从泪囊内行泪小管阻塞切除术初步报告

泪小管阻塞引起的泪溢症治疗较困难,文献报告泪小管泪囊吻合术,泪囊泪小管侧端吻合术效果较好,但由于手术程序复杂,不利于普及推广。我们根据泪小管阻塞通常发生在与泪囊相邻的部位这一特点,设计了一种由泪囊内进行泪小管阻塞切除术的简易术式,1983～1985年间共治疗20例,经随访疗效满意(90%),现报告于后:     

鼻内镜下泪小管开放治疗近端泪小管阻塞的疗效

目的:探讨鼻内镜下泪小管开放联合引流管置入治疗近端泪小管阻塞的可行性、有效性、安全性。方法:收集2016-06/2018-06在我院眼科确诊的近端泪小管阻塞患者52例61眼,均行经鼻入路鼻内镜下泪小管开放联合引流管置入术,引流管在泪道内留置2~3mo后拔除,术后随访6~12(平均7.3±2.2)mo,观察手术疗效及并发症情况。结果:所有患者术中均顺利开放泪小管,并顺利置入引流管。末次随访,52眼治愈(85%),5眼好转(8%),4眼无效(7%),总有效率93%,术中、术后均未发生全身及局部严重并发症。结论:鼻内镜下泪小管开放联合引流管置入术治疗近端泪小管阻塞,术中可以精准定位泪小管阻塞段并充分开放正常段,成功率高,安全可行。     

手术显微镜下泪囊鼻腔吻合术75例临床观察

目的 探讨在手术显微镜下进行泪囊鼻腔吻合术的疗效。方法 慢性泪囊炎75例（77眼），其中68眼行常规泪囊鼻腔吻合术，2眼联合YAG激光疏通下泪小管阻塞，5眼泪囊粘液囊肿联合泪点扩大术，1眼联合泪囊内结石取出术，1眼行联合泪囊内肿物切除术。结果 术后平均随访2.5年，全部获得治愈，无溢阳，泪道冲洗通畅。结论 治疗慢性泪囊炎的首选方法，是在手术显微镜下施行泪囊鼻腔吻合术，组织结构清晰，操作简单，可提高疗效。     

慢性泪囊炎合并下泪小管阻塞的手术治疗

目的 探讨慢性泪囊炎合并下泪小管阻塞的手术治疗方法和疗效.方法 对126例(128眼)在局麻下行泪囊鼻腔吻合联合泪小管置管术,根据术中下泪小管情况决定术后拔管时间,一般在术后4～12周,拔管后观察泪道通畅情况.结果 126例(128眼)中有6例(6眼,4.69%)拔管后下泪小管再次阻塞,赴上级医院行泪道激光治疗,一次治愈率达95.31%.结论 泪囊鼻腔吻合联合泪小管置管术治疗慢性泪囊炎合并下泪小管阻塞效果较好.     

硅胶管隐形置入治疗泪小管泪总管阻塞

目的探讨线形硅胶管在泪小管或泪总管阻塞治疗的临床疗效。方法对23例（25眼）泪小管或泪总管阻塞经双泪小管隐形置入线形硅胶管术治疗。操作：探通阻塞部位泪道、送引线、微扩泪道、隐形置入线形硅胶管、鼻腔结扣。结果泪小管或泪总管阻塞25眼经双泪小管隐形置入线形硅胶管术治疗,治愈22眼（88．00％）,好转2眼,未愈1眼。结论双泪小管隐形置入线形硅胶管术具有操作简便,成功率高,不影响容貌,是目前治疗泪小管、泪总管阻塞的有效方法。     

鼻腔泪囊吻合联合泪小管置管治疗伴有泪小管阻塞的泪囊炎

目的：探讨伴有泪小管阻塞的泪囊炎患者经鼻内镜鼻腔泪囊吻合术联合泪小管置管术的手术疗效。 方法：伴有泪小管阻塞的泪囊炎患者27例,给予经鼻内镜下泪囊鼻腔吻合术联合泪小管置管,泪小管阻塞采用泪道内窥镜下激光泪道探通术,环形置管。 结果：患者27例均顺利完成手术,均未见手术并发症。所有患者术后均定期随访6mo,治愈25例,有效2例,无效0例。治愈率为93%。 结论：鼻内镜下鼻腔泪囊吻合联合泪小管置管治疗泪囊炎合并泪小管阻塞具有视野清晰,创伤小,恢复快,远期疗效确切,避免分次手术等优点,值得广泛推广。     

泪小管阻塞切除吻合术

轻微的泪小管阻塞采用泪道插管术多能治愈,但阻塞较重者难以奏效。笔者采用切除阻塞段泪小管后将两断端重新吻合的方法治疗下泪小管阻塞３３例３５眼,效果理想,报告如下。一、临床资料１．一般资料：患者为１９９０～１９９８年治疗的患者,男１４例１４眼,女１９例２...     

