新疆地区45499例新生儿先天性甲状腺功能低下筛查分析

目的探讨新疆地区新生儿先天性甲状腺功能低下症(CH)的发病情况,以便做到早确诊、早治疗。方法新生儿出生后72h,采足跟血,制成干血滤纸片,用时间荧光分辨法检测干血片中促甲状腺素(TSH)的水平,TSH≥9μU/ml为阳性,阳性病人召回采静脉血,用化学发光法测甲功五项(TSH、FT3、FT4、T3、T4浓度)而确诊。确诊患儿立即口服甲状腺素片或优甲乐进行治疗并定期监测其体格和智力发育情况。结果自2003年1月至2010年12月共筛查45499例新生儿,确诊31例,检出率为1/1468,明显高于全国平均水平。结论新生儿促甲状腺功能低下症的筛查和治疗,是减少出生缺陷,提高人口素质的重要措施。     

武汉地区4万例新生儿先天性甲状腺功能低下筛查

建立新生儿疾病筛查网,采用滤纸干血片法,以出生48小时后新生儿足跟血促甲状腺素（TSH）为检测指标,对武汉地区4万多例新生儿先天性甲状腺功能低下症进地了筛查,对TSH超过正常值者召回复查,测血清T3,T4和TSH,检出13例先天性甲低患儿,发病率为1：3245。确诊后立即治疗,效果较好。提示新生儿甲低筛查是早期发现,及时诊断和治疗的重要措施,能有效的改变甲低患儿的预后。     

先天性甲状腺功能减低症的筛查及临床分析

目的探讨新生儿先天性甲低的发病率、临床体征及治疗情况。方法2000年1月~2006年12月在无锡地区(包括江阴和宜兴)出生的新生儿为筛查对象,出生后72h充分哺乳后采取足跟血,应用DELFIA法检测血斑TSH,并用电化学发光法检测阳性患儿血TSH、T3、T4浓度。阳性患儿给予口服甲状腺素片治疗,并定期对患儿监测TSH以便用药。结果123008例新生儿共检出患儿36例初步计算无锡市新生儿甲低发病率为1/3417。结论开展新生儿甲低筛查和治疗对提高人口素质是必不可少的重要工作。     

新生儿先天性甲状腺功能低下症筛查及治疗

目的了解保定市近几年新生儿先天性甲状腺功能低下症（congenital hypothyroidism，CH）的发病率，并对确诊患儿的治疗情况进行分析。方法以2005年1月～2008年7月间保定市区及部分县、乡出生的新生儿为对象，出生3天后，采集足跟血滴于S＆903S型号滤纸上，采用时间分辨荧光免疫法（DELFIA），通过测定滤纸干血片中的促甲状腺素（thyroid—stimulating hormone，TSH）的含量进行先天性甲低筛查；电化学发光法测定血清中FT3、FT4、T3 T4和鸭H的含量进行确诊；口服左旋甲状腺素片（L—T4）给予治疗。初始剂量为8—10ug／kg·d，顿服，维持剂量以无用药过量临床症状且FT4在正常范围之上限为剂量标准，定期随访，进行体格、智能发育、骨龄生长发育情况及血清FT3、FT4、T3 T4和TSH含量的测定。结果2005年1月～2008年7月共筛查146219人，确诊先天性甲低44人，其中暂时性甲低2人，发病率为0．30‰（1／3333）。确诊患儿（赊3人到外院进行治疗，1人治疗过程中拒绝随访外）治疗1个月后，血清FT4恢复正常36人，50天内恢复正常4人，体格和智能发育均在正常范围内，骨龄发育基本正常。结论新生儿筛查是早发现先天性甲低的重要手段，而且早诊断，早治疗是预防患儿体格及智能严重受损的关键。     

新生儿先天性亚临床型甲状腺功能减低症的随访观察

目的 了解先天性亚临床甲低对患儿生长发育情况的影响及患儿TSH、FT3、FT4变化趋势.先天性亚临床甲低与临床甲低的关系,为先天性甲状腺功能减低症筛查及随访提供指导.方法 通过新生儿筛查对TSH增高者召回测定TSH、FT3、FT4确诊先天性亚临床甲低,对80例患儿每月一次观察临床表现、测量生长发育和测定TSH、 FT3、FT4.结果 91.25%患儿TSH完全恢复正常或好转、生长发育正常、并无甲低的临床表现.8.75%患儿部分出现甲低的非特异表现、生长发育指标中等偏下、TSH持续增高和FT4下降或TSH进行性增高,予治疗.结论 通过新生儿筛查发现亚临床甲低较临床甲低有较高的发病率,高出6倍,其中绝大部分患儿在生后短期内恢复好转,8.75%确定为甲低早期者给甲状腺素片治疗.对亚临床甲低应定期随访,尽早确定甲低早期患儿并给予治疗,以免错过治疗时机,影响生长发育.     

