The retrosigmoid approach to petroclival meningioma surgery

Petroclival meningiomas are technically challenging lesions. The authors retrospectively analyzed their experience between 2000 and 2010 in 82 patients with petroclival meningioma to evaluate changes in management strategy. A total of 42 patients (51%) were treated via the retrosigmoid approach. The patients received postoperative neurological and neuroradiological follow-up. The maximum diameter of the tumors ranged from 1.5 cm to 6.5 cm (mean, 3.8 cm). Gross total resection (Simpson Grade II) was achieved in 27 patients (64%), subtotal resection (Simpson Grade III) in 11 (26%), and partial removal (Simpson Grade IV) in four (9.5%). Ten patients (24%) had new neurological deficits or worsening of pre-existing deficits. One patient (2%) died because of brainstem dysfunction after surgery. The retrosigmoid approach is suitable for treatment of selected petroclival meningioma if the main part of the tumor is located in the posterior fossa in the cerebellopontine angle and the low clivus, and only a minor part of the tumor extends to the posterior wall of the cavernous sinus. This approach provides a low degree of surgical difficulty and a low complication rate.     

小脑幕脑膜瘤的显微外科手术治疗

目的探讨小脑幕脑膜瘤的临床特点、手术入路及显微手术技巧。方法回顾性分析安徽宿州市立医院2008年6月~2014年2月间住院手术的17例小脑幕脑膜瘤患者的临床资料。依据肿瘤基底附着部位和主体生长方向选择不同的手术入路。幕上型脑膜瘤采用颞枕部入路2例,采用枕部入路4例;幕下脑膜瘤采用枕下乙状窦后入路6例,采用后正中幕下小脑上入路2例;小脑幕切迹缘采用枕下经天幕入路2例;幕上下脑膜瘤采用幕上下入路1例。结果本组患者中小脑幕脑膜瘤全切除(SimpsonⅠ级和Ⅱ级)14例,次全切除1例,大部分切除2例。结论小脑幕脑膜瘤适宜积极的手术治疗,合适的显微手术入路以及恰当的手术方法能提高治疗效果。     

岩斜区脑膜瘤的显微外科治疗(附18例报告)

目的提高岩斜区脑膜瘤的手术效果。方法回顾性分析我院自１９９５年１月至１９９７年１１月连续收治的１８例岩斜区脑膜瘤。１３例肿瘤大于４．５ｃｍ。采用了经颞下小脑幕、颞下－乙状窦前、颞下－迷路、枕下－极外侧入路。结果肿瘤全切除１１例（６１％）,其中２例术后发生Ｗｅｂｅｒ’ｓ综合征,１例死于肺炎。结论影响手术预后的最主要因素是小脑前下动脉（ＡＩＣＡ）、小脑上动脉（ＳＣＡ）和小脑后下动脉（ＰＩＣＡ）及其供应脑干的穿通支被肿瘤包裹和脑干受累,血管因素可能更为重要。     

颞下-乙状窦后联合锁孔入路显微手术治疗岩斜区巨大脑膜瘤临床观察

目的探讨应用颞下-乙状窦后联合锁孔入路显微手术治疗岩斜区大型、巨大型脑膜瘤的手术方法及疗效。方法回顾性分析采用颞下-乙状窦后联合锁孔入路显微手术治疗的24例大型、巨大型岩斜区脑膜瘤患者的临床资料,总结手术经验和临床疗效。结果 24例患者肿瘤全切除(SimpsonⅠ、Ⅱ级)20例(83.3%),次全切除(SimpsonⅢ级)4例(16.7%)。术后新增神经功能障碍7例(29.2%),出现脑干出血1例(4.2%),脑干梗死1例(4.2%),脑脊液漏1例(4.2%),颅内感染1例(4.2%),肺部感染2例(8.3%)。无围手术期死亡病例。术后随访3~59个月,无肿瘤复发或残余肿瘤明显进展。结论对于中后颅窝和(或)幕上下骑跨的大型、巨大型岩斜区脑膜瘤,采用颞下-乙状窦后联合锁孔入路进行显微手术切除是一种安全有效的治疗方式。     

