估。结果80例股骨颈骨折中69例获得完全愈合,3例发生骨不连,8例出现股骨头缺血性坏死。3例骨不连发生在GardenⅣ型中。均接受二次手术,1例行带血管蒂腓骨移植,2例行人工全髋关节置换术;8例股骨头缺血性坏死在GardenIII型中发生3例,在GardenIV型中发生5例,因患者自己感觉功能尚能接受,暂未行人工髋关节置换术治疗。髋关节功能Harris评分结果显示55例为优,15例为良,6例为可,4例为差,优良率达87．5％。结论闭合复位空心钉内固定是治疗股骨颈骨折的有效手段,良好的复位和坚强内固定可使手术获得满意的临床疗效。减少并发症的发生。     

新鲜儿童孟氏骨折治疗方法的选择

目的探讨新鲜儿童孟氏骨折不同治疗方法的选择。方法复习1995～2004年治疗的86例新鲜儿童孟氏骨折的临床资料,其中A组28例采用手法复位小夹板或石膏外固定;B组35例尺骨骨折采用开放复位内固定,桡骨头手法复位后肘部用护腕固定;C组23例采用开放复位内固定环状韧带修补术治疗,对三组的肘关节及前臂的功能进行分析,比较三组的疗效。结果随访时间8个月～9年,A组优15例,良8例,可3例,差2例;B组优25例,良8例,可2例,差0例;C组优14例,良6例,可2例,差1例。三组间比较,其差异无统计学意义(P>0．05)。结论对损伤程度不同的孟氏骨折应分别选用合适的治疗方式,其中桡骨头复位后护腕固定并配合尺骨骨折切开复位内固定适用于各种类型的孟氏骨折。     

Dynamic external fixation of comminuted intra-articular fractures of the distal tibia (type C pilon fractures)

We report 26 patients with 28 type C3, distal intraarticular tibial (pilon) fractures treated by dynamic external fixation. Follow-up was at least two years, and the results (subjective and objective) were classified according to the Ovadia system. The mean to fracture union was 14 weeks (range: 12 to 20 weeks). There were three cases with angulation deformity (from 7 degrees to 20 degrees). There were no cases with nonunion or deep infection. Based on these results, this treatment with closed reduction and dynamic external fixation allowing early motion appears as a suitable method for treatment of comminuted intraarticular tibial pilon fractures.     

交锁髓内钉手术治疗肱骨干骨折

目的介绍采用交锁髓内钉手术治疗肱骨干骨折。方法自1999年1月～2003年1月采用交锁髓内钉(远端不交锁)治疗肱骨干骨折36例。男28例，女8例；年龄19～59岁，平均38岁。AO分型，A型24例，B型11例，C型1例，均采用闭合复位、顺行插钉技术，远端不交锁，术后第2天肩肘带保护下开始功能锻炼，不采用其它外固定。结果随访26例，随访时间3～38个月，平均20个月，所有病例伤口Ⅰ／甲愈合，骨折无延迟愈合及不愈合。平均愈合时间9周，术后肩肘关节功能恢复良好。结论交锁髓内钉是治疗肱骨干骨折较好方法，远端可不交锁。     

手术与手法复位治疗踝关节骨折的临床疗效分析

目的:探讨手术与手法复位治疗不同踝关节骨折的临床效果。方法:回顾分析自2006年3月至2010年4月收治的踝关节骨折患者,从中选取资料完整的301例。手法复位石膏固定组134例,男86例,女48例;平均年龄(38.2±15.7)岁;Weber-Denis A型55例,B型60例,C型19例。手术治疗组167例,男115例,女52例;平均年龄(39.6±11.9)岁;Weber-Denis A型59例,B型52例,C型56例。根据Mazur制定的踝关节症状与功能评分标准对患者进行术后评分,比较2种治疗方法的疗效。结果:Weber-Denis A型114例,手法组55例,功能优、良、可、差者分别为18、20、11和6例;手术组59例,功能优、良、可、差者分别为26、25、6和2例,2组比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.150)。Weber-Denis B型112例,手法组60例,功能优、良、可、差者分别为20、26、8和6例;手术组52例,功能优、良、可、差者分别为25、21、5和1例,2组比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.190)。Weber-Denis C型75例,手法组19例,优、良、可、差者分别为2、3、7和7例;手术组56例,优、良、可、差者分别为21、18、11和6例,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.007)。结论:Weber-Denis C型骨折,手术组患者疗效高于手法治疗组,该型骨折患者应积极手术治疗。     