广西地区2009年-2013年新生儿先天性甲状腺功能减低症筛查情况分析

目的调查分析广西地区2009年～2013年新生儿先天性甲状腺功能减低症（甲低）的筛查情况,评估新生儿疾病筛查在出生缺陷干预中的重要作用。方法2009年-2013年对广西地区938924例新生儿干滤纸片采用时间分辨荧光法检测促甲状腺素（TSH）,确诊使用化学发光法检测患儿血清中的游离T3（FT3）,游离T4（FT4）以及TSH,同时进行甲状腺显影扫描。结果2009年-2013年广西地区阳性率高,CH高发,总阳性率为1．18％,CH发病率为1／1874,高于全国平均水平。结论广西地区先天性甲状腺功能减低症阳性率、发病率高,通过加强新生儿疾病筛查工作的普及对先天性甲低患儿进行早期诊断、早期治疗,可有效地控制此种出生缺陷给社会和家庭带来的危害。     

潮州地区先天性甲状腺功能减低症筛查和随访结果分析

目的对潮州地区先天性甲状腺功能减低症（CH）的筛查和随访结果进行分析。方法测定生后72h新生儿足跟血滤纸干血片的促甲状腺激素（TSH）,TSH大于切值者为筛查阳性,召回测血清FT4和TSH确诊。用左甲状腺素钠替代治疗,并定期随访。结果共筛查新生儿32 682例,检出阳性患儿11例,发病率为1/2971。经治疗,身高和智力发育平均水平达到正常。结论新生儿筛查是CH早期诊断的唯一方法,筛查检出的CH患儿经替代治疗后,智能和体格发育可达正常,治疗越早,效果越好。     

中山地区先天性甲状腺功能低下症筛查结果分析

目的探讨中山地区先天性甲状腺功能低下症（Congenital Hypothyroidism，CH）的发病率及疗效观察。方法1998年11月-2006年4月年间采集95471名出生48h～72h后的新生儿足跟血3滴于滤纸血片上。采用时间分辨荧光免疫法检测血斑中促甲状腺激素（thyroid stimulating hormone，TSH）值；可疑阳性者再召回取静脉血，采用化学发光法检测血清中T3、T4和TSH浓度；确诊为CH的患儿根据病情轻重，及时给予规范的治疗。结果筛查新生儿95471例，可疑阳性患儿350例，确诊40例，发病率1／2387，其中男性患儿17例，女性患儿23例，平均治疗50．2d后血清13、T4、TSH达到正常范围。结论中山地区CH发病率高于全国平均水平，早期用左旋甲状腺素片治疗CH效果满意。     

先天性甲状腺功能减低症筛查结果及治疗随访分析

目的了解佛山市先天性甲状腺功能减低症的发病率、分布特点及治疗随访情况,以促进佛山市新生儿疾病筛查工作更好开展。方法分析佛山市2007年1月至2009年6月期间新生儿先天性甲状腺功能减低症（CH）的筛查结果及治疗随访情况,筛查阳性病例采用化学发光法检测血清中游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸（FT3）、游离甲状腺素（FT4）及促甲状腺激素（TSH）水平,确诊病例按疾病诊疗常规进行治疗和随访。结果共筛查169 530例新生儿,确诊先天性甲状腺功能减低症73例,发病率1/2322,确诊年龄为10～30天,平均14.5天,发病患儿以暂住人口所生子女居多,以禅城及南海两区居多,确诊者立即开始治疗,并定期至筛查中心进行随访。结论通过新生儿筛查可早期诊断先天性甲状腺功能减低症,并早期进行治疗随访,减少患儿智力低下的发生,提高人口素质。     

宁波市2011年-2014年新生儿先天性甲状腺功能减低症筛查情况分析

目的调查分析宁波地区2011年~2014年新生儿先天性甲状腺功能减低症(congenital hypothyroidism,简称CH)的筛查和确诊情况,了解本地区该病的筛查情况,为今后进一步做好筛查工作提供有效依据。方法利用时间分辨免疫荧光分析(DELFIA)对2011年~2014年宁波市出生的新生儿进行足底血片筛查,诊断筛查结果阳性者通过测定TSH、游离T3(FT3)、游离T4(FT4)复查进行确诊。结果 2011年~2014年宁波地区CH筛查人数分别为89 619例,95 313例,89 469例,87 312例,CH确诊人数分别为61例,86例,58例,68例。CH发病率分别为68.07/10万,90.23/10万,64.83/10万,77.88/10万,经χ2趋势检验,历年发病率差异无统计学意义。4年间CH阳性人数召回率分别为97.24%,98.82%,98.38%,98.63%,有109例阳性标本失召。结论宁波地区CH发病率高,而新生儿疾病筛查是CH早期诊断的有效措施,建立有效的筛查、召回及随访系统,降低CH患儿病残率,从而提高出生人口素质。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.