泪囊内注眼药膏法治疗慢性泪囊炎

目的探讨泪囊内注眼药膏法治疗慢性泪囊炎的疗效。方法自1996年来，对153例170眼慢性泪囊炎合并泪道狭窄阻塞患者行先用探针将阻塞的泪道探通，然后将用环丙沙星、甲硝唑、地塞米松、糜蛋白酶配制的混合液冲洗泪道，最后将四环素可的松眼膏适量注入泪囊内。结果治愈率达87．5％，有效率达99％。结论此法用于慢性泪囊炎治疗效果显著，可作为非手术疗法在临床推广应用。     

可吸收泪栓联合KTP激光治疗难治性泪小管阻塞

目的探讨可吸收泪栓联合KTP激光治疗难治性泪小管阻塞的疗效。方法采用KTP激光击通阻塞的泪小管后,植入可吸收泪栓于原阻塞部位。治疗13例(13眼),随访6月。结果泪小管阻塞经过KTP激光联合可吸收泪栓治疗后均无溢泪症状,无泪溢,泪道冲洗通畅。13例(13眼)均治愈。结论可吸收泪栓联合KTP激光是治疗泪小管阻塞的有效方法。     

泪囊鼻腔吻合联合上、下泪小管环管支撑术治疗慢性泪囊炎合并泪小管狭窄或阻塞

慢性泪囊炎由于长期炎症刺激，反复泪道冲洗或探通，常并发泪小管特别是下泪小管的狭窄或阻塞，对于这类患者单纯行泪囊鼻腔吻合术常不能解决问题。为此，我们自1996年3月～2003年6月对11例慢性泪囊炎合并下泪小管狭窄或阻塞的患者施行了泪鼻囊腔吻合联合上、下泪小管环管支撑术，取得了满意的效果。     

New insights into the lacrimal pump

PurposeTo date, there are many theories about tear transport through the canaliculi of the draining lacrimal system into the lacrimal sac but only few with supportive data. It is certain that the function of the lacrimal part of orbicularis oculi muscle (Horner-Duverney's muscle) is indispensable for the transport of “used” tears. However, the muscle's exact structure and the mechanisms of its functions are as yet unclear. To obtain deeper insights we undertook the present study.MethodsUpper and lower canaliculi (including the entrance into the lacrimal sac) from donor cadavers were dissected. Some of the specimens were prepared for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to analyze the course of muscle fibers surrounding the canaliculi. Others were sectioned for enzyme- (EHC) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) to learn about the distribution of slow and fast reacting muscle fibers in Horner-Duverney's muscle as well as to analyze the distribution of different neurotransmitters to learn more about the innervation of Horner-Duverney's muscle. Four tear duct systems taken from body donors were cut out en bloc after formalin fixation, serially sectioned and reconstructed using a newly developed technology for 3D reconstruction of histological serial sections named HiD® (Chimaera GmbH, Germany). Patients that had undergone dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) were video-analyzed endonasally during active blinking, focusing on viewing the temporal wall of the lacrimal sac movement where the canaliculi penetrated the lacrimal sac.ResultsSEM revealed that muscle fibers of Horner-Duverney's muscle surround the vertical parts of the upper and lower canaliculus in a scissor like pattern whereas they ran in parallel to the first two thirds of the horizontal parts surrounding the respective canaliculus. Here, the muscle fibers were embedded in dense connective tissue forming a unique network. At the nasal third, muscle fibers left the canaliculi and ran to the posterior part of the fascia of the lacrimal sac and the lacrimal bone. EHC revealed that Horner-Duverney's muscle contained nearly an equal distribution of type I and type IIb muscle fibers compared to the superior rectus muscle which contains more type I and the masseter and iliopsoas muscles with more type IIb muscle fibers. IHC indicated presence of trigeminal, catecholaminergic and cholinergic nerve endings. 3D reconstructions supported the SEM data. Endonasal video analysis of patients after DCR with a nasally open lacrimal sac revealed bulging of the temporal wall of the lacrimal sac during blinking. On the basis of these findings, a modified lacrimal pump theory is proposed.ConclusionThe results support the hypothesis that contraction of Horner-Duverney's muscle leads to closure of the canaliculi in their first two thirds based on the special arrangement of muscle fibers and connective tissue fibers. This causes the tear fluid in the canaliculi to be pressed/transported towards the lacrimal sac. The medial third of the vertical portions of the canaliculi, the canaliculus communis and the intrasaccal portion of the canaliculus are compressed by the shortening and thickening of the Horner-Duverney muscle from dorsal, which leads to a compression of the canaliculi lumens in this part of the system, thereby pushing the lacrimal fluid further towards the lacrimal sac. The mix of fast contracting and fatigue resistant muscle fibers is ideally suited for the blink mechanism that is complexly regulated by the nervous system.     

