Fatty acid composition and degradation level of the oils used in canned fish as a function of the different types of fish

An experimental investigation was carried out to assess the fatty acid composition and the degradation level of the covering oil present in canned fish. The most commonly marketed canned fish types were considered (tuna, sardines, anchovies, mackerels), as well as different kinds of covering oil: extra virgin olive oil, olive oil, refined seed oil. A total of 68 samples were analyzed. Two-way analysis of variance, followed by Fisher's Least Significant Difference test for multiple comparisons, and principal component analysis were carried out to compare the effect of both type of oil used and kind of fish on oil quality. The obtained results showed the lowest extent of both hydrolytic and oxidative degradation in samples containing extra virgin olive oil. In particular, the contents of triacylglycerol oligopolymers, imputable to secondary oxidative degradation, were equal to 0.17%, 0.50% and 0.74% for extra virgin olive oil, olive oil and refined seed oil, respectively. Olive oil showed significantly higher hydrolytic degradation, with diacylglycerols equal to 3.37%, but lower oxidative degradation and trans isomers content than refined seed oil. Finally, the type of fish did not seem to influence the extent of oxidative and hydrolytic degradation, with the only exception of sardines’ covering oil. This oil, characterized by the highest polyunsaturated fatty acid content, showed the highest values of oxidized triacylglycerols (1.32%) and specific absorption at 232 (K₂₃₂, 4.030), indices of primary oxidative degradation.     

Assessment of trace metals in foodstuffs grown around the vicinity of industries in Bangladesh

In the present study, we investigated the levels of chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in eight groups of foods, namely, cereals, pulses, vegetables, fruit, fish, meat, eggs and milk. The range of Cr, Ni, Cu, As, Cd and Pb in the foodstuffs was 0.18–4.8, 0.008–10, 0.47–22, 0.003–0.98, 0.0003–0.85 and 0.005–3.7 mg/kg fw, respectively. The daily intakes (EDIs) of Cr, Ni, As, Cd and Pb were higher than the maximum tolerable daily intake (MTDI), indicating their potential sources from dietary intake. The combined metal hazard quotients (∑HQs) from rice, fruit, vegetables and fish were higher than 1, meaning that metals may pose a considerable risk to local inhabitants due to consumption of these four food items. From the human health point of view, this study showed that the studied foods were not safe for the local inhabitants, and potential risk cannot be neglected for regular or excessive consumers.     

Concentrations and health risk assessment of total mercury in canned tuna marketed in Southest Brazil

The aim of this research was to determine total mercury (Hg) content in 69 canned tuna of 13 brands marketed in southwest Brazil. All values are reported in μg.g⁻¹ wet weight basis. Potential health risk was estimated on the basis of mercury concentration and average consumption (175 g/per week) of fish in Brazil comparing to PTWI of 1.6 μg.kg⁻¹ (FAO/WHO, 2010). A large variation in the concentration of mercury in different species was observed. Mean mercury concentration was 0.256 ± 0.215 μg.g⁻¹ with a highest value of 1.060 μg.g⁻¹ in a single can. In general average concentration was below the legislation of 1.0 μg.g⁻¹ for predatory species (BRASIL, 2010). Estimate weekly intake (EWI) varied 0.2–1.7 μg.kg⁻¹. For the analyzed brands and Brazilian fish consumption, no human health risk is likely to occur. However one brand was higher than PTWI of 1.6 μg.kg⁻¹ showing no safety for specific risk group. Further studies including specific data on canned tuna consumption in specific populations will be needed as well as the fish type, fish size and fishing location.     