骨质疏松性桡骨远端骨折的综合治疗

目的 探讨骨质疏松性桡骨远端骨折(Colles 骨折)的最佳治疗方法.方法 自2008年1月至2010年12月的3年间共治疗Colles骨折84例,其中男21例,女63例.年龄60岁至78岁,平均69岁.采用非手术治疗(手法复位小夹板外固定)58例;手术切开复位钢板内固定26例,所有患者都同时给治疗骨质疏松的药物(益钙宁、钙尔奇D,和阿法骨化醇)进行治疗.结果 非手术治疗组骨折愈合的时间较手术组提前2~3w,患者未遭受手术的痛苦,而且治疗费用少.结论 对于骨质疏松性Colles骨折提倡非手术治疗方法.     

自制夹板外固定治疗掌骨骨折的临床疗效观察

目的： 探讨手法复位结合自制夹板外固定治疗掌骨骨折的临床效果。方法： 回顾性分析急诊科自2018年1月至2018年12月采用手法复位自制夹板外固定治疗的掌骨骨折患者126例,其中男102例,女24例;年龄9~73（33.2±14.3）岁。治疗期间定期复查X线,根据X线情况选择继续或调整外固定,X线示骨痂生长,骨折端稳定后拆除外固定继续功能锻炼,采用TAM评分标准对手的功能进行评价,并对患者骨折愈合情况及并发症情况进行总结。结果： 126例中6例在治疗过程中出现骨折再移位而选择手术治疗,其余120例经该方法治疗掌骨骨折均获得骨性愈合,骨折愈合时间（6.3±1.8）周。随访时间2~12（4.4±2.2）个月。随访结束时采用TAM评分标准对患者的手功能进行评价：优105例,良13例,可2例,差0例。7例骨折出现短缩畸形,3例出现成角畸形。结论： 手法复位结合自制夹板外固定治疗掌骨骨折可以取得良好的临床效果,自制夹板取材方便且费用低廉,是值得临床推广的一种有效方法。     

手法整复屈肘90°纸夹板外固定治疗Ⅰ型肱骨小头骨折

目的：探讨手法整复Ⅰ型肱骨小头骨折的动作要点及纸夹板体系固定特点。方法：自2000年4月至2008年2月手法治疗Ⅰ型肱骨小头骨折27例,男23例,女4例;年龄5～14岁,平均8.9岁;病程1～23h,平均5.4h。术前患肘均肿胀、功能障碍。X线片示肱骨小头骨折块不同程度分离、翻转移位。整复时找到正确的复位着力点,整复动作准确、连贯、稳定并配合前臂及肘关节的被动动作,屈肘90°以纸夹板体系固定。所有患者以JOA肘关节功能评价法进行功能评分。结果：27例均获随访,时间6个月～2年,平均17个月。肘关节均无痛,活动度、功能均正常,肘关节均无动摇性。整复后未出现并发症。25例断端达到或接近解剖对位愈合,2例出现轻度肘外翻畸形。JOA评分100分25例,97分2例。结论：手法整复屈肘90°纸夹板外固定治疗Ⅰ型肱骨小头骨折稳定性强、成功率高、固定牢固、轻便且不会出现组织压疮及坏死。     

The results of operative treatment of fractures of the thumb metacarpal base.

