内镜下切开术联合探条扩张术与单纯扩张法在食管良性狭窄治疗效果比较

[目的]分析内镜下切开术联合探条扩张术与单纯扩张法在食管良性狭窄的临床应用疗效。[方法]选取2014年7月~2016年7月我院收治150例食管良性狭窄患者作为研究对象,按照随机数字表将其分为对照组(n=75)及实验组(n=75),对照组采用单纯扩张法进行治疗,实验组采用内镜下切开术联合探条扩张术进行治疗,对比2组临床治疗效果、持续症状缓解时间、再次进行内镜下扩张治疗的间隔时间和并发症等情况。[结果]实验组的总有效率明显高于对照组(96.00%:84.00%,P0.05);实验组的持续症状缓解时间明显长于对照组[(173.35±9.13)d:(101.33±7.82)d],P0.05;实验组的再次进行内镜下扩张治疗的间隔时间明显长于对照组(189.23±20.15)d:(107.92±15.21)d,P0.05),2组均无严重并发症发生。[结论]在食管良性狭窄治疗方面,采用内镜下切开术联合探条扩张术治疗方案,临床效果显著,能够有效改善食管狭窄情况,大大提高患者的生活质量,值得推广。     

食管吻合口良性狭窄治疗方法的临床进展

食管恶性肿瘤术后,食管吻合口狭窄是常见的并发症,其严重影响患者生活质量,主要表现为吞咽困难,严重者无法进食,食管吻合口狭窄可分为良性狭窄和恶性狭窄。良性狭窄治疗方法可分为几类：吞咽康复训练、内镜下药物局部注射、微波凝固治疗,球囊扩张术、食管支架植入术、内镜下切开治疗、联合治疗;恶性狭窄主要通过手术方式进行治疗。本文对食管吻合口良性狭窄治疗方法的研究现状作一综述。     

内镜下纵行切开联合博来霉素局部注射治疗复杂性 食管良性狭窄的初步临床观察

本研究对2018年8月—2019年11月间在空军特色医学中心接受内镜下纵行切开联合博来霉素局部注射治疗的7例复杂性食管良性狭窄患者进行了回顾性观察。7例患者术前食管狭窄长度4～14 cm,狭窄段食管最小直径0.2～0.4 cm,行内镜下纵行切开联合博来霉素局部注射治疗,均技术成功。随访5～14个月,无不良事件发生。5例出现狭窄复发及不同程度吞咽困难,首次内镜下治疗结束至食管狭窄复发需再次内镜下治疗的间隔时间为30～120 d。5例复发者中,4例经2次、1例经4次治疗后食管保持通畅。截至随访期末,7例患者吞咽困难症状分级为0～1分。初步小样本经验表明,内镜下纵行切开联合博来霉素局部注射治疗复杂性食管良性狭窄安全、有效。     

食管胃切除术后良性吻合口狭窄内镜治疗的进展

胃肠道切除术后良性吻合口狭窄会降低患者的生活质量,严重时导致重度营养不良并危及生命。目前该类型狭窄的内镜下治疗方法包括球囊扩张术、支架植入、局部药物注射以及新技术内镜下放射状切开术等。本文就食管胃切除术后良性吻合口狭窄的内镜治疗进展作一综述。     

食管癌术后良性吻合口狭窄的内镜治疗探讨

食管癌术后良性食管吻合口狭窄因进食困难，患者痛苦，既往需再次手术治疗。随着内镜技术的发展，也可采用内镜下Savary—Gilliard探条扩张或球囊扩张治疗，但狭窄易复发，需反复治疗。镍钛记忆合金食管支架治疗良性吻合口狭窄则可显著提高临床疗效一为比较不同方法的疗效，选择我院近年来分别应用食管探条扩张术和镍钛记忆合金食管支架置入术治疗的食管癌术后良性吻合口狭窄患者116例和24例，现将结果报告如下.     