Tricompartment model of the lacrimal pump mechanism.

BACKGROUND: The role of the lacrimal sac in the lacrimal pump mechanism is controversial. METHODS: Movements of the lateral wall of the lacrimal sac with blinking were videotaped through an endoscope in eight patients after dacryocystorhinostomy. In addition, movements of an air bubble at the opening of the nasolacrimal duct with blinking were studied in three patients with an incompetent valve of Hasner. RESULTS: The superior half of the lateral wall of the lacrimal sac moved laterally with lid closure and medially with lid opening. The inferior half of the lateral wall of the lacrimal sac moved medially with lid closure and laterally with lid opening. In patients with an incompetent valve of Hasner, the air bubble at the opening of the nasolacrimal duct bulged into the nose with lid closure and retracted into the nasolacrimal duct with lid opening. CONCLUSIONS: A tricompartment model of the lacrimal pump is presented that incorporates these findings. With lid closure, the orbicularis muscle contracts, compressing the canaliculi and pulling the superior half of the lateral wall of the lacrimal sac laterally. This creates a lower pressure in the superior sac, allowing tears to be propelled from the canaliculi into the sac. At the same time, the inferior half of the lateral sac wall moves medially, creating a positive pressure in the inferior sac and nasolacrimal duct, thus forcing tears down the duct into the nose. With lid opening, the orbicularis muscle relaxes, allowing the canaliculi to open and the superior half of the lateral sac wall to move medially. The resulting negative intracanalicular pressure allows tears to flow from the lacrimal lake into the canaliculi, and the higher pressure in the superior sac closes the valve of Rosenmueller and forces tears from the superior to inferior sac and proximal nasolacrimal duct. At the same time, the inferior half of the lateral sac wall moves laterally, resulting in a negative pressure in the inferior sac and nasolacrimal duct.     

泪囊切开逆向插管治疗复杂性泪小管断裂伤

目的:探讨经泪囊切开逆向插管法治疗复杂性泪小管断裂的手术效果。方法:外伤性泪小管断裂患者45例,采用经泪囊切开逆向置硬膜外麻醉导管吻合泪小管断裂。结果:45例经6mo～1a随访观察,获得解剖复位,自觉不流泪,冲洗通畅者40例(89%);自觉轻微流泪,冲洗泪道通而不畅者3例(7%);冲洗泪道不通者2例(4%)。结论:经泪囊切开逆向插管法是一种治疗复杂性泪小管断裂的有效方法。     

慢性泪囊炎合并泪总管阻塞的手术治疗

目的:探讨慢性泪囊炎合并泪总管阻塞的手术方法及临床效果。方法:慢性泪囊炎合并泪总管阻塞患者46例48眼,全部先有流泪、脓性分泌物病史,直至泪囊区出现硬结,红肿,甚至皮肤溃破,经泪道冲洗检查确诊,行改良泪囊鼻腔吻合联合硅胶管植入术,术后随访3a,定期冲洗泪道,观察手术效果。结果:无流泪、脓性分泌物46眼(96%),泪囊区红肿消失,冲洗泪道通畅。2眼仍有流泪,无脓性分泌物,泪囊区红肿消失,泪道冲洗通畅,有效率100%。结论:改良泪囊鼻腔吻合联合硅胶管植入术一次性解决了鼻泪管泪总管同时阻塞的问题,避免患者再次手术的痛苦,减轻经济负担,是治疗慢性泪囊炎合并泪总管阻塞的有效方法。     

