54例非结核分枝杆菌感染者对二线抗结核药的耐药分析

目的：观察分析非结核分枝杆菌（NTM）的耐药情况。方法收集本院分枝杆菌培养阳性并鉴定为非结核分枝杆菌的病例,并对其药效结果进行分析。结果320例分枝杆菌培养阳性病例中,54例为非结核分枝杆菌,占16.9%,对二线抗结核药物阿米卡星（AK）,卷曲霉素（CPM）,对氨基水杨酸钠（PAS）,莫西沙星（MFX）,左氧氟沙星（LFX）和丙硫异烟胺（TH1321）均有不同程度的耐药,耐药率高达87.0%,且大多数呈现多耐药。结论非结核分枝杆菌对抗结核药呈现耐药现象,故临床用药困难,对临床抗结核治疗效果不佳或疑似NTM肺病的患者应及早做痰培养、菌型鉴定及药物敏感试验并寻求其他有效的治疗方法。     

馆陶县2012至2014年初治涂阳肺结核患者分枝杆菌培养及耐药

目的调查本县初治涂阳肺结核患者分枝杆菌培养及耐药情况,为分析结核病的防治措施提供依据。 方法选择2012-2014年于本县医院诊治的初治涂阳肺结核患者,在对其进行分枝杆菌培养的基础上,将阳性菌株送至本市相关实验室进行菌种鉴定以及药物敏感性分析。 结果本研究中共收治562例初治涂阳肺结核患者,其中性别比男︰女= 2.23︰1,平均年龄（41.2±3.7）岁;菌群类别：结核分枝杆菌492株（87.54%）,非结核分枝杆菌70株（12.46%）。敏感株为448株（79.72%）,耐药菌株为114株（20.28%）,其中耐多药菌株为36株（6.41%）,单耐药患者以耐链霉素（S）为常见（5.34%）,其次为耐异烟肼（称H）（4.63%）。多耐药中以至少耐异烟肼、链霉素（HS）为常见（22/562,3.91%）,其次为耐异烟肼、利福平（耐HR）（3.73%）。多耐药中耐两药者16例（2.85%）,耐3药者17例（3.02%）,耐4药者3例（0.53%）。耐药顺序为S > H > R > E。 结论中青年男性为肺结核防治的高危人群,需要对其进行密切防控。本县结核分枝杆菌复合群菌株的耐药率虽不高,但初治涂阳患者存在耐多药,需要进一步改进结核病的防控工作。     

人类免疫缺陷病毒/结核分枝杆菌双重感染者结核分枝杆菌分离株一线药物耐药特征

目的分析人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染者的结核分枝杆菌(MTB)分离株对一线抗结核分枝杆菌药物的耐药特征,为临床治疗HIV/MTB双重感染提供参考依据。 方法选取上海市公共卫生临床中心2012年1月至2016年12月收治的HIV合并MTB感染者154例(实验组)和单纯结核分枝杆菌感染者357例(对照组),进行异烟肼(INH)、利福平(RFP)、乙胺丁醇(EMB)、链霉素(STR)4种一线药物耐药性检测,比较两组患者MTB的总耐药率和总耐多药率,初始及获得性耐药、耐多药率。 结果HIV/MTB双重感染组患者总耐药率(44.2%,68/154)、初始耐药率(42.2%,19/45)、初始耐多药率(13.3%,6/45)、STR总耐药率(31.8%,49/154)和初始耐药率(28.9%,13/45)显著高于单纯结核分枝杆菌感染组(33.9%、25.0%、3.8%、22.7%、11.4%)(P均<0.05)。INH、RFP、EMB耐药率与单纯结核分枝杆菌感染组差异无统计学意义(P均> 0.05)。单纯结核分枝杆菌感染组患者获得性耐药率(39.1%,88/225)和获得性耐多药率(19.1%,43/225)分别高于初始耐药率(25.0%,33/132)和初始耐多药率(3.8%,5/132)(χ²= 16.785、P < 0.001;χ²= 7.393、P = 0.004)。 结论HIV/MTB感染者分离的MTB对一线抗结核分枝杆菌药物耐药率和耐多药率高,其中STR耐药最为严重,提示临床治疗应重视HIV/MTB双重感染者的结核耐药问题,及时采取预防措施和制定个体化治疗方案。     