The results of operative treatment of 21 patients with intraarticular fractures of the thumb metacarpal bone are presented. In 14 patients closed reduction was performed followed by percutaneous fixation with one or two K-wires through the metacarpal shaft to the trapezium. In five delayed cases, in which closed reduction was unsuccessful, open reduction and K-wire pinning was performed. After operation the hand and wrist were immobilized for four weeks. In two patients with Rolando-type fractures, an external fixator was used after closed reduction. Patients were followed-up for six months to three years (mean 1.5 years). Consolidation of fractures was achieved in all cases. Fourteen patients had no pain in the hand at final assessment, two complained of mild pain after activity, and another five complained of pain related to the weather. Grip strength of the affected hand ranged from 72% to 85% (mean 80%) of the expected standard value, matched for gender, age and dominant side. Full opposition of the thumb was achieved in all patients. Self-evaluation of the function of the hand expressed on an analogue scale, from 1 (normal hand function) to 5 (total disability), was from 1.1 to 1.5 (mean 1.2). Abduction of the affected thumb measured on x-ray ranged from 30 degrees to 50 degrees and it was 5 degrees-12 degrees less than in the unaffected hand. Secondary degenerative changes seen as narrowing of the trapeziometacarpal joint were observed in 16 patients. All patients returned to their previous occupations, among them five to hard manual work. None reported problems in daily activities. Our results suggest that closed reduction followed by percutaneous K-wire pinning is a valuable method of treatment for acute fractures. When treatment has been delayed an open operative approach should be considered.     

Stabilisation of the fractured fibula plays an important role in the treatment of pilon fractures: a retrospective comparison of fibular fixation methods

Ninety-eight pilon fractures associated with ipsilateral distal fibular fracture were included in this study. The pilon fractures were treated by open reduction and plating. The 98 fractures were divided into three groups based on the treatment method of fractured fibula. Group A was composed of 50 fibular fractures treated by open reduction and plate fixation. Group B was composed of 23 fibular fractures treated by open reduction and pin fixation. Group C was composed of 25 fibular fractures treated conservatively by closed reduction. The radiographs were reviewed for adequacy of fracture reduction and posttraumatic arthrosis. At the end of follow-up, the clinical outcomes were evaluated using a rating scale. The three groups were similar in respect to Ruedi type, open fracture grade, and demographics (all p values >0.25). Group A showed a decreasing trend of malunion and ankle arthrosis compared to group C (p = 0.091 and p = 0.099, respectively). Group A had a better clinical outcome than group C (p = 0.008). In addition, group A showed an increasing trend of satisfactory outcome compared to group B (p = 0.096). In conclusion, for pilon fractures associated with ipsilateral fibular fractures, stabilisation of the fractured fibula plays an important role in the decrease of distal tibial malunion and post-traumatic ankle arthrosis as well as improvement of clinical outcomes.     

距骨颈骨折治疗方法及疗效分析

[目的]探讨距骨颈骨折的治疗方法及疗效.[方法]对2005年6月～2009年10月收治的48例距骨颈骨折患者中获得随访的45例患者进行回顾性分析.根据Hawkins分型,Ⅰ型7例,Ⅱ型20例,Ⅲ型15例,Ⅳ型3例.Ⅰ型骨折采用石膏外固定或闭合经皮克氏针固定及石膏固定方法;Ⅱ型骨折行闭合复位克氏针固定或切开复位螺钉固定;Ⅲ型、Ⅳ型骨折行切开复位螺钉内固定术.应用x2检验对手术时机、骨折类型、开放与否、骨折复位情况及是否合并距骨周围骨折因素进行分析,观察这些因素与手术疗效的相关性.[结果]平均随访时间3.6年(2～5年),依据Hawkins评分进行评估,其中优26例,良12例,中5例,差2例,优良率为84％;距骨体缺血坏死9例,Ⅱ型骨折3例,Ⅲ型骨折4例,Ⅳ型骨折2例.距骨坏死率与骨折的开放性、复位不良及是否合并周围骨折呈正相关性(P＜0.05);创伤性关节炎14例(31％),畸形愈合7例(16％),无骨折不愈合病例.[结论]移位的距骨颈骨折应积极行手术治疗,正确的治疗方法可以降低并发症的发生率;骨折后继发距骨缺血性坏死并不影响最终的功能结果.     

