留置导尿管相关性尿路感染的病原菌分布及治疗策略

目的分析留置导尿管相关性尿路感染的病原菌分布及治疗策略,为临床治疗提供依据。方法选取2011年6月到2016年6月于本院收治的留置导尿管相关性尿路感染的患者72例,通过对其临床资料情况进行回顾性分析以探讨其病原菌种类及分布,按照入院时间将患者分为观察组(n=36)与对照组(n=36),对照组给予常规药物治疗+常规预防性护理措施,观察组给予常规药物治疗+集束化预防措施,对两组治疗效果进行比较分析。结果 72例尿路感染患者中55例为无症状菌尿占76.4%,17例为有症状菌尿占23.6%;72例尿路感染患者检出病原菌128株,其中主要为革兰阴性菌占63.3%,其次为革兰阳性菌与真菌,分别为23.4%、13.3%。在治疗总有效率方面,观察组100.0%与对照组77.8%比较明显提高,差异具有显著性(P0.05)。结论留置导尿管相关性尿路感染的病原菌主要为革兰阴性菌,为减少留置导尿管相关性尿路感染的发生,临床上应采取合理的抗菌药物治疗并给予集束化护理措施,以提高临床治疗效果。     

经尿道输尿管镜钬激光碎石术后尿路感染调查及其对预后的影响

目的:探究经尿道输尿管镜钬激光碎石术后尿路感染相关情况及其对患者预后的影响。方法:以本院2015年2月～2018年4月行经尿道输尿管镜钬激光碎石术的270例患者为研究对象,统计术后尿路感染率及其病原菌分布情况,单因素及Logistic多因素回归分析术后尿路感染发生的危险因素,并比较尿路感染与否患者术后复发率、预后生活质量情况。结果:术后尿路感染率11.11%,病原菌分布中革兰阴性菌占63.89%;尿路感染组合并糖尿病、术前尿路感染、结石直径≥2 cm、双J管留置时间≥14 d、住院时间≥10 d、结石残留及无抗菌药物预防性应用所占比例均显著大于非尿路感染组(P0.05);Logistic多因素回归分析发现合并糖尿病、术前尿路感染、双J管留置时间≥14 d、结石残留为术后尿路感染发生独立危险因素(P0.05),抗菌药物预防性应用为尿路感染保护因素(P0.05);尿路感染组术后1年结石复发率显著高于非尿路感染组,生活质量评分显著低于非尿路感染组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:经尿道输尿管镜钬激光碎石术后尿路感染病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,尿路感染可能增加结石复发风险,其危险因素包括合并糖尿病、尿管留置时间长、术前尿路感染等,而抗菌药物预防性应用能减少尿路感染发生。     

WIFi预测截肢风险分级与糖尿病足病原菌分布及药物敏感试验结果的关系

目的分析糖尿病足(DF)患者WIFi预测截肢风险分级与病原菌分布及药物敏感试验结果的关系。方法收集2020年4月至2021年4月北京中医药大学东直门医院收治的109例DF患者的临床资料,根据WIFi预测截肢风险分级将患者分为极低风险组(n=6)、低风险组(n=18)、中风险组(n=13)、高风险组(n=72)。收集4组DF患者的足溃疡分泌物培养结果及药物敏感试验结果进行分析。结果109例患者中,14例患者的病原菌采取混合细菌培养的方式,共培养出122株细菌。122株细菌中,49株革兰阳性菌(40.16%),71株革兰阴性菌(58.20%),2株真菌(1.64%)。以革兰阴性菌为DF患者的主要病原菌。在不同WIFi预测截肢风险分级中,高风险组、中风险组以革兰阴性菌为主要病原菌,低风险组、极低风险组以革兰阳性菌为主要病原菌。WIFi预测截肢风险分级中,革兰阳性菌中的主要葡萄球菌为金黄色葡萄球菌,革兰阴性菌中的主要病原菌为铜绿假单胞菌。革兰阳性菌中分布比例最高的病原菌为葡萄球菌,粪肠球菌及链球菌的比例较少。结论WIFi预测截肢风险分级与病原菌感染相关。随着DF创面的扩大、缺血的加重及感染的加重,病原菌由革兰阳性菌转向革兰阴性菌,多次、反复的病原菌培养和药物敏感试验能够合理指导临床抗菌药物的使用。     