耐左氧氟沙星大肠埃希菌的耐药性分析

目的了解本院临床分离的大肠埃希菌的耐药情况,分析耐左氧氟沙星细菌的耐药性。方法对2009年8月至2010年8月本院临床分离的154株大肠埃希菌用Kirby-Bauer琼脂扩散法进行药物敏感试验。结果 154株大肠埃希菌中共检出耐左氧氟沙星菌76株,检出率49.35%。在各类标本中,尿液中耐左氧氟沙星菌株分离率最高（51.32%）,其次为痰（23.68%）。除亚胺培南、美罗培南、头孢西丁、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦和阿米卡星外,耐左氧氟沙星菌株对氨苄西林、头孢唑啉、头孢吡肟、头孢噻肟、头孢他啶、庆大霉素、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药率明显高于非耐左氧氟沙星菌株（P〈0.05）。结论本院耐左氧氟沙星大肠埃希菌株对多种药物表现出较高的耐药率,应加强对耐左氧氟沙星大肠埃希菌的耐药性监测,严格掌握抗菌药物的使用指征,防止耐药菌株的传播流行。     

颈椎结核耐药性观察及个体化治疗

目的观察颈椎结核分枝杆菌（M.TB）耐药情况;探讨颈椎结核个体化治疗方案。方法2002年1月-2006年12月,行前路病灶清除植骨内固定手术治疗且随访1年以上的颈椎结核病例31例,均在术中取得脓液标本并经病理检查证实为颈椎结核。检测M.TB分离株对14种抗结核药的敏感性;PCR-SSCP法检测M.TB分离株耐药基因突变。术后不耐药者化疗6-9个月,耐单药者化疗12个月,耐多药者化疗18个月。随访时间为1-5年,平均3.2年。结果总耐药率为54.8%,耐多药率为25.8%;在M.TB耐药株中,5种耐药基因（katG,rpoB,rpsL,embB,pncA）突变率为88.1%;M.TB敏感株未检出耐药基因突变。本组切口一期愈合率为93.5%,总治愈率为96.8%。结论颈椎M.TB产生耐药性与相应的基因突变密切相关。在个体化有效抗痨的基础上,应用病灶清除减压一期植骨内固定治疗颈椎结核,临床疗效满意。     

288份分枝杆菌菌型鉴定及药敏试验结果监测分析

目的:通过分析石家庄市第五医院肺结核病人的分枝杆菌菌种鉴定及药敏试验结果,了解耐药情况,为临床治疗肺结核病人提供可靠的实验数据.方法:对2007～2010年就诊于我院的肺结核病人的1001份标本,用改良罗氏法培养,对288份分离培养阳性菌株进行菌型鉴定及药敏试验,试验结果进行统计分析.结果:①培养阳性率295/1001(29.5％),288例培养阳性标本,人型结核分枝杆菌263例,牛型分枝杆菌28例,乌型分支杆菌1例,其他非典型分枝杆菌3例.②耐药菌株98株,人型分支杆菌耐药比例低于牛型(30.4％Vs57.1％,P＜0.01).耐药率从高到底依次为:乙胺丁醇18.4％、链霉素15.3％、利福平14.2％、异烟肼12.2％、氧氟沙星9.0％、左氧氟沙星8.3％、力克肺疾6.9％、阿米卡星5.8％、利福布丁4.5％.③单耐药菌株20例(7.6％)多耐药菌株25例(8.7％),耐多药菌株22例(7.6％),广泛耐药结核菌株6例(2.1％).结论:结核分支杆菌对抗结核药耐药率高,临床应根据结核杆菌药敏试验的结果,合理使用抗结核药物,减少耐药菌株的发生.     