内镜下扩张联合黏膜下注射曲安奈德在食管良性狭窄治疗中的应用价值研究

目的探讨内镜下扩张联合黏膜下注射曲安奈德治疗食管良性狭窄的安全性及其应用价值。方法69例患者随机分为3组,分别接受单纯内镜下扩张治疗（A组）、内镜下扩张联合单次注射注射曲安奈德治疗（B组）和内镜下扩张联合多频次注射注射曲安奈德治疗（C组）。比较3组并发症发生情况、治愈率、持续症状缓解时间、再次行内镜下扩张治疗的间隔时间、内镜治疗结束后Stooler分级评分。结果术后部分患者出现胸痛及反流症状,均经对症治疗后症状改善,未出现严重出血、感染、穿孔及局部组织萎缩坏死等并发症。内镜治疗结束后3组Stooler分级评分均较术前有明显改善（P〈0．05）,各组间比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。随访至52周,A组平均持续症状缓解时间及再次行内镜下扩张治疗的间隔时间分别为（14．4±3．2）周和（18．2±3．7）周,B组分别为（19．3±3．9）周和（24．6±4．2）周,C组分别为（20．2±4．2）周和（26．1±4．5）周,B组和C组均明显长于A组（P〈0．05）,B、C组问差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;A组治愈率为29．2％（7／24）,B组为27．3％（6／22）,C组为43．5％（10／23）,C组明显高于A组和B组（P〈0．05）,A、B组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论食管良性狭窄采取内镜下扩张联合黏膜下注射曲安奈德治疗是安全的,多频次注射可明显提高治愈率。     

上消化道吻合口狭窄原因及内镜球囊扩张疗效分析

目的　探讨上消化道吻合口狭窄内镜球囊扩张治疗的近、远期疗效及其影响疗效的因素 ,分析引起吻合口狭窄的原因。方法　应用内镜球囊扩张术治疗食管癌、胃癌切除术引起的吻合口狭窄 1 94例 ,术后用内镜、钡餐造影定期随访并观察梗阻症状、生活质量及生存期等。结果　经内镜下球囊扩张治疗后吻合口狭窄的近期症状缓解率为 96 4 % (1 87/ 1 94 )。治疗后吻合口平均直径由0 4 4cm增加到 2 36cm(P <0 0 0 1 )。该方法的主要并发症为黑便 (2 1 % )和穿孔 (1 0 % )。治疗后随访 0 5、1、2和 3年梗阻症状缓解率依次为 88 1 %、92 7%、91 6 %和 90 1 % ;生存率分别为98 4 %、89 8%、2 5 8%和 2 2 3%。绝大多数患者死于肿瘤复发和转移 (92 6 % ) ,极少数死于反复狭窄 (2 1 % )。该方法的疗效与狭窄部位、狭窄程度、球囊扩张参数有关。吻合口狭窄的发生可能与吻合口部位 (如食管上段、食管 胃吻合口狭窄 )、吻合口留置过小、双合钉使用不当、放射治疗等有关。结论　应用内镜下球囊扩张治疗上消化道吻合口狭窄安全可靠 ,近期和远期均有很高的疗效。     

食管重建术后并发症的内镜诊断和处理

目的 对食管重建术后患者的上消化道病变进行内镜诊断和治疗。 方法 食管重建患者54例,术后3周-3年进行内镜随访检查。 结果 残余食管、吻合口和代食管病变的发生率分别为11.6％,69.0％和27.8％。食管重建后患者最常见的疾病为非特异性残余食管炎、吻合口炎及不同程度的吻合口狭窄和慢性胃炎。对5例吻合口重度狭窄患者成功地进行了内镜下吻合口狭窄切开或切开 扩张治疗。 结论 内镜检查有助于食管重建术后并发症的诊断,对作咽造口 食管旁路术患者也是安全可行的。对某些严重吻合口疤痕狭窄者内镜下电切 扩张治疗可解除症状。     