尿路感染病原菌分布及药敏分析

目的探讨尿路感染病原菌的分布及耐药性特征，为临床合理选用抗生素提供依据。方法收集146例尿路感染患者中段尿标本分离的病原菌进行鉴定及药敏实验。结果尿路感染革兰阴性菌感染占总体的67．8％，大肠埃希菌占56．1％，革兰阳性菌中，肠球菌占14．4％，葡萄球菌占13．7％，药敏显示，革兰阴性菌对亚胺培南、呋喃妥因、阿米卡星、二三代头孢敏感；革兰阳性菌对抗生素的敏感性以替考拉定、万古霉素最高。结论尿路感染应及时进行尿液细菌培养及药敏试验，慎重应用抗生素，以减少耐药株的产生。     

中心静脉导管感染的前瞻性调查及护理对策

目的 探讨中心静脉置管的感染特点与防治措施.方法 时461例中心静脉置管患者进行监测,包括置管时间、地点、导管留置时间、置管医生、置管部位皮肤、导管的细菌培养结果等.结果 461例置管患者中发生导管相关性感染30例(6.5%),感染与患者年龄、置管医生操作技术、置管地点、导管留置时间、惠者疾病类型相关(P＜0.05,P＜0.01);感染的病原菌中革兰阴性菌9株,革兰阳性菌6株,真菌6株.结论 对患者进行中心静脉置管时,需保持置管环境的洁净,提高操作人员的操作技能,缩短置管留置时间,以预防中心静脉导管感染.     

重症监护病房导管相关性尿路感染的影响因素及对院内感染的影响

目的探究重症监护病房导管相关性尿路感染的影响因素及对院内感染的影响。方法选取2018年6月至2019年10月本院收治的1128例重症患者,根据其是否发生导管相关性尿路感染分为观察组(65例)和对照组(1063例)。应用单因素分析及logistic回归分析重症患者导管相关性尿路感染的相关危险因素。结果1128例重症患者出现导管相关性尿路感染65例,发生率为5.76%(65/1128)。65例导管相关性尿路感染患者共分离病原菌79株。病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,占43.04%(34/79);其次为真菌和革兰阳性菌,分别占25.32%(20/79)和24.05%(19/79)。两组合并糖尿病、住院时间、侵入性操作、留置导尿管时间及24 h尿量比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组性别、年龄、体重指数(BMI)及合并高血压比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示,合并糖尿病(OR=0.443,95%CI:0.228~0.860)、侵入性操作(OR=1.613,95%CI:1.163~2.104)、留置导尿管时间(OR=2.719,95%CI:2.314~4.106)、24 h尿量(OR=4.362,95%CI:1.974~10.915)是重症监护室患者发生导管相关性尿路感染的危险因素(P<0.05)。结论导管相关性尿路感染的危险因素包括合并糖尿病、侵入性操作、留置导尿管时间等。医务人员应采取相关措施以避免导管相关性尿路感染的发生,从而进一步减少医院感染。     

中心静脉导管感染的前瞻性调查及护理对策

目的探讨中心静脉置管的感染特点与防治措施。方法对461例中心静脉置管患者进行监测,包括置管时间、地点、导管留置时间、置管医生、置管部位皮肤、导管的细菌培养结果等。结果461例置管患者中发生导管相关性感染30例（6.5%）,感染与患者年龄、置管医生操作技术、置管地点、导管留置时间、患者疾病类型相关（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）;感染的病原菌中革兰阴性菌9株,革兰阳性菌6株,真菌6株。结论对患者进行中心静脉置管时,需保持置管环境的洁净,提高操作人员的操作技能,缩短置管留置时间,以预防中心静脉导管感染。     

酸性氧化电位水预防留置导尿患者尿路感染研究

目的探讨酸性氧化电位水用于留置尿管患者预防尿路感染的效果。方法将100例留置尿管患者分为观察组和对照组各50例,观察组用酸性氧化电位水、对照组用0.5%碘伏每日擦洗会阴及尿管近端2次,比较两组会阴护理后第3、7、10天中段尿细菌培养结果和尿道口的不良反应。结果留置尿管第3、7、10天,观察组中段尿细菌培养阳性率与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(均P0.05),尿道口不良反应发生率显著低于对照组(P0.01)。结论酸性氧化电位水和0.5%碘伏用于预防尿路感染的效果相当,但酸性氧化电位水可显著降低尿道口的不良反应,提高患者的满意度。     