脊柱结核常识、脊柱结核的常用概念、脊柱结核的化疗方案

 单耐药结核（monoresistance tuberculosis）：患者感染的结核分枝杆菌经体外证实对1种抗结核药物耐药。
多耐药结核（polyresistance tuberculosis）：患者感染的结核分枝杆菌经体外证实对1种以上的抗结核药物耐药,但不包括同时耐异烟肼、利福平。
耐多药结核（multi-drug resistant tuberculosis,MDR-TB）：是指对利福平和异烟肼均具有抗药性的结核称作“耐多药结核”。
广泛耐药结核（extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis,XDR-TB）：是指对利福平和异烟肼均具抗药性（即MDR-TB）的基础上,还对全部喹诺酮类药物以及至少对二线抗结核药物中的卡那霉素、卷曲霉素和阿米卡霉素其中之一具有抗药性的结核。
结核复发：为患者接受完整的抗结核病用药,停药后再出现结核病灶及其临床症状,而需要再接受外科手术或内科治疗。
复治结核：有下列情况之一者为复治：（1）初治失败的患者;（2）规则用药满疗程后痰菌又复阳的患者;（3）不规律化疗超过1个月的患者;（4）慢性排菌患者。
跳跃型脊柱结核：两处或两处以上不相邻的椎体或其附件同时发生结核,称为跳跃型脊柱结核。跳跃型脊柱结核病变重、脊柱稳定性差、并发症多、病残率高,临床治疗复杂,初诊漏诊和延误诊断发生率高。
邻近多节段脊柱结核（adjacent multi-segment spinal tuberculosis, AMSST）：邻近多节段脊柱结核是指超过3个邻近椎体受累的多节段脊柱结核,多个相邻椎体遭到破坏,通常伴有广泛椎旁脓肿和椎间不稳,治疗不当易引起神经障碍或后凸畸形等严重并发症。
耐多药结核的化疗原则
（1）参考既往用药史和过敏史;（2）根据药敏试验制定个体化的治疗方案;（3）选择至少2种以上敏感或用过的抗结核药物;（4）强化期最好应有5种药物组成,巩固期至少有3种药物,合并HIV或AIDS患者至少6药联合应用;（5）痰菌阴转治疗至少持续18个月;（6）原则上实施每天给药和直接监督下治疗,强化期宜住院为妥,便于督导,观察和处理毒副反应。
脊柱结核的治愈标准
1.一线口服药：异烟肼（H）、利福平（R）、乙胺丁醇（E）、吡嗪酰胺（Z）、利福喷丁（Rft）、利福布汀（Rfb）。
2.注射用药：链霉素（S）、卡那霉素（Km）、阿米卡星（Am）、卷曲霉素（Cm）。
3.氟喹诺酮类药：氧氟沙星（Ofx）、左氧氟沙星（Lfx）、莫西沙星（Mfx）。
4.二线口服抑菌药：乙硫异烟胺（Eto）、丙硫异烟胺（Pto）、环丝氨酸（Cs）、特立齐酮（Trd）、对氨基水杨酸（PAS）、对氨基水杨酸异烟肼（Pa）、氨硫脲（Thz）。
5.MDR-TB治疗中疗效尚不确切的药物。
WHO抗结核药物分类
（1）患者术后经抗结核药物治疗半年以上,全身情况良好,无发热,食欲正常,局部无疼痛。（2）红细胞沉降率多次复查均在正常范围。（3）X线片等影像学资料显示病变椎体已骨性愈合,周围无异常阴影。（4）恢复正常活动和轻体力工作3~6个月,无症状复发,无脓肿、窦道形成。     

新生儿侵袭性感染B族链球菌的耐药表型及耐药机制

目的通过分析侵袭性感染新生儿的B族链球菌（GBS）临床分离株的耐药性和耐药基因型,为新生儿GBS感染的防治和抗菌药物的合理应用提供理论依据。 方法收集2013年1月至2016年6月就诊于广东省4家医院GBS侵袭性感染< 90 d新生儿病例。使用VITEK-2 Compact全自动细菌鉴定及药敏分析系统对GBS分离株进行鉴定和抗菌药物最小抑菌浓度（MIC）测定;应用PCR方法进行红霉素和四环素耐药基因检测。 结果确诊新生儿GBS侵袭性感染93例,其中34例（36.6%）早发型,59例（63.4%）晚发型。93株GBS分离株药物敏感试验结果显示,GBS对青霉素类、头孢菌素类、利奈唑胺和万古霉素均100%敏感;对左氧氟沙星、氧氟沙星和阿奇霉素的耐药率较低,分别为8.6%、2.2%和1.1%。对红霉素、克林霉素和四环素的耐药率高,分别为60.2%、78.5%和93.5%;耐药表型以固有表型（cMLS_B）为主,占53.9%,其次为L表型（26.3%）、诱导表型（iMLS_B）（15.8%）和M表型（3.9%）。56株红霉素耐药菌株ermB基因的携带率为85.7%,2株（3.6%）耐药菌株同时携带ermB和mefA基因,均未检出ermA。87株四环素耐药菌株中,四环素耐药基因tetO和tetM携带率分别为74.7%和46%,其中25株同时携带tetO和tetM,均未检出tetL和tetK基因。 结论青霉素和氨苄西林仍是治疗新生儿侵袭性GBS感染及高危新生儿预防GBS感染的首选药物。广东地区GBS红霉素耐药机制以ermB基因介导的核糖体靶位改变为主,四环素耐药机制以tetO和tetM基因为主。     

