原发性硬化性胆管炎的磁共振胰胆管成像表现

目的 分析原发性硬化性胆管炎(PSC)的磁共振胰胆管成像(MRCP)表现.方法 回顾性分析确诊为PSC的18例患者(PSC组)的临床及影像学资料,另选取20名健康志愿者作为对照组.结果 PSC组中,肝内外混合型9例(9/18,50.00%),单纯肝内型6例(6/18,33.33%),单纯肝外型3例(3/18,16.67%).MRCP表现:5例(5/18,27.78%)胆管串珠样改变,5例(5/18,27.78%)胆管呈剪枝征,8例(8/18,44.44%)肝内4级以上胆管显示,4例(4/18,22.22%)周围肝内胆管抵达肝脏边缘.18例PSC胆总管及肝总管均无扩张;2例(2/18,11.11%)肝内Ⅰ级胆管中度扩张;12例(12/18,66.67%)肝内Ⅱ级及以上胆管扩张,其中轻度扩张9例,中度扩张1例,重度扩张2例;15例(15/18,83.33%)扩张的周围肝内胆管直径大于中央肝内胆管直径.与对照组比较,PSC组肝总管直径较小,肝内Ⅱ级及Ⅱ级以上胆管直径明显增大(t分别为-3.245、5.068;P分别为0.003、<0.001),胆总管、左肝管及右肝管直径两组差异无统计学意义(P分别为0.128、0.721、0.759).结论 MRCP可显示胆管形态特征, 初步诊断PSC,有很好的临床应用价值.     

比较两种心电后门控儿童冠状动脉CT扫描方案

目的 比较采用心电后门控两种不同扫描方案对儿童进行冠状动脉CT成像（CCTA）的图像质量和辐射剂量。方法 收集32例接受CCTA的患儿,按就诊顺序分为A、B两组,各16例。A组采用心电调节管电流方案进行扫描,R-R间期40%~80%期相管电流设为350mAs,其他期相管电流设为70mAs;B组采用个体化调节管电流方案进行扫描,即根据患儿定位像上特定区域CT值确定管电流。比较两种扫描方案所获得的图像质量、剂量长度乘积（DLP）及有效剂量（ED）。结果 两名放射科医师对A组图像质量的评分分别为（3.45±0.61）分和（3.32±0.73）分,对B组图像质量的评分分别为（3.51±0.50）分和（3.42±0.52）分,两组间差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;A、B两组图像SD值分别为（25.03±4.81）HU和（25.85±1.24）HU,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。A组DLP·cm]明显高于B组·cm,P<0.05],A组ED与B组比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 对儿童行心电后门控CCTA时,采用个体化调节管电流方案可在保证图像质量的同时有效降低辐射剂量,具有重要临床应用价值。     

智能冠状动脉运动追踪平台Snapshot Freeze在冠状动脉CT血管成像中的应用

目的 探讨智能冠状动脉运动追踪平台Snapshot Freeze(SSF)在冠状动脉CT血管成像(CCTA)中的应用价值。方法 连续选取61例患者,使用Discovery CT750 HD Freedom进行冠状动脉扫描,扫描后分别使用和不使用SSF重建,得到A、B两组图像;根据扫描实时心率将患者分为低心率组(心率≤70次/分,n=34),中高心率组(心率71~80次/分,n=14)和高心率组(心率>80次/分,n=13)。对比分析A、B组间和不同心率组间的图像质量差异。结果 除左主干(S5)外,B组冠状动脉各节段图像质量评分均优于A组(P均<0.05);S5段剔除评分为5分者后,其余7例B组图像质量均优于A组(P=0.008);未使用SSF重建时不可诊断的42个节段经用SSF重建后全部可用于诊断。未使用SSF重建的不同心率组间除S7、S9段外,其余各节段图像质量评分差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05),图像质量随心率增加而下降;使用SSF重建后,不同心率组间各节段图像质量评分差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。未使用SSF重建的右冠状动脉中段(S2)在15段中评分最低(2.88±0.91)分,S3次之(3.65±1.32)分,且S2在低心率组亦有17例出现移动伪影影响其评估;使用SSF重建后,S2、S3移动伪影显著改善,评分分别提升至(4.32±0.59)分和(4.49±0.59)分,均满足诊断需求。结论 SSF能够有效地纠正高心率及心率波动导致的冠状动脉血管移动伪影,优化CCTA图像质量,尤其对右冠状动脉移动伪影有显著意义。     

3D超短回波序列联合T2* mapping评价腰椎间盘软骨终板缺损与椎间盘退变的关系

目的 采用3D-UTE序列联合T2^* mapping评价腰椎间盘软骨终板缺损与椎间盘退变的相关性。方法 26例受检者分别接受腰椎3D-UTE序列、T2^* mapping检查。按照椎间盘有无软骨终板缺损分为4组:A组,软骨终板无缺损;B组,软骨终板头侧缺损;C组,软骨终板尾侧缺损;D组,软骨终板头尾侧缺损。测量腰椎正中矢状层面上椎间盘髓核区的T2^*值。结果 26例受检者共130个椎间盘,其中A组67个(67/130,51.54%),B组15个(15/130,11.54%),C组24个(24/130,18.46%),D组24个(24/130,18.46%);A~D组髓核区T2^*值分别为(49.60±1.97)ms、(45.59±4.76)ms、(40.64±2.84)ms及(24.63±2.66)ms,差异有统计学意义(F=15.59,P<0.0001)。D组与A、B、C组及A组与C组髓核区T2^*值差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),余组间两两比较差异均无统计学意义。结论 软骨终板缺损与椎间盘退变有关系,软骨终板头、尾侧均缺损比软骨终板头、尾侧单独缺损更容易引起椎间盘退变。     