酸性氧化电位水预防留置导尿患者尿路感染研究

目的探讨酸性氧化电位水用于留置尿管患者预防尿路感染的效果。方法将100例留置尿管患者分为观察组和对照组各50例,观察组用酸性氧化电位水、对照组用0．5％碘伏每日擦洗会阴及尿管近端2次,比较两组会阴护理后第3、7、10天中段尿细菌培养结果和尿道口的不良反应。结果留置尿管第3、7、10天,观察组中段尿细菌培养阳性率与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义（均P〉0．05）,尿道口不良反应发生率显著低于对照组（P〈0．01）。结论酸性氧化电位水和0．5％碘伏用于预防尿路感染的效果相当,但酸性氧化电位水可显著降低尿道口的不良反应,提高患者的满意度。     

会阴部和/或臀部烧伤患者导尿管相关尿路感染流行病学特点及危险因素分析

目的探讨会阴部和/或臀部烧伤患者导尿管相关尿路感染的流行病学特点及危险因素。方法该研究为回顾性病例系列研究。2018年1月—2022年12月, 浙江大学医学院附属第二医院烧伤与创面修复科收治260例符合入选标准的会阴部和/或臀部烧伤且留置导尿管的患者, 其中男192例、女68例, 年龄20～93岁。统计会阴部和/或臀部烧伤患者导尿管相关尿路感染总发病率、病原菌检出情况、主要革兰阴性菌与革兰阳性菌对临床常用抗菌药物的耐药情况。根据是否发生导尿管相关尿路感染, 将患者分为感染组(43例)和非感染组(217例)。比较2组患者入院时性别、年龄、烧伤总面积、会阴部烧伤深度、臀部烧伤深度、烧伤部位等基本情况, 合并糖尿病、吸入性损伤、低蛋白血症情况, 气管切开、非会阴部/臀部的清创/植皮手术等有创操作情况, 以及导尿管留置时间、导尿次数、膀胱冲洗情况。筛选影响会阴部和/或臀部烧伤患者发生导尿管相关尿路感染的独立危险因素。结果该研究中会阴部和/或臀部烧伤患者导尿管相关尿路感染总发病率为16.5%(43/260)。检出的病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主, 其次为真菌;主要革兰阴性菌为肺炎克雷伯菌, 主要革兰阳性...     

Retrospective analysis of the long-term indwelling ureteral stent

An indwelling ureteral stent is commonly used for relief of ureteral obstruction. However, few reports have documented the frequency of febrile urinary tract infection and changes in renal function in patients with long-term ureteral stent placement. Here we report our experience with patients who had undergone long-term placement of ureteral stents. Between January 2005 and March 2011, we performed exchange of ureteral stents in 25 patients for more than one year. The mean serum creatinine level at the baseline, after stent placement, and 1 year later was 2.10, 1.24, and 1.39 mg/dl, respectively. In 14 of the patients, 39 episodes of febrile urinary tract infection occurred. Among a total of 1,055 stent exchanges, 39 episodes (3.7%) of stent encrustation occurred. Two patients in whom stents had been forgotten suffered septic shock. The serum creatinine level following a long placement period did not change significantly, and of the patients whose hydronephrosis remained after stent placement, the risk of febrile urinary tract infection rises. Our results suggest that ureteral stents could be indwelt for a fairly long period of time without major complications as long as they were carefully followed up and regularly exchanged.     

Stenturia: An unusual manifestation of spontaneous ureteral stent fragmentation.

Two patients presented with passage of worm-like stent fragments in the urine. The first had undergone attempted percutaneous removal of left renal calculus and ureteral stenting 4 months prior to presentation. The second had left-sided stent placement for obstructive anuria on account of bilateral renal calculi 3 months earlier. The stents had fragmented into multiple pieces over a mean indwelling time of only 3.5 months. Apart from calculus disease, both patients had documented urinary tract infection. Stent fragmentation is a relatively rare (0.3%) but major complication. However, spontaneous excretion of these fragments has not been hitherto reported. These cases of rapid stent disintegration highlight the need for closer monitoring of the indwelling stents, especially in patients with calculus disease and associated persistent infection. In such patients the stent should probably be changed within 3 months.     