维持性血液透析患者结核感染的早期诊断方法比较

目的 探讨维持性血液透析患者早期结核感染的检测方法.方法 纳入维持性血液透析患者64例,对所有患者采用结核菌素皮肤试验（TST）、结核感染T细胞斑点试验（T-SPOT.TB）和结核分枝杆菌抗体3种检测方法进行检测,并结合临床资料分为结核感染组（8例）、潜伏结核感染组（32例）及非结核感染组（24例）,比较3种方法对血液透析患者早期结核感染的检测效果.结果 在结核感染组中,T-SPOT.TB检测诊断结核性疾病的敏感性为87.5％（7/8）;在潜伏结核感染组中,T-SPOT.TB敏感性为87.5％（28/32）,TST敏感性为46.9％（15/32）,结核分枝杆菌抗体阳性敏感性为40.6％ （13/32）,T-SPOT.TB与TST及结核分枝杆菌抗体间比较差异有统计学意义（T-SPOT.TB比结核分枝杆菌抗体：OR=10.2,95％ CI 2.9～ 36.2,P=0.001;T-SPOT.TB比TST：OR=7.0,95％ CI 2.0～24.6,P=0.003）.TST与结核分枝杆菌抗体比较差异无统计学意义.在非结核感染组中T-SPOT.TB和TST特异性高,均为100％,结核分枝杆菌抗体检查特异性为58.3％ （14/24）,前两者与结核分枝杆菌抗体的特异性差异有统计学意义（P=0.001）.结论 T-SPOT.TB对维持性血液透析患者早期结核感染检测敏感性和特异性最好.     

徐州地区2695例涂阳肺结核患者结核分枝杆菌耐药状况分析

目的了解徐州地区耐药结核的流行情况及其耐药谱,探讨耐药结核发生的影响因素。方法选择本院收治的涂阳肺结核患者作为研究对象,釆用统一设计的调查表获取患者的基本信息和相关流行病学资料;对研究对象的痰标本进行一线和二线抗结核药物敏感性试验,获取耐药性资料;数据录入Excel表格,采用SPSS 18.0软件进行统计分析。结果本地区总的耐药率为17.29%,耐多药[至少同时耐异烟肼(INH)和利福平(RFP)]率为5.60%,广泛耐药率为0.26%;复治患者的耐药率(37.26%)高于初治患者(13.56%),两者差异有统计学意义(χ2=140.35,P0.05);单一耐药的菌株中耐INH的耐药率最高,在多耐药(对至少两种一线抗结核药耐药,但不包括同时耐INH和RFP)组合中,以INH+SM(链霉素)的组合构成比最高;耐多药组合中,以INH+RFP的组合构成比最高;耐药结核病在不同性别患者中分布的差异无统计学意义,在不同年龄患者中分布具有统计学意义,以41~60岁年龄组耐药率最高。结论徐州地区结核病总耐药率虽然不高,但耐多药率较高,性别分布差异无统计学意义,年龄分布以41~60岁年龄段最多。     

Drug resistance patterns in 111 cases of drug-resistant tuberculosis spine

Purpose

We report the largest study conducted till date of drug resistant tuberculosis in spine analyzing the drug susceptibility patterns in 111 cases of proven drug resistance.

Methods

An observed cross-sectional study was conducted. Six-hundred and eighty-six patients with positive cultures underwent sensitivity testing to 13 commonly used anti-tubercular drugs using BACTEC MGIT-960 system.

Results

Females (60.3%) outnumbered males (39.6%). Only three patients (2.7%) were found HIV positive, and none of these had AIDS. Forty-four (39.6%) patients had taken AKT in the past for some form of tuberculosis. Eight (7.2%) patients had history of treatment default. The drug sensitivity testing revealed 87 (78.3%) cases of multi drug resistance (resistance to both isoniazid and rifampicin) and 3 (2.7%) cases of XDR-TB spine. Of the individual drugs, widespread resistance was present to both isoniazid (92.7%) and rifampicin (81.9%), followed by streptomycin (69.3%). Least resistance was found to kanamycin, amikacin and capreomycin.

