人心肌肌钙蛋白I的原核表达及其兔抗体的制备

目的:构建人心肌肌钙蛋白I(hcTnI)基因的原核表达质粒,在大肠杆菌中表达后,并制备兔抗hcTnI抗体。方法:以化学方法合成hcTnI基因并插入融合表达载体pET21a( )的多克隆位点,构建重组表达质粒pET21a( )hcTnI。以重组质粒转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)plysS,筛选阳性重组子,经IPTG诱导目的蛋白的表达,表达产物的免疫学活性用Westernblot进行鉴定。以表达的hcTnI蛋白免疫家兔,制备抗hcTnI的抗体并进行纯化及特性鉴定。结果:成功地合成hcTnI基因,测序证实序列正确后亚克隆于表达载体pET21a( )中,经PCR筛选和酶切鉴定获得阳性克隆,序列分析表明其中的插入序列与cTnI基因完全一致。在大肠杆菌中表达出相对分子质量(Mr)为24000的目的蛋白,约占菌体总蛋白的28%,Westernblot分析显示,表达的hcTnI蛋白具有良好的免疫反应性。以纯化的hcTnI免疫家兔后,能有效地刺激特异性抗体的产生,抗血清的效价为3×10-4,且具有良好的特异性。结论:成功地构建hcTnI基因的原核表达载体pET21a( )hcTnI,并在大肠杆菌中获得高效表达。制备出兔抗hcTnI的抗体,且效价及特异性均较良好,为进一步建立酶联免疫吸附法检测hcTnI奠定了基础。     

人α防御素融合表达、纯化及生物活性检测

目的:获得大量重组人α防御素(HDα)并检测其活性,为其深入研究提供必要的材料。方法:体外化学合成得到带有羟氨裂解位点编码序列的HDα基因片段,克隆入pBV220-IL-4表达载体构建重组表达载体pBV220-IL-4-HDα。测序正确后将重组质粒转入大肠杆菌DH5α中进行温度诱导表达。经羟氨裂解去除IL-4后,对所得蛋白进行纯化、复性,以SDS-PAGE和生物学活性检测鉴定其特性。结果:经温度诱导后,融合蛋白主要以包涵体的形式表达,表达产物约占菌体总蛋白的20%;羟氨裂解切除IL-4后,所得目的蛋白的纯度约为99.8%。抑菌活性试验和克隆形成试验显示,所得HDα对细菌生长有明显的抑制作用。结论:成功地构建了HDα基因的重组表达质粒,获得稳定表达的工程菌,并建立了复性与纯化技术,为进一步对其进行功能研究与应用奠定了基础。     

人精子蛋白SP17基因的克隆及其在大肠杆菌中的表达

目的:获得人精子蛋白SP17基因(hSP17),构建重组表达载体并在大肠杆菌中表达。方法:获取人睾丸组织,提取总RNA,通过RT-PCR获得hSP17的全长cDNA;将该cDNA克隆入TA载体,并亚克隆进融合蛋白型重组表达载体pGEX-3b;转化大肠杆菌DH5α并诱导表达之。结果:获得了全长hSP17的cDNA,构建了重组表达子hSP17/pGEX-3b,获得了预期大小的融合蛋白hSP17-GST的表达。结论:通过构建重组表达质粒hSP17/pGEX并转化大肠杆菌,获得了融合蛋白hSP17-GST的高效表达。     

湖北白猪CD154基因的克隆及表达

目的克隆湖北白猪CD154基因,并在大肠杆菌及HeLa细胞中表达。方法利用RT-PCR方法从湖北白猪外周血单核细胞中扩增出猪CD154基因的完整编码区,进一步PCR扩增获得缺失信号肽、跨膜区的截短型CD154,将其克隆至原核表达载体pQE-80L的6×His下游,获得原核表达质粒pQE-tCD154,转化大肠杆菌DH5α进行诱导表达。同时,将完整CD154基因克隆至真核表达载体pEGFP-C1的EGFP基因下游,获得融合蛋白表达质粒pEGFP-C1-CD154,转染HeLa细胞进行表达。结果原核表达质粒pQE-tCD154,转化大肠杆菌DH5α诱导表达出相对分子量(Mr)为29000的融合表达蛋白6×His-tCD154,Western blot分析证实表达的融合蛋白能与抗6×His的单克隆抗体(mAb)发生特异性反应。融合蛋白表达质粒pEGFP-C1-CD154,转染HeLa细胞,荧光显微镜观察到EGFP-CD154融合蛋白的表达主要定位于细胞膜。结论成功地克隆并表达了猪CD154基因。     

PTK重组质粒的构建与表达

目的构建并表达出PTK重组蛋白,以鉴定酪氨酸蛋白激酶(PTK)的活性,筛选酪氨酸激酶的抑制剂.方法从PTK重组克隆载体上切下目的基因片段Abl-PTK使其连接到表达载体pGEX4T-2上,转化大肠杆菌DH5a,筛选鉴定出正确的转化子.转化菌株经IPTG诱导后进行表达并进行SDS-PAGE分析.结果经酶切和诱导表达鉴定,重组质粒pGEX4T-2-PTK构建成功,并高效表达了58KD的GST-PTK融合蛋白.结论PTK基因被成功地重组至融合蛋白表达载体中,并在大肠杆菌中获得高效表达.该研究为进一步纯化、鉴定PTK的活性,筛选PTK的抑制剂奠定了基础.     