Heavy metal (Pb, Co, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) concentrations in harvest-size white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei tissues from aquaculture and wild source

The present research project was undertaken to determine heavy metal (Pb, Co, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) concentrations in intensive aquaculture and wild white shrimp tissues (muscle, shell and liver), and to inform aquatic shrimp food safety. The aquaculture samples were obtained from ten intensive farms and wild animals from one station in Zhanjiang Harbour Bay. Heavy metal concentrations (mg kg⁻¹, dry weight; means ± S.D.) in aquaculture white shrimp muscle, shell and liver tissues were, respectively: Cr - 20.86 ± 5.27, 28.70 ± 8.34 and 18.91 ± 5.50, Cu - 24.26 ± 8.36, 30.86 ± 9.84 and 126.42 ± 90.9, Fe - 61.35 ± 30.76, 55.07 ± 17.72 and 124.04 ± 56.15, Mn - 5.33 ± 2.5, 10.72 ± 4.34 and 8.79 ± 5.29, Zn - 171.56 ± 118.74, 51.84 ± 10.94 and 111.74 ± 84.67. Cadmium was observed only in liver tissue at 3.30 ± 1.29 mg kg⁻¹. Lead could not be detected, and cobalt was detected only in wild shrimp liver tissue. Chromium and manganese mean concentrations in shell tissue were significantly higher than levels in muscle tissue (P < 0.05), but the zinc mean concentration was significantly lower than noted in muscle tissue (P < 0.05). Copper and iron mean concentrations in liver tissue were significantly higher than those in muscle or shell tissues (P < 0.05). Overall, only chromium in white shrimp tissue was the primary risk for human health.     

Nutritional content,mercury, and trace element analyses of two skate (Rajidae) species in the Gulf of Alaska

Seafood is recognized as an important source of proteins and long chain omega-3 fatty acids. However, one of the primary concerns with seafood consumption is the level of heavy metals, particularly mercury, present in fish tissues, which may influence the demand of certain fishery products. We sampled muscle and liver tissues from 20 big (Beringraja binoculata) and 20 longnose (Raja rhina) skates collected near Kodiak and Cordova, Alaska, and analyzed their nutritional content (protein, moisture and lipid content and fatty acid profiles), heavy metal (mercury, arsenic, cadmium, lead) and trace element (selenium) load. Big and longnose skate muscle was composed of lean protein (14.7% ± 0.7% SD) with 1.2% (±0.4%) lipids and 83% (±0.8%) moisture. Skate livers were very high in lipids, between 52.5 and 57.5% and had high percentages of omega-3 fatty acids (30.2%). Mercury in these skates had mean levels of 0.21 mg/kg, lower than average levels found in Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis). Overall, the risk/benefit ratio of consuming skate muscle was slightly positive (3.62%) based on the balance of mercury toxicity and omega-3 fatty acid benefits. Big skates were overall more beneficial to consume, and only longnose skates from Cordova had a negative risk/benefit ratio. These data can be used by the fishing industry to understand current and future market demands for skate products, and to be aware of any health concerns of consuming Gulf of Alaska skates.     

南宁市主要食品中重金属污染状况的调查

目的:调查南宁市主要食品中铅、砷、镉、汞重金属污染状况。方法:随机采集南宁市各超市及农贸市场出售的大米、米粉、猪肉、牛肉、羊肉、猪肾、鲜蛋、蔬菜等,用国标法检测铅、砷、镉、汞指标。结果:在94份样品中,铅检出率19.1%,超标率1.06%;砷检出率26.6%,超标率10.6%;镉检出率52.1%,超标率7.45%;汞检出率17.0%,超标率5.32%。结论:南宁市主要食品的铅、砷、镉、汞重金属均有不同程度检出及超标,其中镉检出率最高,砷超标率最高。     

Toxic and essential trace element concentrations in the freshwater shrimp Macrobrachium amazonicum in the Lower Amazon,Brazil

This study aimed to evaluate the concentrations of toxic elements (As, Cd, Hg, Pb) and essential trace elements (Co, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Se, Zn) in the freshwater shrimp M. amazonicum in the region of Santarem (lower Amazonia), which is affected by mining activities. The level of metal accumulation in the shrimp was found to be similar to that measured in other regions affected by anthropogenic polluted in both in Brazil and elsewhere, and does not pose a significant risk for human consumption. The different patterns of metal accumulation between the Amazon and Tapajos basins appear to be (at least partly) related to respectively bauxite exploitation and gold mining in the region. Bioaccumulation of the trace elements Co, Fe, and Mn mainly occurred in the visceral part of the shrimps from the Amazon river.     

Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and isotope dilution-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ID-ICP/MS) for certification of multielements in a tuna fish candidate certified reference material

The instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and isotope dilution-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ID-ICP/MS) methods were applied for the determination of trace elements in the tuna fish CRM (KRISS 108-04-021) developed by the Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS). Trace elements determined by INAA without any chemical treatment included Al, As, Ca, Co, Fe, K, Na, Sb, Se and Zn. Other elements such as Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, Se and Zn were determined after dissolution of the sample by ID-ICP/MS. A combination of results obtained by the two independent methods for Se and Zn was used for the final certified value.     

Human exposure in Italy to lead,cadmium and mercury through fish and seafood product consumption from Eastern Central Atlantic Fishing Area

The presence of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) was investigated in fish and seafood products collected from the FAO Major Fishing Area 34, Eastern Central Atlantic. Samples were purchased from different retail outlets in Italy. Samples were selected so as to assess human exposure through diet. Metals were detected by Q-ICP-MS and Hg-AAS. All the metal concentrations detected were largely below the maximum levels (MLs) established by the European Union. The exposure assessment was undertaken by matching the concentration of Cd, Pb and total Hg in fish and other seafood products selected purposed according to Italian consumption data. The estimated weekly intakes (EWIs) for the evaluated elements related to the consumption of fish and other seafood products by the median of the Italian total population accounted for 14%, 2% and 14% of the standard tolerable weekly intake (TWI) for Cd and Hg as well as the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) for Pb, respectively.     

Assessment of trace elements in canned fishes (mackerel, tuna, salmon, sardines and herrings) marketed in Georgia and Alabama (United States of America)

The concentrations of mercury and 13 other trace metals in 104 canned fish samples purchased within the states of Georgia and Alabama (United States of America) were determined using the direct mercury analyzer (DMA) and the inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES). The ranges obtained for the elements analyzed in mg/kg (wet weight) are as follows: Hg (0.02–0.74), Ag (0.0–0.20), As (0.0–1.72), Cd (0.0–0.05), Cr (0.0–0.30), Fe (0.01–88.4), Pb (0.0–0.03), Mn (0.01–2.55), Ni (0.0–0.78), Co (0.0–0.10), Cu (0.01–5.33), Sn (0.04–28.7), V (0.0–0.31) and Zn (0.14–97.8). Three tuna samples had Hg level above the European dietary limit of 0.5 mg Hg/kg. The mean Hg concentrations in the tuna (285 μg/kg) and sardine (107 μg/kg) brands were higher than the averages posted by the pink salmon (36.1 μg/kg), red salmon (32.8 μg/kg) and mackerel (36.4 μg/kg) brands. Two tuna samples and a sardine sample exceeded the Australian permissible limit of 1 μg/g inorganic arsenic (wet weight). Two samples (brand 15: herring) had zinc levels exceeding the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) recommended limit of 40 mg/kg and two pink salmons also exceeded the Brazilian regulatory limit of 0.1 mg Cr/kg. One tuna sample had a cadmium level slightly exceeding the Codex Committee on Food Additives and Contaminants draft guideline of 0.50 mg Cd/kg. However, the concentrations of lead, cadmium and copper were below the corresponding MAFF guidelines of 2.0, 1.0 and 30 mg/kg, respectively. Also, based on the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) health criteria for carcinogens, there are no health risks with respect to Pb, Cr, Cu and Zn concentrations in canned fishes analyzed. The result of the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) conducted on the data suggested that significant variations (P<0.05) existed in the concentrations of Hg, As, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Sn, V, and Zn across the various fish species and canned fish brands analyzed. The estimated weekly intakes of Hg, As, Cd, Pb, Sn, Fe, Cu and Zn for a 60 kg adult consuming 350 g of fish/week were below the respective provisional tolerable weekly intakes (PTWI) in μg/kg body weight for: Hg: 5; As: 15; Cd: 7; Pb: 25; Sn: 14000; Fe: 5600; Cu: 3500; and Zn: 7000.     