改良留置导尿管相关尿路感染病原菌及感染危险因素研究

目的 研究改良留置导尿管相关尿路感染患者病原菌的分布情况,分析改良留置导尿管患者尿路感染的危险因素。方法 纳入2018年3月至2020年3月邯郸市第一医院收治的168例改良留置导尿管患者作为研究对象,观察所有患者尿路感染和病原菌分布情况。将发生尿路感染和未发生尿路感染的患者收集资料并进行对比,差异有统计学意义项目代入Logistic回归方程计算,分析改良留置导尿管患者发生尿路感染的危险因素。结果 168例改良留置导尿管患者中有49例患者发生尿路感染,发生率为29.17%。共检出病原菌84株。其中革兰阴性杆菌50株（59.52%）,革兰阳性球菌24株（28.57%）,真菌10株（11.90%）。发生尿路感染和未发生尿路感染患者在年龄、住院时间、留置导尿管时间、糖尿病、肾结石、低蛋白血症以及抗菌药物使用种类上对比差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。将上述项目代入Logistic回归方程计算发现,年龄≥60岁、住院时间≥21 d、留置导尿管时间≥13 d、合并糖尿病、合并肾结石、合并低蛋白血症以及尿路感染前抗菌药物使用种类≥3种均是改良留置导尿管患者发生尿路感染的危险因素。结论 改良留...     

Impact of stents on urological complications and health care expenditure in renal transplant recipients: results of a prospective, randomized clinical trial

PURPOSE: We performed a randomized, prospective trial to compare the incidence of early urological complications and health care expenditures in renal transplant recipients with or without ureteral stenting. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients receiving a renal transplant at a single center were randomized preoperatively to undergo Double-J stent or no-stent ureterovesical anastomosis from November 1998 to October 2001. Early urological mechanical complications were recorded, including urinary leakage or obstruction, or urinary tract infections within 3 months of transplantation. Direct health care costs associated with stenting, urological complications and urinary tract infection management were also collected. RESULTS: A total of 201 patients were randomized to a stent (112) and a no-stent (89) group. In the no-stent group 11 patients received a stent due to intraoperative findings and were excluded from study. At 3 months there were significantly more cases of urinary leakage (8.9% vs 0.9%, p <0.008) and ureteral obstruction (7.7 % vs 0%, p <0.004) in the no-stent than in the stent group. Mean time of stent removal was 74.3 days. A significant increase in urinary tract infections was observed when stent was left greater than 30 days after transplantation compared to the rate in the no-stent group (p <0.02). An additional cost of 151 UK pounds per patient was incurred in the no-stent group vs the stent group. CONCLUSIONS: Using a ureteral stent at renal transplantation significantly decreases the early urinary complications of urine leakage and obstruction. However, there is a significant increase in urinary tract infections, primarily beyond 30 days after transplantation. Stent removal within 4 weeks of insertion appears advisable.     

复杂性肾结石开放手术的并发症及其对策

目的总结开放手术治疗复杂性肾结石的并发症与防治经验。方法对行开放手术治疗的156例复杂性肾结石患者的手术并发症进行分析。结果156例中,结石一次取净144例,残留结石12例。术中出血7例,术后继发出血4例,尿路感染8例,漏尿5例,尿瘘1例,肾盂肾盏颈狭窄闭锁2例,肾功能恶化2例。85例术后随诊3~6个月,彩超探查肾局部缺血萎缩3例,出现肾血管性高血压1例。结论根据具体情况选用不同的取石路径与方法,术中细致操作,妥善止血,输尿管内置双J管,必要时以T型管或Foley导尿管作肾造瘘以通畅引流,以及围手术期积极控制尿路感染等,可以降低手术并发症的发生率。     

上尿路取石术后内、外引流方式的比较

目的 :比较上尿路取石术后置内支架引流与外支架引流的优劣。方法 :回顾性调查上尿路取石术后双 J管内引流 46例和外引流 52例的术后恢复及并发症情况 ,并进行统计学处理。结果 :内引流组术后住院天数及腹膜后引流天数明显低于外引流组 ( P <0 .0 1 ) ,术后并发症总发生率内引流组 ( 1 2 .76% )也明显低于外引流组 ( 2 8.85% )。结论 :上尿路取石术后置内引流优于外引流 ,但在肾功能不良、出血较多、下尿路有梗阻和感染时置外引流或同时置内、外引流更为安全可靠。     