内镜下放射状切开术与球囊扩张术治疗食管吻合口良性狭窄的对比研究

目的比较内镜下放射状切开术与球囊扩张术治疗食管吻合口良性狭窄的疗效和安全性。方法选取2016年6月至2018年2月于阆中市人民医院就诊的49例食管吻合口良性狭窄患者,其中19例行放射状切开术治疗,30例行球囊扩张术治疗,观察治疗后1周、2个月和6个月的疗效和并发症情况。结果术后1周两组的治疗有效率均为100%;在术后2个月和6个月,放射状切开术组的有效率分别为63.2%和26.3%,球囊扩张术组分别为66.7%和24.1%,差异均没有统计学意义,两组患者均未出现出血、穿孔、感染等并发症。结论内镜下放射状切开术与球囊扩张术的疗效无明显差异,且均具有良好的安全性。     

内镜下球囊扩张术治疗新生儿食管闭锁术后食管狭窄的临床研究

目的 探讨内镜下球囊扩张术治疗先天性食管闭锁术后食管狭窄的可行性及疗效。 方法 回顾性分析郑州儿童医院新生儿外科2009年1月至2017年12月行手术治疗的218例Ⅲ型食管闭锁患儿资料,分析术后并发症发生情况,食管狭窄内镜下球囊扩张术治疗效果。 结果 218例患儿中,Ⅲa型92例,Ⅲb型126例。术后发生吻合口瘘46例（21.1％）,其中Ⅲa型29例（31.5％）,Ⅲb型17例（13.5％）;发生吻合口狭窄53例（24.3％）,其中Ⅲa型29例（31.5％）,Ⅲb型24例（19.0％）,食管闭锁不同分型吻合口瘘及吻合口狭窄发生率比较差异有统计学意义（χ2=10.383,P=0.001; χ2=4.497,P=0.034）。53例吻合口狭窄患儿行内镜下球囊扩张术123例次,每例（3.5±1.6）次,临床痊愈,无食管穿孔等不良事件发生。其中Ⅲa型扩张73例次,每例（4.0±1.8）次;Ⅲb型扩张50例次,每例（2.5±0.7）次;Ⅲa型患儿术后食管狭窄扩张次数更多（t=-4.053,P=0.027）。 结论 Ⅲa型食管闭锁较Ⅲb型术后吻合口狭窄及吻合口瘘发生率高,食管扩张次数更多。内镜下球囊扩张术是治疗食管闭锁术后食管狭窄安全、有效的方法。     

Clinical efficacy of endoscopic dilation combined with bleomycin injection for benign anastomotic stricture after rectal surgery

Benign anastomotic stricture is a frequent complication after rectal surgery. This study investigated the feasibility of endoscopic dilation combined with bleomycin injection for benign anastomotic stricture after rectal surgery. 31 patients who diagnosed with benign anastomotic stricture after rectal surgery were included in this study. 15 patients received simple endoscopic dilation (dilation group) and 16 patients received endoscopic dilation combined with bleomycin injection (bleomycin group). The clinical effect and adverse events were compared in the 2 groups. The strictures were managed successfully and the obstruction symptoms were relieved immediately. There were 2 minor complications in dilation group and 3 minor complications in bleomycin group. The difference was not significant between the 2 groups (P > .05). During the follow-up, the mean reintervention interval was 4.97 ± 1.00 months in dilation group and 7.60 ± 1.36 months in bleomycin group. The median treatment times was 4 (range 3–5) in dilation group and 2 (range 2–3) in bleomycin group. The differences in the 2 groups were significant (P < .05). Compared with endoscopic dilation, endoscopic dilation combined with bleomycin injection may reduce the treatment times and prolong the reintervention interval, which is a safe and effective endoscopic management for benign anastomotic stricture after rectal surgery.     