Determination and health risk assessment of heavy metals in imported rice bran oil in Iran

In this current study, the contents of heavy metals including Pb, As, Cr, Cd, Zn, Cu, and Mn in imported rice bran oil in Iran were investigated with microwave digestion method based on an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry system (ICP-OES). The concentrations range of Pb, Cr, Cd, As, Zn, and Cu in rice bran oil samples were measured as 0.066–0.30, 0.008–0.014, 0.005–0.01, 0.047–0.01, 0.025–0.74 and 0.01–0.096 μg/g, respectively. A significant difference (p-value < 0.05) in the mean concentration of Pb in imported rice bran oils samples was observed. The sum of incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) for heavy metals for children and adults were 2.6 × 10⁻⁴ and 2.4 × 10⁻⁵, respectively, which an acceptable level proposed values (10⁻⁴–10⁻⁶) by U.S. EPA. Moreover, the target hazard quotients (THQs) of As, Pb, Cr, Cd, Cu, and Zn for children were limited to between 1.17 × 10^-5 and 9.49 × 10⁻⁹, and in adults were limited to 2.33 × 10⁻⁷and 6.82 × 10^-7, which were lower than the acceptable limit (THQ < 1). There have been concerns regarding heavy metals since past up to now in all foodstuffs. We demonstrated in this study that there are traceable concentrations of heavy metals in six brand of rice bran oils.     

Minerals and trace elements in Icelandic dairy products and meat

The aim of this study was to update the Icelandic Food Composition Database with respect to minerals (Ca, K, Mg, Na, and P) and trace elements (Cu, Fe, Hg, Se, and Zn) in frequently consumed agricultural products and to study the seasonal and geographical variation for these elements. Five food products typical for the Icelandic food basket were analysed: whole milk, fresh cheese (skyr), firm cheese (Gouda), lamb meat and minced beef together with skimmed milk, cream and whey. Concentrations of minerals and trace elements were determined by an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). Seasonal and geographical variation in whole milk was found only for selenium. Concentration of selenium in meat was variable and especially low for beef (1.4–9.6 μg/100 g fresh weight). Mercury was below the detection limit of 0.3 μg/100 g except for one sample of cheese. Skyr was rich in protein, calcium and phosphorus and retains almost all selenium in the skimmed milk used for its production. Skyr whey contains more calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and zinc than cheese whey. Skyr whey is a nutritious product, almost as rich in calcium, potassium and zinc as whole milk and could be used more by the Icelandic food industry.     

2017年-2018年临沂市常见食品中重金属和砷的污染调查分析

目的 调查临沂市2017年-2018年常见食品中铅、镉、汞等重金属和砷的污染现状.方法 按照国家标准检测方法检测食品中铅、镉、汞、砷的含量,并对检测结果评价.结果 检测食品575 份,共检测铅、镉、汞、砷2 285 项次,检出铅、镉、汞、砷114项次,总检出率为4.98％,超标8项次,总超标率为0.35％.各监测项目中...     

