Von Hippel-Lindau综合征4例影像诊断

目的 探讨影像学检查在Von Hippel-Lindau(VHL)综合征诊断中的价值.方法 分析2005-03-2010-10收治的4例VHL综合征患者的MRI和CT等影像学资料.结果 4例均行中枢神经系统MRI和腹部CT检查.MRI发现脑血管母细胞瘤2例,小脑及脊髓血管母细胞瘤1例,脊髓血管母细胞瘤1例.腹部CT发现双肾脏肿瘤2例,肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤2例,胰腺胰岛细胞瘤1例,胰腺多发囊肿1例.结论 VHL可并发多器官肿瘤,中枢神经系统血管母细胞瘤和肾脏肿瘤最常见.影像学发现两处中枢神经系统血管母细胞瘤,或一处中枢神经系统血管母细胞瘤伴内脏器官的多发肿瘤可诊断为VHL.     

中枢神经系统血管母细胞瘤的诊断与治疗

目的：分析中枢神经系统血管母细胞瘤(Hemangioblastomas)的临床特点。方法：回顾性分析我科1989—2002年收治的198例中枢神经系统血管母细胞瘤，均经手术及病理证实。结果：肿瘤常见发病年龄为20-45岁，多见于后颅窝，囊性152例，实质性46例，绝大部分行CT检查，57例行MRI检查，5例行DSLA检查。囊性瘤全切147例，死亡3例；实质性肿瘤全切38例，部分切除8例，死亡6例。结论：CT、MRI和DSA检查是明确诊断的必要手段；手术切除肿瘤仍是最重要的治疗措施；术前栓塞供血动脉、术中控制性降压和术后立体定向放射神经外科治疗是实质性血管母细胞瘤的有效辅助治疗方法。     

儿童中枢神经系统肿瘤398例临床病理分析

目的分析儿童中枢神经系统肿瘤(CNS)的临床特点和病理类型及之间的关系,以提高病理诊断的准确性。方法按照WHO(2016)中枢神经系统肿瘤分类标准,对398例16岁儿童中枢神经系统肿瘤的组织病理学特点、肿瘤部位、患者年龄、性别、族别等临床特征进行汇总分析。结果 398例中,肿瘤位于幕上228例(57.3%),幕下147例(37%),椎管内23例(5.8%)。患儿平均年龄8.99岁,其中≤3岁54例(13.6%),4～9岁157例(39.4%),10～16岁187例(47%);随着年龄的增长发病比例逐渐增高,男女比例为1.1∶1。病理类型前5位分别是星形细胞肿瘤88例(22.1%),髓母细胞瘤86例(21.6%),颅咽管瘤51例(12.8%),室管膜肿瘤42例(10.6%),生殖细胞肿瘤19例(4.8%)。结论新疆地区儿童中枢神经系统肿瘤中,幕上发病率高于幕下,男女比例相当,肿瘤的组织病理学类型与患者的年龄、性别、部位等因素有关,全面了解其特点对正确的病理诊断及临床治疗均有重要意义。     

中枢神经系统原发的恶性淋巴瘤

本文总结了８例中枢神经系统原发的恶性淋巴瘤，分析其临床病理特点。８例肿瘤均位于大脑且为弧立的或弥漫多中心的病灶。组织学类型均为弥漫型，以小细胞性及低度恶性为多。ＬＣＡ，ＣＤ（２０）及ＣＤ（４３）免疫组织化学染色证实中枢神经系统恶性淋巴瘤多为Ｂ细胞性淋巴瘤。     

原发性中枢神经系统恶性淋巴瘤bcl—2蛋白的表达

运用免疫组化SP法，观察18例中枢神经系统B细胞淋巴瘤（经LCA、L26、UCHL1、GFAP标记和电镜检查证实）bcl-2蛋白的表达。结果表明：13例滤泡中心性淋巴瘤bcl-2蛋白阳性，1例淋巴浆细胞淋巴瘤bcl－2蛋白阳性，总阳性率77．8％。我们认为bcl－2基因产物高表达介导的细胞凋亡障碍与中枢神经系统淋巴瘤的发生有关。并且bcl-2蛋白在中枢神经系统小圆细胞肿瘤的鉴别诊断中，不失为一种较为简便、可靠的技术，值得推广。     

中枢神经系统肿瘤的频发率(4,541例病理分析)

本文对4,541例中枢神经系统肿瘤进行了分析。其中颅内肿瘤为3,977例,占87.5%,脊管内肿瘤564例,占12.5%。各种颅内和脊管内肿瘤的频发率分别     

原发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤的放射治疗

目的：总结原发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤的临床表现，探讨放射外科治疗效果。方法：应用伽玛刀放射外科治疗32例经病理证实的原发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤患者。结果：系统随访30例患者，伽玛刀治疗后1～2个月肿瘤消失，症状迅速改善。术后的生存时间为1～34个月，平均15．5个月。结论：原发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤诊断一旦明确，单发或2个病灶者，行伽玛刀和地塞米松治疗，症状改善后再行化疗和／或全脑放疗。这种治疗方案不良反应轻。     

中枢神经系统白血病脑脊液中肿瘤坏死因子α的检测

中枢神经系统白血病脑脊液中肿瘤坏死因子α的检测李大启王宝珍王占聚徐建民我们检测了３０例白血病患者脑脊液（ＣＳＦ）中的肿瘤坏死因子α（ＴＮＦ－α）水平，并探讨其临床意义。材料和方法１病例选择白血病患者３０例，男２１例，女９例，中位年龄３９（１２～６５）...     

副肿瘤综合征14例误诊分析

副肿瘤综合征(paraneoplastic syndromes，PNS)为肿瘤在神经系统的远隔效应，是一类癌肿在并非转移或浸润的情况下引起的中枢神经系统、周围神经、神经肌肉接头或肌肉的病变。表现形式多样，容易误诊。现将我院1997年4月至2003年2月收治的14例副肿瘤综合征患者误诊情况分析如下。     

2例横纹肌样型脑膜瘤的诊断治疗

横纹肌样型脑膜瘤是2000年WHO中枢神经系统肿瘤分类新增的一种病理类型，其发病率很低，我院自2002年5月至2004年1月共收治2例，现将其资料报告如下。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.