Endoscopy-Guided Balloon Dilation of Benign Anastomotic Strictures after Radical Gastrectomy for Gastric Cancer

Background/Aims

The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of endoscopic dilation for benign anastomotic stricture after radical gastrectomy in gastric cancer patients.

Methods

Gastric cancer patients who underwent endoscopic balloon dilation for benign anastomosis stricture after radical gastrectomy during a 6-year period were reviewed retrospectively.

Results

Twenty-one patients developed benign strictures at the site of anastomosis. The majority of strictures occurred within 1 year after surgery (95.2%). The median duration to stenosis after surgery was 1.70 months (range, 0.17 to 23.97 months). The success rate of the first endoscopic dilation was 61.9%. Between the restenosis group (n=8) and the no restenosis group (n=13), there were no significant differences in the body mass index (22.82 kg/m² vs 22.46 kg/m²), interval to symptom onset (73.9 days vs 109.3 days), interval to treatment (84.6 days vs 115.6 days), maximal balloon diameter (14.12 mm vs 15.62 mm), number of balloon dilation sessions (1.75 vs 1.31), location of gastric cancer or type of surgery. One patient required surgery because of stricture refractory to repeated dilation.

Conclusions

Endoscopic dilation is a highly effective treatment for benign anastomotic strictures after radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer and should be considered a primary intervention prior to proceeding with surgical revision.     

Endoscopic dilation of benign colorectal anastomotic stricture after low anterior resection: A prospective comparison study of two balloon types

BACKGROUND: Benign strictures arise in 5.8% to 20% of colorectal anastomoses. For such strictures, endoscopic dilation has proven to be a valid and safe treatment. A variety of endoscopic techniques have been proposed, but controlled prospective trials are lacking. This study compared dilation of this colorectal anastomotic stricture with an over-the-wire balloon designed for treatment of achalasia and with a through-the-scope balloon. METHODS: Thirty patients with symptoms caused by benign colorectal anastomotic stricture were randomly allocated to two treatment groups: 15 underwent dilation with a through-the-scope balloon and 15 had dilation with an over-the-wire balloon. Success was defined as an anastomotic lumen wide enough to allow passage of a standard 13-mm-diameter colonoscope, with resolution of symptoms. The success of dilation, the number of sessions required, the complications, and the duration of the dilation were recorded. Patients were followed for 24 months. RESULTS: Dilation was successful in all patients, with no procedure-related complication. The mean number of sessions required was 2.6 (0.98) in the through-the-scope group and 1.6 (0.77) in the over-the-wire group ( p = 0.009). The duration of response in days was greater in the over-the-wire group vs. the through-the-scope group, 560.8 (248.5) days vs. 294.2 (149.3) days, respectively, p = 0.016. CONCLUSIONS: Through-the-scope and over-the-wire dilation techniques are both effective and safe for treatment of benign colorectal anastomotic strictures. Using a greater diameter over-the-wire pneumatic balloon reduces the number of dilation sessions required and provides a longer-lasting response to dilation.     

Restenosis following balloon dilation of benign esophageal stenosis

AIM: To elucidate the mechanism of restenosis following balloon dilation of benign esophageal stenosis. METHODS: A total of 49 rats with esophageal stenosis were induced in 70 rats using 5 ml of 50% sodium hydroxide solution and the double-balloon method, and an esophageal restenosis (RS) model was developed by esophageal stenosis using dilation of a percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) balloon catheter. These 49 rats were divided into two groups: rats with benign esophageal stricture caused by chemical burn only (control group, n=21) and rats with their esophageal stricture treated with balloon catheter dilation (experimental group, n=28). Imaging analysis and immunohistochemistry were used for both quantitative and qualitative analyses of esophageal stenosis and RS formation in the rats, respectively. RESULTS: Cross-sectional areas and perimeters of the esophageal mucosa layer, muscle layer, and the entire esophageal layers increased significantly in the experimental group compared with the control group. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was expressed on the 5th day after dilation, and was still present at 1 month. Fibronectin (FN) was expressed on the 1st day after dilation, and was still present at 1 month. CONCLUSION: Expression of PCNA and FN plays an important role in RS after balloon dilation of benign esophageal stenosis.     