Investigation of heavy metal concentrations in some Turkish wines

Research studies analysing heavy metal or trace elements in Turkish wines is scarce. This study was designed to fill this gap, analysing 43 wines produced in 4 different regions in Turkey. A total of 37 red and 6 white wines produced from various grapes from 2006 to 2008 in Marmara, Aegean, Central Anatolia and Eastern Anatolia regions were studied. Wines were analyzed for Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb using atomic absorption spectrometer equipped (AAS) with electrothermal atomization unit (ET). Average results for red and white wines, respectively, were: Cr, 38.6 and 29.4 μg/L; Mn, 697 and 101 μg/L; Fe, 1.7 and 0.7 mg/L; Co, 6.3 and 0.5 μg/L; Ni, 134 and 573 μg/L; Cu, 131 and 158 μg/L; Zn, 389 and 2099 μg/L; Cd, 2.8 (red wine; white wine results were under limit of detection); Pb, 6.3 (red wine; white wine results were under limit of detection). These results were interpreted for grape types and regions. Accuracy was tested with standard addition method. Recoveries ranged from 96% to 107% after standard addition. Cr, Fe and Mn in red wines were higher in comparison to white wines, whereas white wines were higher in Ni and Zn. Non-essential Cd and Pb concentrations were very low in both red and white wines. Comparison with literature shows all heavy metal concentrations in the analyzed Turkish wines to be below the limits designated by World Health Organization.     

Rapid assessment of metal contamination in commercial fruit juices by inductively coupled mass spectrometry after a simple dilution

A simple and fast method for the determination of Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sr, V and Zn in fruit juices samples, by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) after only a sample dilution, is proposed. For comparison, the samples were also digested with nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide in a microwave oven. The same conditions could be used for aqueous standard solution and diluted sample and the sensitivity was similar in both media, thus external calibration against aqueous standard solutions could be used for quantification. The results were in agreement with those obtained after digestion, according to the t-test at a 95% confidence level. The good accuracy was also confirmed by the recovery test. The precision expressed by the relative standard deviation (RSD) was between 1 and 3%. The detection limits were between 0.1 (Pb) and 2000 μg L⁻¹ (Ca). Similar values for detection limits and RSD were obtained after sample digestion or when the internal standard was not used. The compositions of 20 samples were evaluated by multivariate analysis techniques: principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), showing that samples are grouped by the brand and not by the fruit, what could be due to soil characteristics where the plant was grown and to the different processing and storage conditions used by the different brands, including water and additives.     

Evaluation of different digestion systems for determination of trace mercury in seaweeds by cold vapour atomic fluorescence spectrometry

Four methods for acid digestion of seaweeds were compared in 10 commercially available seaweeds: (i) in stainless steel-Teflon^®PTFE-bombs at high pressure and temperature, (ii) in closed-Teflon^®PFA-vessels at high pressure and temperature, (iii) in open-polypropylene-tubes with reflux caps in a graphite heating block at high temperature and (iv) in closed-TFM™PTFE-vessels with microwave-assisted controlled pressure and temperature. Hg was determined in all digests by cold vapour atomic fluorescence spectrometry (CV-AFS). Assessment of digestion methods was performed by comparison with the results obtained for total mercury determination by the Method EPA 7473, based on direct mercury analysis in the solid samples, and with a reference material BCR-279. The open vessel digestion system with reflux in a graphite heating block at high temperature constitutes the best choice since it was found to give the better Hg extraction (83–103%) as well as the lowest variability, being RSD < 10% for most of the studied seaweeds. A previous freeze-drying and intensive grinding was the best pre-treatment. Similar results were obtained with and without the presence of oxidizing agents (KMnO₄, K₂Cr₂O₇) and with different tube-materials (borosilicate glass, PTFE and polypropylene).     

Determination of urocanic acid,a compound implicated in histamine toxicity,and assessment of biogenic amines relative to urocanic acid content in selected fish and fish products

The contents of trans- and cis-urocanic acid (cis-UCA), NaCl and moisture, and pH of sixty-seven fish and shrimp products, including salted anchovy, different types of salted fish, salted shrimp and shrimp paste collected in Malaysia, were examined. Included in the analysis was determination of the contents of nine biogenic amines. The average levels of trans- and cis-UCA in salted anchovy, salted fish, salted shrimp and shrimp paste were 9.67 and 7.25, 14.2 and 11.0, 36.6 and 22.5, 6.96 and 18.7 mg/kg, respectively. In general, the average levels of trans- and cis-UCA were much lower than the histamine levels in fish products. Results showed no strong correlation of pH, salt and moisture contents with trans- and cis-UCA, nor with histamine. Biogenic amines were also detected in processed fish and shrimp products where the most abundant biogenic amine was putrescine with an average level of 227 mg/kg in shrimp paste. Thus, the high rates of cancers in consumers who consume dried salted fish could be indicative of the synergistic effects of biogenic amines and cis-UCA.     