Conclusion

It is recommended to do routine biopsy, culture and drug sensitivity testing in all patients of tuberculosis spine to guide selection of appropriate second-line drugs when required. In cases of non availability of drug susceptibility testing despite repeated attempts, it is suggested to use data from large series such as this to plan best empirical chemotherapy protocol.

     

结核分枝杆菌快速培养和常规药敏试验在脊柱结核治疗中的应用

目的 探讨BACT/ALERT 3D系统快速培养和绝对浓度法药敏试验对指导脊柱结核个体化化疗的应用价值,分析研究脊柱结核耐药情况.方法 根据临床表现、影像学表现、病理检查,50例患者诊断为脊柱结核,并接受手术治疗.收集术中所取脓液、干酪样组织.低温避光保存,8 h内送检,常规处理后接种液体培养基,使用BACT/ALERT 3D系统进行分枝杆菌快速培养.培养阳性者接种PNB和TCH培养基进行菌种鉴定,并将细菌接种至含药改良罗氏培养基,按绝对浓度法进行11种常用一线和二线抗结核药物药敏试验.结果 50例标本培养阳性21例(42%),人型结核杆菌19例,牛型结核杆菌2例.结核杆菌培养和药敏试验平均耗时41 d(28～58 d).其中耐药11例(52.4%),异烟肼耐药4例(19.0%),利福平和乙胺丁醇各1例(4.8%),链霉素3例(14.3%),力克肺疾2例(9.5%),左氧氟沙星8例(38.1%).结论 结核分枝杆菌快速培养和常规药敏试验准确度高,费用低,可检测常用一线和二线药物的敏感性,适用于指导脊柱结核个体化化疗方案的制定.异烟肼、利福平、吡嗪酰胺、乙胺丁醇或(和)链霉素联合用药方案对多数初治脊柱结核患者有效.     

Characteristics of patients with drug resistant and drug sensitive tuberculosis in East London between 1984 and 1992.

BACKGROUND--The aim of this study was to investigate retrospectively factors associated with drug resistant tuberculosis at the London Chest Hospital. METHODS--The microbiology results for patients with tuberculosis at the hospital for the period 1984-92 were reviewed, together with case notes and chest radiographs of all patients with drug resistant tuberculosis and of 101 patients with drug sensitive tuberculosis notified during the same period as a control group. RESULTS--Culture positive pulmonary tuberculosis occurred in 292 patients. Drug resistant strains were isolated from 20 patients (6.8%). Ten of the 292 (3.4%) had strains resistant to a single drug and nine (3.1%) had resistance to more than one first line drug. One patient had strains resistant to isoniazid and capreomycin. Strains resistant to more than one drug were all resistant to isoniazid and rifampicin. In five patients these strains were also resistant to pyrazinamide and in two they were resistant to streptomycin. Single drug resistant strains were resistant to isoniazid (nine patients) or streptomycin (one patient). Among the risk factors studied previous treatment for tuberculosis was the most significant association with drug resistant tuberculosis (7/9) for patients with resistance to more than one drug; 5/11 for single drug resistance compared with 6/101 patients in the drug sensitive group (odds ratio 22.8). Other risk factors were bilateral disease at presentation (odds ratio 8.5), and disease at a young age (odds ratio 1.03). CONCLUSIONS--Previous treatment for tuberculosis and bilateral disease at presentation were found to be more commonly associated with cases of drug resistant than with drug sensitive tuberculosis.     