Usefulness of intralesional triamcinolone in treatment of benign esophageal strictures

INTRODUCTION: The cornerstone treatment for benign esophageal strictures is endoscopic dilation. There are reports suggesting that intralesional corticosteroid injection decreases the frequency of endoscopic dilation. METHODS: Seventy-one patients (mean age 42.39 [17.52] years; range, 13-78 years) with benign esophageal strictures (corrosive 29, peptic 14, anastomotic 19, radiation-induced 9) were recruited for this study. All were being managed with a program of intermittent endoscopic dilation by using over-the-wire polyvinyl dilators. All patients were treated by intralesional injections of triamcinolone acetonide (40 mg/mL diluted 1:1 with saline solution) by using a 23-gauge, 5-mm long sclerotherapy needle in aliquots of 0.5 mL. At each session, 4 injections (4 quadrants) were made at the proximal margin of the stricture with another 4 injections into the strictured segment itself whenever possible. The intervals between dilations and frequency of dilations were calculated before and after triamcinolone injections. A periodic dilation index (defined as number of dilations required per month) before and after the triamcinolone injections was calculated. RESULTS: The overall mean (SD) duration of treatment before intralesional injection was 10.9 (19.8) months (range, 1-120 months) and the mean number (SD) of esophageal dilations required was 9.67 (13.06) (range, 1-70). The mean number of sessions of intralesional injection was 1.4 (0.62). After initiation of intralesional injections mean follow-up was 8.1 (5.6) months (range 3-30 months) and the mean number of esophageal dilations was 3.8 (3.0) (range 0-16). The periodic dilation index decreased significantly from 1.24 (0.05) (range 0.13-3.16) before injection to 0.5 (0.33) (range, 0-2) after injection (p < 0.001). For each category of stricture, the periodic dilation index decreased significantly: corrosive, 1.24 (0.5) to 0.53 (0.34) (p < 0.001); peptic, 0.92 (0.44) to 0.42 (0.2) (p < 0.001); anastomotic, 1.24 (0.49) to 0.51 (0.4) (p < 0.001); and radiation-induced, 1.32 (0.6) to 0.6 (0.3) (p < 0.02). CONCLUSION: Intralesional injections of triamcinolone augment the effects of dilation in patients with benign esophageal strictures.     

Palliative treatment of advanced esophageal cancer. Comparative study: auto-expandable metal stent and isoperistaltic esophagogastric bypass

Advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (SCCE) is usually a disease of dismal prognosis. Palliation of dysphagia is the main goal of its treatment. This trial compared surgical to endoscopic palliation of dysphagia. Forty patients(32:8a, age 39-79y) suffering from TNM stage III or IV SCCE were divided into two groups: 20 patients were submitted to esophagogastric bypass (surgical group), and 20 patients had an endoscopically placed auto-expandable metal stent (EsophaCoil "In stent", Minnesota, USA)(endoscopic group). Both groups were similar regarding demographic data and nutritional status. The palliation of dysphagia, the incidence of early and late complications, the life quality (Karnofsky Index), the survival, the length of inpatient stay and the costs were evaluated in both groups. There was no difference between surgical and endoscopic groups regarding palliation of dysphagia, frequency of complications, quality of life, and survival. Early and late most common postsurgical complications were anastomotic leak and stenosis, respectively. The most common post-endoscopic complications were both late: benign hyperplasia and tumour overgrowth. None of the surgical or endoscopic complications were related to mortality. Hospital length stay and the costs were significantly higher in the surgical group (15.5 days vs 3 days, P < 0.001; U$ 4.690,45 +/- 1.360,28 vs U$ 2.618,24 +/- 944,98 P < 0.001). In conclusion, the endoscopic placement of an esophageal metal stent for the palliation of malignant dysphagia in patients with irresectable disease is equally effective as surgical bypass at lower costs and reduced length of inpatient stay.     