Open reduction and interfragment wire fixation of comminuted nasal fractures

Manual reduction is the first choice for all types of acute nasal fractures; open reduction is the choice for fractures that do not respond to manual reduction or complicated fractures at the base of the nasal pyramid. From 1968 to 1986, 564 cases of nasal fractures were treated at the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo. Of these, 241 were acute nasal fractures, 52 of which were associated with facial bone fractures. Deviated types of fractures that cannot be correctly repositioned by manual reduction and some depressed fractures often require a surgical approach for reduction and fixation. In our series of 241 patients with acute nasal fractures, 43 (18%) were treated by open reduction and fixed with soft stainless steel wires.     

Bipolar hemiarthroplasty compared with internal fixation for unstable intertrochanteric fractures in elderly patients

BackgroundThe optimal treatment for unstable intertrochanteric fractures in elderly patients remains controversial. We aimed to compare internal fixation and bipolar hemiarthroplasty for the treatment of unstable intertrochanteric fractures in elderly patients.Methods124 patients aged over 70 years were enrolled into this study (64 internal fixations, 60 bipolar hemiarthroplasties). Patients were followed for two years, and had a clinical, radiological, and functional review at three, six, and twelve months as well as two years.ResultsIn the internal fixation group, the fracture reduction and internal fixation were regarded as satisfactory in 44 cases and unsatisfactory in 20 cases. Five patients in the internal fixation group (two with satisfactory results and three with unsatisfactory results) and three patients in the arthroplasty group died before the final two-year follow-up. Five patients in the internal fixation group who had unsatisfactory results suffered complications. At 24 months post-operation, patients who were treated satisfactorily with internal fixation had higher Harris scores, less pain, and better walking ability than those treated with hemiarthroplasty and unsatisfactory internal fixation.ConclusionsInternal fixation with good reduction and fixation quality should be the preferred therapeutic method for elderly unstable intertrochanteric fractures, even when severe osteoporosis is present.     

Outcome and incidence of periprosthetic supracondylar femoral fractures in TKA

Background:

Periprosthetic supracondylar femoral fractures following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) are infrequent, but is a devastating complication. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence and outcomes of periprosthetic supracondylar femoral fractures following TKA using nonoperative as well as open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) techniques.

Materials and Methods:

Between January 2004 and December 2010, we followed 3,920 operated patients of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and identified 23 patients with periprosthetic supracondylar fractures. A retrospective analysis of the records of these patients was conducted. Details regarding pre fracture status, treatment offered and the present status were also recorded and analyzed. Time from index arthroplasty to periprosthetic fracture ranged from five days to six years. There were 17 women and 6 men and the average age was 68.26 years (range 52-83 years). Of the 23 patients, 20 patients were treated by operative method, whereas only three patients with relatively undisplaced fractures were treated nonoperatively.

Results:

The total incidence of periprosthetic fractures in operated cases of TKA was 0.58%. Three patients had infection after surgery. As per radiological assessment, two of three conservatively treated cases had malunion, whereas among 20 cases treated operatively, 16 had primary union with one malunion. Two patients had union after bone grafting, whereas two had nonunion. The average reduction in the knee score after fracture was 20.53%. Twenty one patients were able to achieve limited but independent activity.

Conclusions:

Desirable results for periprosthetic fractures can be obtained if proper and timely intervention is done, taking into account the other comorbid conditions. However, short duration of followup and small number of patients were major limiting factors in this study.