HIV/AIDS合并肺结核患者抗结核分枝杆菌治疗肝毒性的危险因素

目的探讨人类免疫缺陷病毒感染/获得性免疫缺乏综合征（HIV/AIDS）合并肺结核患者抗结核分枝杆菌治疗肝毒性的危险因素。 方法收集201年8月至2015年5月西安市第八医院收治的321例HIV/AIDS合并肺结核患者的全血及临床资料,并于患者抗结核分枝杆菌治疗后随访4个月。检测患者N-乙酰化转移酶2（NAT2）基因型。Logistic回归分析患者抗结核分枝杆菌治疗肝毒性的影响因素。 结果321例HIV/AIDS合并肺结核患者失访96例,剩余225例患者中73例（32.4%）发生药物性肝毒性（肝毒性组）,152例（67.6%）未发生药物性肝毒性（无肝毒性组）。两组患者身体质量指数（BMI）（χ² = 0.830、P = 0.003）、NAT2基因型（χ² = 7.361、P = 0.025）、CD4细胞计数（χ² = 4.380、P = 0.036）以及氟康唑治疗患者数（χ² = 9.924、P = 0.002）差异均具有统计学意义。BMI、NAT2基因型和氟康唑治疗均为患者抗结核分枝杆菌治疗肝毒性的独立危险因素（P均< 0.05）。 结论低BMI、慢乙酰型NAT2基因型HIV/AIDS合并肺结核患者抗结核分枝杆菌治疗易发生肝毒性,建议慎重同时使用抗结核分枝杆菌治疗药物和氟康唑。     

Bacterial adherence to ofloxacin-blended polylactone-coated self-reinforced L-lactic acid polymer urological stents

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether ofloxacin coating has any effect on bacterial adherence to bioresorbable self-reinforced L-lactic acid polymer (SR-PLLA) urological stents. MATERIALS ANS METHODS: SR-PLLA stents were coated with epsilon-caprolactone/L-lactide copolymer blended with ofloxacin at three different concentrations of ofloxacin (0.5, 2 and 5% w/w). The adherence of five bacterial strains (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, Proteus mirabilis and two strains of Escherichia coli) to the coated SR-PLLA stents was analysed. Uncoated stent pieces were used as controls. The effect of ofloxacin coating on bacterial growth in the microenvironment of the stent pieces was also analysed. RESULTS: Ofloxacin coating prevented bacterial adherence to SR-PLLA stent material; this effect correlated significantly with the ofloxacin concentration of the caprolactone coating. Ofloxacin coating reduced the amount of bacteria in the microenvironment of the stent, but because of natural resistance, ofloxacin coating had little effect on E. faecalis. CONCLUSION: Except for E. faecalis, ofloxacin coating may reduce stent-associated infections. However, further studies are needed to confirm its biocompatibility and efficacy in clinical use.     

综合医院医务人员结核分枝杆菌感染调查及风险分析

目的调查综合医院医务人员结核分枝杆菌感染状况,分析结核分枝杆菌感染的影响因素及有效措施以降低感染风险。 方法采用整群抽样方法将湖北省宜昌市某医院1 086名符合条件的医务人员纳入本研究,按照工作中是否曾接触过结核病患者或其分泌物划分为接触组与非接触组,按照不同的工作岗位划分为临床组、医技组及行政组。所有受试人群均进行结核T细胞斑点试验（T-SPOT.TB）检测,组间进行T-SPOT.TB试验阳性率比较。 结果接触组与非接触组研究对象T-SPOT.TB阳性率分别为55.03%和40.29%,差异具有统计学意义（χ²= 14.245、P = 0.018）。行政组与医技组研究对象T-SPOT.TB阳性率分别为44.27%和62.28%（χ²= 9.803、P = 0.027）,差异具有统计学意义;行政组与临床组研究对象T-SPOT.TB阳性率分别为44.27%和51.41%,差异无统计学意义（χ²= 2.284、P = 0.063）;临床组与医技组研究对象阳性率差异具有统计学意义（χ²= 6.794,P = 0.038）。针对不同工作年限段的临床组与医技组中医务人员进行T-SPOT.TB试验阳性率分层比较,工作年限< 5年群体中,医技组与临床组研究对象阳性率差异无统计学意义（χ²= 0.015,P = 0.489）;工作年限5～15年群体中,医技组研究对象的阳性率显著高于临床组（χ²= 5.018,P = 0.046）;工作年限> 15年群体中,医技组的阳性率显著高于临床组（χ²= 7.320,P = 0.031）。临床组研究对象中,结核专业组与非结核专业组T-SPOT.TB阳性率差异具有统计学意义（χ²= 4.022、P = 0.036）。 结论医务人员结核分枝杆菌感染率与不同工种、工作年限以及与患者接触与否有关,应加强对医技人群和从事非结核病专业临床医务人群的个人防护和健康教育。     

Tuberculosis of the spine in children – does drug resistance affect surgical outcomes?