Assessing arsenic,cadmium, and lead contents in major crops in Brazil for food safety purposes

The food chain is one of the major sources of human exposure to non-essential trace elements (TEs) present in soils. Human exposure to contaminated food is a worldwide health concern and a food safety issue that threatens agricultural trade. To assess the quality of Brazilian food products with respect to non-essential TEs, we evaluated arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) contents in five major crops grown in Brazil: rice, wheat, corn, soybeans, and potatoes. The samples were collected from field trials with a record of long-term use of phosphate fertilizers in the states of Mato Grosso and Minas Gerais, Brazil. The TE concentrations in soils were all bellow the maximum allowable concentrations for agricultural soils. The mean concentrations of As, Cd, and Pb (μg kg⁻¹ dry weight) were as follows: below the detection limit <15, 29, and <40 for rice; 19, 23, and 64 for wheat; 47, 40, and 95 for corn; 65, 23, and 106 for soybeans; and 59, 22, and <40 for potatoes, respectively. Significant differences were found in the As and Cd contents of the different wheat cultivars. The levels of As, Cd, and Pb found in the studied crops are well below the values reported in the literature and are in accordance with the Codex Alimentarius and the European Union and Brazilian guidelines, indicating that the concentrations of these elements in the crops do not pose a risk to human health.     

Investigation of differentiation of metal contents of Agaricus bisporus,Lentinula edodes and Pleurotus ostreatus sold commercially in Poland between 2009 and 2017

Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinula edodes are the most commercially important mushroom species cultivated for human consumption. This study compared the content of major elements (ME) and trace elements (TE) in fruiting bodies of these three mushrooms available on the Polish market between 2009 and 2017. It demonstrates that the studied mushrooms, particularly A. bisporus, can be a valuable source of macro- and micro-nutrients such as K, P, Cu, Fe and Se (means: 28,500; 6150; 14.3; 49.3 and 2.59 mg kg dry weoght, respectively) and contain a beneficial Na/K ratio (1:76). The mushrooms were not found to contain increased levels of toxic metals with the ominous exception of As, levels of which were found to be elevated.     

The content of selected minerals and vitamin C for potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) from the high Tiber Valley area,southeast Tuscany

Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) from the high Tiber valley area (TVA; Tuscany, Italy), have been sampled and analyzed for selected mineral content (Na, Mg, K, Ca, and Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn) and vitamin C, the year 2012; some samples from 2011 and 2013 crops were also collected and analyzed. The varieties were Daytona (DAY), Kennebec (KEN), Sifra (SIF) and Volare (VOL). Control samples consisted of mixed commercial varieties from the local market, namely C1, C2 and C3. The low content of sodium, especially for KEN (46 ± 3 mg/kg FD (freeze dry), year 2012) and SIF (47 ± 3) (VOL (55 ± 3) and DAY (61 ± 3) have a little higher values) is worth of note and in agreement with the scarce concentration of Na in the soil (291 ± 12 mg/kg DM). Magnesium was abundant in KEN (1434 ± 75 mg/kg FD, year 2012) and VOL (1334 ± 70). The content of K for DAY and KEN (13,147 ± 900 and 13,185 ± 900 mg/kg FD) was higher than for VOL and SIF; whereas Ca was in the range 340 ± 16–490 ± 28 mg/kg FD. The contents of Cu and Zn were higher in KEN (8.1 ± 0.3 and 25 ± 1 mg/kg FD) when compared to the other varieties and controls. The content of vitamin C is high for KEN and SIF and decreased significantly upon cooking (50% for KEN).