岩斜区脑膜瘤侵袭区域划分与手术入路的选择

目的 探讨如何根据岩斜区脑膜瘤颅底侵袭部位合理设计手术计划,提高疗效. 方法 回顾性分析59例岩斜区脑膜瘤患者手术治疗的临床资料,统计岩斜区脑膜瘤颅底侵袭部位的分布和特点,分析其与手术入路选择的关系及对肿瘤切除程度的影响. 结果 59例中侵袭上岩斜区(A区)51例(86%),侵袭巾岩斜区(B N)45例(76%),侵袭下岩斜区(C区)13例(22%),侵袭桥小脑角区(D区)19例(32%),侵袭鞍旁海绵窦区(E区)28例(47%).59例中仅累及单个分布区的占12%,2个分布区的占36%,3个分布区的占31%,4个分布区的占14%,5个分布区的占8%.行眶颧入路2例,颞下入路7例,乙状窦后入路14例,乙状窦前入路33例,乙状窦后入路+远外侧入路3例.根治性切除23例,次全切除26例,大部分切除10例.结论 根据岩斜区脑膜瘤颅底侵袭区域特点合理选择手术入路可以提高手术疗效.     

经扩大乙状窦后入路手术切除大型岩骨后脑膜瘤

目的 探讨经扩大乙状窦后入路切除大型岩骨后脑膜瘤的手术方法和治疗效果.方法 应用扩大乙状窦后入路切除16例大型岩骨后脑膜瘤,肿瘤最大径均超过4 cm,有4例肿瘤侵入岩骨,术中完全暴露横窦和乙状窦,与硬脑膜一并分别向上方和前方牵开,充分暴露小脑幕下方和岩骨背面.结果 本组肿瘤全切除15例,次全切除1例,无手术死亡,15例患者术前症状消失或改善,术后永久性面瘫1例,脑脊液漏1例.随访3个月-5年,随访期间复查MRI未见肿瘤复发.结论 经扩大乙状窦后入路切除大型岩骨后脑膜瘤具有能够早期处理肿瘤基底、有效控制术中出血、明显扩大手术暴露和提高肿瘤全切率等优点.     

脑干血管畸形的显微手术治疗(附19例报告)

目的 探讨脑干血管畸形的显微外科手术治疗方法和预后.方法 显微手术切除脑干血管畸形19例.6例经枕下正中第四脑室底入路切除;9例经枕下乙状窦后入路切除;3例经小脑延髓裂入路切除;1例经枕下正中入路上抬蚓垂后切除.结果 19例病灶均镜下全切,其中海绵状血管瘤15例,动静脉畸形4例.13例症状改善,5例出现并发症,1例因下呼吸道感染死亡.随访中GOS 5分15例,GOS 4分2例,GOS 3分1例.MRI复查无病灶残留.结论 在恰当选择手术适应证、手术时机和手术入路的基础上,运用娴熟的显微外科技术,脑干血管畸形的手术治疗结果是令人满意的.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the microsurgical treatment of brainstem vascular malformation and evaluate the surgical outcome. Method Brain stem vascular malformations in 19 cases were resected by microsurgical techniques. Six cases of cavernous malformations ( CM ) in the dorsal of pons and medulla underwent operations via through the base of the forth ventrical approach. Another nine cases of CM in lateral and ventral lateral pons were treated via suboccipito - retrosigmoid approach. Three cases of arteriovenous malformation(AVM) in cerebellomedullary fissure were treated via telovelar approach. One case of AVM in the dosal medulla were resected via transvermian approach. Results All the lesions were totally resected. Pathologic diagnosis were CM( 15 cases) and AVM(4 cases). The diameter of all the CM were less than 1 centimeter. One AVM was 1.5 centimeter in diameter, the other two lesions was 2. 0 centimeter, the last one was 2. 5 centimeter. The functional disorders were improved after operation in 13 cases. Complications appeared in five patients, which improved between one week and three months. One patient died of sever pneumonia. During two months to six years after operation, the brainstem vascular malformation didn't recrudesce and re - bleed. No one patient appeared new syndromes. Conclusions The microsurgical management of brainstem vascular malformation can effectively prevent re - bleeding. Selecting different surgical approach basing on the locations can reduce the neurofunction damage. In order to accelerate the recovery of damaged brainstem, early surgery should be choosen for the patients with surgical indications. Basing on the correct choice of surgical indications, using the extensive knowledge of microanatomy,new concept of minimal invasive surgery and skillful microsurgical techniques, the surgical results of brainstem vascular malformation are satisfactory.     