Anatomie und Physiologie der ableitenden Tränenwege

The human nasolacrimal ducts consist of the upper and lower lacrimal canaliculi, the lacrimal sac and the nasolacrimal duct and drain tear fluid from the ocular surface into the nose. The lining epithelium of the lacrimal sac and the nasolacrimal duct is lined by microvilli supporting the hypothesis that tear fluid components are absorbed. Based on its composition epithelial secretions fulfill functions in tear transport and antimicrobial defense. Further defense mechanisms are displayed by IgA and defense cells which show a special intraepithelial and subepithelial distribution. Moreover, tear duct-associated lymphoid tissue (TALT) is present, displaying the cytomorphological and immunophenotypic features of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). The mechanisms of tear outflow are not yet resolved and several hypotheses exist. Significance is attributed to the lacrimal part of the orbicularis eye muscle surrounding the canaliculi, the helically arranged system of connective tissue fibres and the cavernous body that surrounds the lacrimal sac and the nasolacrimal duct. Moreover, the cavernous body has a function in protecting the lacrimal passage and is active during emotions.     

Congenital fistula of the lacrimal sac

Fistulas of the lacrimal sac are visible as small openings in the skin of the medial canthus. They can cause inflammations and serous or mucous secretions. Additional canaliculi of this type can be demonstrated by dacryocystographic techniques. Under the operating microscope the fistula is exposed as far as the lacrimal sac and then excised. The lacrimal sac and the nasolacrimal duct are examined. If there is no further stenosis a dacryocystorhinostomy is not necessary. After bicanalicular silicone intubation the wound is closed layer by layer. If primary healing occurs without complications dense closure results and there is no danger of fistulas of the lacrimal sac redeveloping.     

Radiographic visualization of congenital lacrimal sac mucoceles

The clinical presentation of a congenital mucocele is a blue-gray tense mass located inferior to the medial canthal ligament. The differential diagnosis is that of tumor and encephalocele. Diagnostic modalities such as simple transillumination and ultrasound aid the physician, but dacryocystography confirms the marked lacrimal sac distension. In three infants the sac could not be decompressed by massage, indicating that the canalicular-punctal system as well as the inferior lacrimal system were blocked. When the distended lacrimal sac compresses the two canaliculi and bends them on themselves, there is a functional trapdoor-type block. During the probing of these patients, we felt a snap when the lacrimal syringe was withdrawn from the distended sac. We concluded that this was due to kinking of the canaliculus by the enlarged sac.     

经泪囊切开逆行探通泪小管断裂吻合术

目的 评价泪小管断裂时经泪囊切开，逆行探查泪小管鼻侧断端吻合手术的疗效。方法 外伤性下泪小管断裂93例(93眼)，上下泪小管均断裂11例(11眼)，先采用注气或注液法、直视法、试探法、探通法等均不奏效时，即改为泪囊切开法，经泪囊切开逆行探查寻找泪小管鼻侧断端，进而行泪小管吻合术。结果 104例均经3月至5年以上的随访，自觉不流泪，冲洗泪道通畅者96例(92．30％)；自觉轻微流泪，冲洗泪道通而不畅者6例(5．77％)；流泪，冲洗泪道不通者2例(1．93％)。结论 泪囊切开法找到泪小管断端准确率高。     

陈旧的下泪小管断裂手术治疗

目的 观察两种治疗陈旧的下泪小管断裂的手术方式的效果.方法 回顾性分析在我院就诊的36例陈旧的下泪小管断裂,分别采用经上泪点和泪囊切开两种方式逆行寻找下泪小管鼻侧断端的手术方法,术后随访观察比较两种术式的效果.结果 36例中有6例经上泪点逆行寻找下泪小管鼻侧断端成功,其余30例经泪囊切开逆行寻找下泪小管鼻侧断端成功,均成功置入双路环形硅胶管.术后3个月拔管,随访6个月以上.29例（80.6％）治愈,5例（13.9％）基本治愈,2例（5.5％）无效.结论 逆行寻找下泪小管断端联合双路环形硅胶管置入是治疗陈旧的下泪小管断裂的有效方法.