Management of persistent gastroesophageal anastomotic strictures with removable self-expandable polyester silicon-covered (Polyflex) stents: an alternative to serial dilation

BACKGROUND: A benign gastroesophageal anastomotic stricture occurs in up to 42% of patients after transhiatal esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. Management of anastomotic strictures may require extended periods of serial endoscopic dilation, with significant risk, cost, and inconvenience for the patient. OBJECTIVE: To determine if placement of removable self-expandable polyester silicon-covered (Polyflex) stents (SEPSs) prolonged the interval between endoscopic interventions in the management of persistent anastomotic stricture. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: National Cancer Institute designated comprehensive cancer center. PATIENTS: Eight patients after a transhiatal esophagectomy referred for management of benign persistent anastomotic strictures. INTERVENTIONS: Serial balloon and bougie dilations and SEPS placement. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENT: The interval between endoscopic interventions and the number of endoscopic interventions before and after SEPS placement. RESULTS: Over a 365-day period, 13 SEPS were placed in 8 patients with benign persistent anastomotic strictures after a transhiatal esophagectomy. A SEPS placement delayed the interval between endoscopic interventions from a mean of 7 days before stent insertion to 62 days after insertion (P < .008). The median number of preinsertion interventions was 4 and was reduced to 1 after insertion (P < .005). LIMITATION: The small number of patients. CONCLUSIONS: A SEPS placement did not result in stricture resolution or stabilization after SEPS removal. The SEPS migration rate was much higher in our patients with postesophagectomy anastomotic strictures than previously reported for other types of strictures. However, a SEPS placement did significantly delay the interval between endoscopic interventions in patients with persistent gastroesophageal anastomotic strictures after transhiatal esophagectomy. SEPS placement should be considered as an alternative to continued serial dilation in patients with persistent anastomotic strictures after transhiatal esophagectomy.     

A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of endoscopic steroid injection therapy for recalcitrant esophageal peptic strictures

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The aim of the study was to examine whether endoscopic intralesional corticosteroid injection into recalcitrant peptic esophageal strictures reduces the need for repeat stricture dilation. METHODS: Patients with a peptic esophageal stricture and recurrent dysphagia having had at least one dilation in the preceding 18 months were enrolled in a prospective randomized, double-blind study comparing steroid and sham injection. After endoscopic confirmation of recurrent stricture, patients were randomized to receive either 0.5 cc/quadrant triamcinolone (40 mg/cc) or sham injection into the stricture followed by balloon dilation of the stricture. Patients were stratified by the number of dilations required in the preceding 18 months, severity of dysphagia, the presence of esophagitis, stricture severity, and prior therapy with a proton-pump inhibitor. Patients and their physicians were blinded to the type of intervention received. Baseline dysphagia questionnaires were completed. Post-procedurally all patients were placed on a standardized proton-pump inhibitor regimen and standardized telephone follow-up questionnaires were completed at 1 wk and at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. The original sample-size calculation of 60 patients could not be met in a timely fashion because of a low incidence of recalcitrant peptic stricture patients. RESULTS: A total of 30 patients were enrolled, 15 in the steroid group (10 men, mean age 66 yr) and 15 in the sham group (11 M, mean age 67 yr). Patients were followed for 1 yr, unless they underwent an antireflux operation or died. Two patients, one per group, died of non-esophageal causes at 1 and 12 months. Four patients had fundoplication, two in each group, unrelated to stricture or dysphagia. Two patients in the steroid group (13%) and nine in the sham group (60%) required repeat dilation (p= 0.011). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with recalcitrant peptic esophageal stricture, steroid injection into the stricture combined with acid suppression significantly diminishes both the need for repeat dilation and the average time to repeat dilation compared to sham injection and acid suppression alone.