Clinical features and outcomes in patients with non-acoustic cerebellopontine angle tumours

OBJECTIVES: Non-acoustic tumours of the cerebellopontine angle differ from vestibular schwannomas in their prevalence, clinical features, operative management, and surgical outcome. These features were studied in patients presenting to the regional neuro-otological unit. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of clinical notes identified 42 patients with non-acoustic tumours of the cerebellopontine angle. Data were extracted regarding presenting clinical features, histopathological data after surgical resection, surgical morbidity and mortality, and clinical outcome (mean 32 months follow up). RESULTS: The study group comprised 25 meningiomas (60%), 12 epidermoid cysts/cholesteatomata (28%), and five other tumours. In patients with meningiomas, symptoms differed considerably from patients presenting with vestibular schwannomas. Cerebellar signs were present in 52% and hearing loss in only 68%. Twenty per cent of patients had hydrocephalus at the time of diagnosis. After surgical resection, normal facial nerve function was preserved in 75% of cases. In the epidermoid group, fifth, seventh, and eighth nerve deficits were present in 42%, 33%, and 66% respectively. There were no new postoperative facial palsies. There were two recurrences (17%) requiring reoperation. Overall, there were two perioperative deaths from pneumonia and meningitis. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with non-acoustic lesions of the cerebellopontine angle often present with different symptoms and signs from those found in patients with schwannomas. Hearing loss is less prevalent and cerebellar signs and facial paresis are more common as presenting features. Hydrocephalus is often present in patients presenting with cerebellopontine angle meningiomas. Non-acoustic tumours can usually be resected with facial nerve preservation.     

经枕下乙状窦后-内听道上结节入路切除岩斜区脑膜瘤

目的探讨采用枕下乙状窦后-内听道上结节入路切除岩斜区脑膜瘤的安全性、有效性,以及优缺点。方法回顾性分析自2002年1月至2004年12月采用枕下乙状窦后-内听道上结节入路切除的岩斜区脑膜瘤11例。所有肿瘤主体均位于后颅窝,侵袭海绵窦和/或Meckel's腔,其中6例伴有脑干受压移位,3例有岩尖骨性改变,5例肿瘤部分或全部包绕椎基底动脉及其主要分支。结果肿瘤全切除8例,次全切除3例。术前有听力者9例,其中1例因肿瘤巨大,术后听力丧失。出院后随访,7例、3例和1例面神经功能分别恢复至1级、2级和3级。所有患者术后恢复满意,无死亡和严重并发症发生。结论枕下乙状窦后-内听道上结节入路是一种安全有用的乙状窦后改良入路,适合于主体在后颅窝,并向中颅窝、Meckel's腔扩展的岩斜区大型肿瘤的手术切除。     

桥小脑角区巨大室管膜瘤的手术治疗及预后分析

目的 研究桥小脑角区室管膜瘤的临床特点、治疗方式及预后.方法 回顾性分析桥小脑角区巨大占位病变9例,男5例,女4例,年龄9～24岁,平均15.6岁,临床主要表现眩晕、步态不稳和颅高压症状.术前头部MRI及增强显示瘤体主要位于桥小脑角区,瘤体巨大,向上累及桥小脑角区顶层,向下累及桥小脑角区底层,向内侧明显压迫脑干,术前影像学检查均无法明确肿瘤性质.手术均采用乙状窦后手术入路,术中分块切除肿瘤.结果 手术全切肿瘤7例,近全切除1例,大部切除1例.术后病理证实均为室管膜瘤.术后患者恢复状态良好,无手术死亡,术后并发症主要为：三叉神经麻痹1例,吞咽困难加重后又缓解1例,有2例均在术后3d出现急性神经源性肺水肿,经紧急抢救后病情逐渐稳定,痊愈出院.结论 桥小脑角区巨大室管膜瘤,多以青少年患者发病为主,该部位室管膜瘤起源于第四脑室侧孔处之室管膜细胞,乙状窦后手术入路和术中分块切除肿瘤,减少脑干的牵拉和防止脑干过快复位可有效防止术后并发症的发生,效果良好.     