新型重组α型干扰素原核表达载体的构建、表达及活性检测

目的合成一种新型重组α型干扰素(IFN-α)基因序列,使其在大肠杆菌中表达,并检测其生物活性。方法人工合成新型重组IFN-α基因全长,将PCR扩增产物与pUC18进行双酶切后构建克隆载体,并转化至大肠杆菌,经蓝白斑筛选,提取质粒,以EcoRI和BamHI双酶切,插入表达载体pBV220,转化至大肠杆菌,42℃热诱导表达目的蛋白。超声破菌,抽提复性后以Sephacryl S-200HR分离获得目标蛋白。在转染有乙型肝炎病毒基因的人肝癌细胞系2.2.15细胞中,研究其对HBsAg和HBeAg的分泌的影响。结果重组质粒读码框经测序与预期一致,表达产物经SDS-PAGE分析获得证实,与2.2.15细胞培养8d,对HBeAg和HBsAg的分泌具有一定的抑制作用。结论成功地构建原核表达载体pBV220-IFN-α,并使其在大肠杆菌中获得融合表达,重组表达的新型重组IFN-α具有抗病毒作用。     

结核杆菌热休克蛋白70基因的克隆与原核表达

目的：克隆结核杆菌热休克蛋白70(TBhsp70)基因，并在大肠杆菌中表达。方法：利用PCR技术从结核杆菌H37Rv中扩增Hsp70基因，并将其克隆到pUC19中，进行测序。将得到的Hsp70基因克隆到表达载体pGEX-4T-1中，构建重组表达质粒pGEX—TBhsp70，在大肠杆菌DH5α中进行表达。结果：成功地克隆了TBhsp70基因。DNA测序证实，与GenBank公布的序列一致。含pGEX-TBhsp70基因表达质粒的大肠杆菌经IPTG诱导后，能够表达相对分子质量(MR)约为96000的融合蛋白。结论：获得了TBhsp70基因，成功地构建了原核表达质粒pGEX-TBhsp70，并在大肠杆菌得到表达，为其相关研究奠定了一定的基础。     

小鼠MIP-1α-DT390重组免疫毒素原核表达载体的构建及鉴定

目的 构建小鼠MIP-1α基因和白喉杆菌外毒素DT390基因的原核融合表达载体,诱导并鉴定该蛋白的表达.方法 通过RT-PCR获得mMIP-1α基因,通过PCR扩增质粒SPα-DT390获得DT390基因,酶切、连接,构建原核表达载体pET-32a( )-mMIP1-1α-DT390,重组质粒证实构建成功后,转化感受态大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),通过IPTG诱导融合蛋白表达,并用SDS-PAGE和蛋白免疫印迹法鉴定.结果 成功构建了mMIP-lα与DT390基因的原核融合表达载体pET-32a( )-mMIP-Iα-DT390,重组载体在大肠杆菌中获得了稳定的表达,表达蛋白的相对分子质量与预期值一致,并可被抗mMIP-1α和抗白喉毒素的特异性抗体所识别.结论 获得了mM皿1α与DT390融合基因在原核系统中的稳定表达,为研究其临床应用奠定了基础.     

肿瘤抗原MAGE-3基因的克隆与原核表达

目的 克隆肿瘤抗原MAGE-3基因3’端657bp片段，对其编码的蛋白羧基端97-314aa进行原核表达。方法 从含人MAGE-3基因全长cDNA的pUC19／MAGE-3质粒中经聚合酶链式反应(PCR)扩增3’端657bp片段，并克隆入pGEX-4T-1载体，构建重组原核表达质粒pGEX／MAGE-3，对含有该质粒的大肠杆菌DH5α进行诱导表达。结果 从pUC19／MAGE-3重组质粒中扩增获得一条约660bp的条带，测序结果表明与GenBank公布的MAGE-3序列一致，成功地构建了pGEX／MAGE-3原核表达质粒，含有该质粒的大肠杆菌DH5α经异丙基-β-半乳糖苷(Isopropyl—beta—D—thiogalactopyranoside，IPTG)诱导后表达Mr为54000的谷胱甘肽巯基转移酶(Glutathione S-transferse，GST)融合蛋白。表达的融合蛋白约占菌体蛋白总量的28％。结论 成功地构建了pGEX／MAGE-3原核表达质粒，获得了MAGE-3蛋白羧基端97～314aa融合蛋白，为该蛋白应用于肿瘤免疫治疗奠定了基础。     

结核分枝杆菌Zmp1基因原核表达载体的构建及表达鉴定

目的构建结核分枝杆菌锌离子依赖的金属蛋白酶1(Zmp1)基因的原核表达载体,并在大肠杆菌中进行表达。方法以卡介苗(BCG)基因组DNA为模板,采用PCR法扩增Zmp1基因;定向克隆到原核表达载体pET-32a(+)的多克隆位点中,构建重组原核表达质粒pET-32a(+)-Zmp1;转化入大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中经IPTG诱导表达,表达产物经SDS-PAGE和Western blot法鉴定。结果PCR法扩增出Zmp1基因;重组表达质粒经双酶切及基因测序鉴定构建正确;表达的重组Zmp1融合蛋白相对分子质量(Mr)约为94 000,大小与预期融合蛋白一致;重组Zmp1融合蛋白可与His标签单克隆抗体特异性结合。结论成功构建了Zmp1基因原核表达载体,并在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中获得重组Zmp1融合蛋白表达。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.