BACKGROUND CONTEXTThe emergence of drug resistance has complicated the management of spinal tuberculosis (TB). While it is well known that the medical management of drug-resistant spinal TB is more difficult, the surgical outcomes of the same have not been studied sufficiently, particularly in children.PURPOSETo analyze the surgical outcomes in a cohort of children treated for spinal TB, and to thus assess whether drug resistant (DR) disease is associated with poorer surgical outcomes.STUDY DESIGN/SETTINGRetrospective observational study.PATIENT SAMPLEAll children diagnosed and treated for tuberculous spondylodiscitis at a single center between January 2014 and June 2017.OUTCOME MEASURESSurgical outcomes in terms of neurological status and kyphosis angle at final follow-up, and complication rates.METHODSRadiographic and clinical data of children treated for spinal TB with minimum two-year follow-up were retrospectively analyzed. Data gathered included age, gender, level of spine affected, number of vertebrae involved, neurology (Frankel grade), microbiological reports, duration and type of anti-tuberculous therapy (ATT), details of Orthopaedic management and complications during treatment. In DR cases, the time from presentation to starting of second-line ATT was also assessed. Radiographs were reviewed to note the pre- and post-operative degree of kyphosis as well as the angle at final follow-up. Patients that developed major complications were compared statistically with those that did not.RESULTSForty-one consecutive children (mean age 8.5 ± 4.2 years, 20 boys, 21 girls) were treated for spinal TB with a mean follow-up of 31.2 ± 6.4 months. Fifteen were managed conservatively, of which only one had DR-TB. Of the 26 managed surgically, 13 were managed with first-line ATT and 13 required second-line ATT. Of this latter group, eight had microbiologically proven drug resistance, whereas five were switched to second-line therapy presumptively because of failure to show an adequate response to first-line regimen. At last follow-up, all children had completed the prescribed course of ATT and had been declared cured. Neurological improvement was seen in all but one patient; and at last follow-up, 18 children were Frankel E, seven were Frankel D, and one was Frankel B. ¹The immediate post-operative Kyphosis angle averaged 24.38° ± 15.21°. However, six children showed a subsequent worsening of kyphosis, and the Kyphosis angle at last follow-up averaged 30.96° ± 23.92°. Five children had major complications requiring revision surgery; complications included wound dehiscence, vertebral collapse, screw pull-out and implant breakage. Significantly higher number of patients in the group with complications had required second-line ATT (p < .05).CONCLUSIONSIn a cohort of children treated surgically for spinal tuberculosis, a higher complication rate, and thus poor surgical outcomes, were found to be associated with drug resistant disease.     

Empirical treatment with a fluoroquinolone delays the treatment for tuberculosis and is associated with a poor prognosis in endemic areas

BACKGROUND: A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of the empirical use of fluoroquinolones on the timing of antituberculous treatment and the outcome of patients with tuberculosis in an endemic area. METHODS: All patients with culture confirmed tuberculosis aged > or =14 years diagnosed between July 2002 and December 2003 were included and their medical records were reviewed. RESULTS: Seventy nine (14.4%) of the 548 tuberculosis patients identified received a fluoroquinolone (FQ group), 218 received a non-fluoroquinolone antibiotic (AB group), and 251 received no antibiotics before antituberculous treatment. Fifty two (65.8%) experienced clinical improvement after fluoroquinolone use. In the FQ group the median interval from the initial visit to starting antituberculous treatment was longer than in the AB group and in those who received no antibiotics (41 v 16 v 7 days), and the prognosis was worse (hazard ratio 6.88 (95% CI 1.84 to 25.72)). More patients in the FQ and AB groups were aged >65 years (53.2% and 61.0% v 31.5%), had underlying disease (53.2% and 46.8% v 34.3%), and were hypoalbuminaemic (67.2% and 64.9% v 35.1%). Of the nine mycobacterial isolates obtained after fluoroquinolone use from nine patients whose initial isolates were susceptible to ofloxacin, one (11.1%) was resistant to ofloxacin (after fluoroquinolone use for 7 days). Independent factors for a poor prognosis included empirical fluoroquinolone use, age >65, underlying disease, hypoalbuminaemia, and lack of early antituberculous treatment. CONCLUSIONS: 14.4% of our patients with tuberculosis received a fluoroquinolone before the diagnosis. With a 34 day delay in antituberculous treatment and more frequent coexistence of underlying disease and hypoalbuminaemia, empirical fluoroquinolone treatment was associated with a poor outcome. Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates could obtain ofloxacin resistance within 1 week.