应用改良的枕下乙状窦后入路显微外科手术切除大型岩斜区脑膜瘤

目的介绍应用改良的枕下乙状窦后入路显微外科手术切除大型岩斜区脑膜瘤的方法和经验。方法枕下乙状窦后骨窗形成后,注意将横窦、乙状窦轮廓。切开硬膜后充分向外侧和向上牵开。通过颅神经间隙完成肿瘤的内减压后,分离肿瘤与颅神经及脑干的粘连并分块切除。如果肿瘤向中颅凹延伸,可切开部分天幕后向上切除肿瘤。如果肿瘤向枕骨大孔延伸,可将乙状窦后入路与枕下远外侧入路结合起来加以切除。对于MRI显示具有侵袭性特征,侵犯海绵窦或脑干的肿瘤,不应追求肿瘤的全切除,“脑干减压”成为手术的主要目标。结果肿瘤全切除9例(60%)。手术后新增颅神经损害6例(40%)。半年随访恢复良好者13例(86.6%)。结论应用简单的枕下乙状窦后入路,结合一些新的技术改良处理大型岩斜区脑膜瘤,可获得满意的手术疗效。     

Resection of large petroclival meningiomas by the simple retrosigmoid route

The operative treatment of petroclival meningiomas has shown considerable improvement in recent years due at least in part to new developments in skull base techniques, including the introduction of the modern transpetrosal approaches. Increased tumour resection and improved postoperative outcomes have been reported with the use of the transpetrosal approaches. Extensive experience in managing these tumours has shown, however, that in a subgroup of patients the transpetrosal approaches may not be indicated: either because of the increased surgical complications related to this approach, or because of the unnecessarily large exposure in the individual cases. The authors report a recent experience dealing with 70 petroclival meningiomas, 24 of which have been resected by the simple retrosigmoid approach. The indication for the retrosigmoid route in the surgical management of the petroclival meningiomas, and its advantages and disadvantages compared to the transpetrosal method are discussed.     

误诊为眼科疾病的鞍上脑膜瘤的治疗体会

目的 提高鞍上脑膜瘤的早期诊断和显微外科治疗水平.方法 报告15例被误诊为眼科疾病的鞍上脑膜瘤的临床表现、诊断及显微外科治疗.结果 本组15例,全切11例,大部切除4例,术后无死亡.术后53.3%患者视力得到改善.结论 早期正确诊断,显微外科有助于鞍上脑膜瘤的全切及视力的改善.     

Surgical management of posterior petrous meningiomas

Background and purposeThe aim of the study is to present our experience in the surgical treatment of posterior petrous meningiomas in regard to clinical presentation, surgical anatomy, complications and long-term functional postoperative results.Material and methodsA series of 48 consecutive patients operated on for posterior petrous meningiomas at the authors’ institution between 2002 and 2011 is reported. The main symptom on first admission was hypoacusis, impairment of the fifth cranial nerve and cerebellar ataxia. The tumour was found to be attached to the premeatal dura in 46%, the inframeatal dura in 29% and the postmeatal dura in 25% of cases. Tumour resection was categorized as grade I in 16 patients, grade II in 29 patients, grade III in 1 patient and grade IV in 2 patients, according to the Simpson classification system. The petrosal approach and retrosigmoid approach were suitable for posterior petrous meningiomas.ResultsPostoperative facial nerve dysfunction appeared in 8 and further deteriorated in 2 patients. Hearing function deteriorated after surgery in 8 and improved in 2 cases. Perioperative death occurred in two patients. Tumour recurrence was observed in two patients, and both underwent a second operation and postoperative stereotactic radiotherapy.ConclusionsSurgical treatment of posterior petrous meningiomas has become increasingly safe but these tumours still remain a surgical challenge because of the relatively high incidence of permanent complications associated with their removal. The site of displacement of the cranial nerves depending on the dural origin of the tumour has the most influence on the related difficulties in its removal.     

68例前颅底脑膜瘤的显微外科治疗

目的 探讨提高前颅底脑膜瘤全切率、降低死亡率和并发症的显微外科治疗策略.方法 分析显微手术治疗的68例前颅底脑膜瘤的影像学资料、手术入路、手术技巧及疗效等资料,总结经验教训.结果 肿瘤切除达到Simpson Ⅰ级或Ⅱ级58例（85.29％）,次全切除8例,部分切除2例;病理检查均证实为脑膜瘤;术后主要原有症状较术前改善64例（94.12％）,无改善4例,术后早期出现并发症6例,死亡1例;随访6个月至5年,2例复发,二次手术切除.结论 通过充分的术前准备,选择恰当的手术入路,依靠娴熟的显微外科手术技巧处理好手术细节,严密监测术中术后并发症,积极谨慎的切除前颅底脑膜瘤可以取得满意疗效.     