双J管在腹腔镜泌尿外科手术中的应用

目的：探讨双J管在泌尿外科腹腔镜手术中的应用方法、作用、效果、常见并发症及处理措施。方法：为70例上尿路梗阻性疾病患者用腹腔镜手术治疗,术中留置双J管2～8周。结果：70例患者术后切口愈合良好,无切口感染及漏尿发生,随访3～12个月,患侧肾积水及肾功能明显改善。结论：腹腔镜治疗上尿路梗阻性疾病应用双J管效果明显,置管操作需要一定的技巧,常见并发症与开放手术相似,通过对症处理可缓解。     

Experience in the treatment with recombinant thrombomodulin on disseminated intravascular coagulation with severe urinary tract infection

Severe urinary tract infection occasionally causes urosepsis and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). We experienced six cases of DIC with severe urinary tract infection from July 2009 to January 2011. Patients comprised two men and four women, ranging in age from 67-84 years old. In all cases, urinary tract infection was caused by pyelonephritis. The results of analysis of bacterial culture from blood and urine revealed E. faecalis in 2 cases, E. coli in 1 case, P. mirabilis in 1 case and Candida tripicalis in 1 case. Percutaneous nephrostomy in 1 case and ureteral stent indwelling in 3 cases and ureteral stent exchange in 2 cases were used for the drainage of the origin of infection. Under the diagnosis of DIC, the administration of antibiotics and anti-DIC treatment with recombinant thrombomodulin (rTM) were performed. rTM isa new drug for the treatment of DIC. rTM binds to thrombin to inactivate coagulation, and the thrombinrTM complex activates protein C to form activated protein C. Therefore, rTM actsasa negative feedback regulator of blood coagulation. Treatment with rTM improved in 5 of the 6 patients.     

Predictive value of urinary cultures in assessment of microbial colonization of ureteral stents

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Bacterial colonization of indwelling ureteral stents may serve as a nidus for bacteriuria in operations where stents are manipulated. The predictive value of urine cultures in the assessment of stent colonization was examined in 65 patients with indwelling ureteral stents. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Prophylactic antibiotic treatment was administered prior to stent insertion. All patients were ambulatory at the time of investigation and were examined in the outpatient clinic. Urine cultures were taken prior to stent removal after 8 to 150 (mean 64) days. The stents were removed under aseptic conditions, and the proximal and distal ends were cut off and placed in a culture medium for evaluation. None of the patients was treated for urinary tract infection prior to stent removal. RESULTS: Bacteriuria was found in 15% of the patients. In 35 patients (54%), urine and stent cultures were sterile. In 20 patients (31%), the urine culture was sterile but the stent was colonized (Enterococcus 9, E. coli 5, Staphylococcus aureus 2, S. epidermidis 2, Candida 1, Citrobacter diversus 1). One patient had a sterile stent culture with bacteriuria. In 9 patients (13.5%), urine and stent cultures were identical (E. coli 4, Pseudomonas 4, Candida 1). The incidence of stent colonization did not correlate with stent dwelling time. The sensitivity of urine cultures for the detection of stent colonization was poor, being 31% only. In a specific patient with negative urine culture, the probability of stent colonization was 36%. CONCLUSION: A sterile urine culture does not rule out the stent itself being colonized. Therefore, patients with indwelling ureteral stents and a sterile urine culture may benefit from prophylactic antibiotic treatment prior to endourologic procedures. The prophylactic regimen must provide coverage for common gram-negative uropathogens as well as gram-positive bacteria, including enterococci.     

上尿路结石术后双J管管壳结石形成因素的临床研究

【摘要】 目的 观察比较不同条件下上尿路结石术后双J管后形成管壳结石的发生率,进一步了解双J管壳结石形成的危险因素,指导预防术后结石形成。方法〓分组统计不同留置时间、尿酸碱值、感染指标下双J管壳结石的发生率,利用红外光谱法对我院560例留置双J管的尿结石行结石成分分析,统计双J管壳形成结石的尿石成分比例。结果〓138例双J管留置1个月内,出现14例,占10.1%;258例留置1个月到3个月,出现31例,占12%;102例留置3个月到半年,出现32例,占31%;62例留置半年以上,出现26例,占41.9%。含草酸钙成分的有432例,发生管壳结石56例,占13.0%;含尿酸成分的有89例,发生管壳结石56例,占62.9%。PH<6.5、尿白细胞升高的双J管壳结石发生率高。结论〓双J管停留时间过长、酸性环境、合并泌尿系感染是双J管壳结石形成的危险因素,缩短留管时间、碱化尿液可能是预防双J管表面结石形成的一种有效的预防方法。