“双镜联合”显微神经外科手术治疗桥小脑角脑膜瘤

目的 探讨神经内镜和显微镜“双镜联合”下显微神经外科手术治疗桥小脑角脑膜瘤的临床应用价值及优势.方法 回顾性分析经枕下乙状窦后入路显微神经外科手术治疗的39例桥小脑角脑膜瘤患者的临床资料.其中11例患者为“双镜联合”下手术切除肿瘤(双镜联合组),28例患者为单纯显微镜下手术切除肿瘤(显微镜组).结果 双镜联合组患者中肿...     

显微手术切除岩斜区巨大脑膜瘤的策略和技巧

目的 探讨显微手术切除岩斜区巨大脑膜瘤的策略和技巧。方法 总结35例岩骨头斜坡区巨大脑膜瘤的临床表现，显微手术方法、手术结果和术后处理。结果 肿瘤全切除21例（60%），死亡2例（5.7%），其中经岩骨乙状窦前幕上下联合入路22例，全切除18例（82%），无死亡。结论 根据术前与术中的策略，选择好手术入路和运用好显微外科术可以提高岩骨尖斜坡巨大脑膜瘤的切除率，降低手术病死率。     

Surgical management of cavernous malformations of the brainstem.

Cavernomas are well circumscribed lesions formed by sinusoidal vascular channels. They tend to slowly expand in size and carry a 0.7% to 1.1% annual risk of hemorrhage. Only 10% to 30% of intracranial cavernomas are located in the posterior fossa. When located in the brainstem they can cause recurrent hemorrhages and devastating neurological deficits. The authors report a series of cavernomas located in the brainstem and present a review on their epidemiology, pathogenesis, natural history, and methods of diagnosis and treatment. Although the surgical treatment of brainstem cavernomas can be associated with a significant risk, surgical resection is recommended of the lesions that have hemorrhaged or grown producing progressive deficits. The authors' experience on the surgical treatment of cavernous hemangiomas of the brainstem, indicating important aspects of intra-operative surgical techniques, is presented, including a clinical and anatomical correlation of different surgical approaches to brainstem cavernomas.     

大型、巨大型岩斜区脑膜瘤显微外科入路的选择

目的 探讨大型、巨大型岩斜区脑膜瘤的显微外科治疗策略及手术入路.方法 回顾分析经显微神经外科治疗的23例大型、巨大型岩斜区脑膜瘤患者手术入路的选择和肿瘤的显露状况、切除程度及手术前后神经功能状况的变化,其中采用颞下经小脑幕一岩骨尖入路9例、经乙状窦前入路7例、经乙状窦后入路2例,经幕上下联合入路等其他术式5例,有16例手术在颅神经及脑干电生理监测下进行.结果 肿瘤全切15例(65%),次(近)全切7例(31%),大部切除1例(4%),术后新出现的颅神经损伤症状或原有症状明显加重共有16例(69%),无长期昏迷及死亡病例.结论 颞下经小脑幕-岩尖入路简便迅速、安全、损伤少而且受解剖变异影响也少,能早期切断发自幕缘的供血,直接处理肿瘤基底,术野开阔;术中颅神经及脑干电生理监测是手术成功的保障.     

Epidermoid cyst of the brainstem in children: case-based update

Epidermoid cysts are rare, slow growing, space-occupying lesions of early adulthood. Among the various locations, involvement of the brainstem is quite exceptional. In children, these tumors are extremely uncommon; only 4 purely intrinsic brainstem epidermoids are reported in the literature. The pathogenesis of true intraaxial brainstem epidermoid is unclear and is usually not considered in the preoperative differential diagnosis of brainstem tumors. We report 2 additional cases of brainstem epidermoid cysts occurring in children, underlining their clinical characteristics, the difficulties faced in the diagnostic work-up, and the surgical treatment adopted. These tumors pose a surgical challenge and attempts at aggressive removal of the cyst wall are fraught with increased risks of morbidity and mortality. On the other hand, cases treated more conservatively show good or excellent results with minimal complications. Neurosurgical judgment at the time of surgery is warranted to ensure maximum resection while minimizing postoperative neurologic deficits.