HRCT定量观察慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者支气管重构

目的 观察不同临床表型慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者肺段和亚段支气管重构的差异。 方法 COPD患者76例,正常对照者30名(正常组),均接受胸部HRCT检查。对双上肺尖后段及亚段、双下肺后基底段及亚段支气管进行定量分析,分别测量4支段和4支亚段支气管的壁厚度(WT)、腔内径(Din)、壁面积(WA)和壁面积百分比(WA%),比较组间各指标差异。 结果 76例COPD患者分为支气管炎型(A组,41例)和肺气肿型(B组,35例)2种临床表型。A组表现为支气管管壁增厚和管腔变窄,以亚段支气管明显;B组表现为肺密度减低和肺气肿,支气管壁增厚不明显或轻度增厚。A、B两组段和亚段支气管WT大于正常组(P<0.05),段支气管Din小于正常组,A组亚段支气管Din小于正常组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),A、B两组间差异也有统计学意义(P<0.05)。A组段和亚段支气管WA大于正常组(P<0.05)。A、B两组段和亚段支气管WA%大于正常组(P<0.05),亚段支气管WA%显著大于段支气管(P<0.05)。 结论 HRCT能够检测段和亚段支气管重构,有助于诊断COPD患者临床表型。     

静脉应用艾司洛尔对CT冠状动脉造影中Double-Flash扫描模式应用率的影响

目的 观察静脉应用艾司洛尔控制心率对Double-Flash模式在CT冠状动脉造影（CTCA）中的应用率的影响。方法 对心率≤100 次/分的258例受检者行CTCA检查。将受检者随机分为两组,A组为自然心率组;B组为心率控制组,对其中心率>65次/分者静脉推注艾司洛尔注射液50 mg。CTCA中对心率≤65次/分者应用Double-Flash模式扫描,对>65次/分用回顾性心电门控模式扫描。分别记录A、B两组中两种扫描模式的使用例数、图像质量、辐射剂量及B组药物不良反应发生率。结果 Double-Flash扫描模式A组应用率为61.33%（92/150）,B组为98.15%（106/108）,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。A组有效辐射剂量（ED）和CT容积剂量指数（CTDIvol）分别为（3.54±0.85）mSv和（13.94±0.65）mGy,B组分别为（1.81±0.95）mSv和（3.07±0.62）mGy,差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。B组中无发生药物使用不良反应者。A组98.67%（148/150）、B组96.30%（104/108）图像可诊断,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 静脉应用艾司洛尔可安全有效地提高CTCA中Double-Flash扫描模式的应用率。     

血管回声跟踪技术评价颈动脉内中膜正常脑梗死患者的颈动脉弹性

目的 应用血管回声跟踪(ET)技术评价颈动脉内中膜厚度(IMT)正常的脑梗死患者颈动脉弹性功能的变化。方法 应用ET技术评价66例颈动脉IMT正常的脑梗死患者(A组)、111例伴有颈动脉斑块的脑梗死患者(B组)及83例正常人(C组)的颈动脉弹性参数,并进行对比分析。结果 与C组比较,A组颈动脉弹性参数β、Ep及PWVβ显著增高(P<0.01),B组β、Ep、AI、及PWVβ显著增高(P<0.01),AC减小(P<0.01);与B组比较,A组Ep和AI降低(P<0.05)。结论 ET技术可反映颈动脉IMT正常的脑梗死患者颈动脉弹性功能的降低。     

3D-SPACE序列磁共振胰胆管显影诊断胆囊及胆总管结石

目的 比较三维可变翻转角的快速自旋回波(3D-SPACE)与三维传统快速自旋回波(3D-TSE)及二维快速自旋回波(2D-TSE)序列磁共振胰胆管显影(MRCP)用于显示胆囊及胆总管结石的图像质量。方法 采用呼吸导航的3D-SPACE 序列和传统3D-TSE序列及屏气采集的2D-TSE对10名健康志愿者(对照组)和22例胆道结石患者(患者组)行MRCP,比较3种成像方法的图像采集时间、胆总管CNR、胰胆管影像质量、及对结石的显示情况。结果 在患者组及对照组中,3D-SPACE胆总管CNR均明显高于传统2D-TSE、3D-TSE序列(P均<0.05);3D-SPACE序列图像质量评分、运动伪影、胆总管、左右肝内胆管、主胰管评分均明显高于2D-TSE、3D-TSE序列(P均<0.05);3D-SPACE序列影像采集时间均较传统3D-TSE序列减少,患者组减少(20.90±0.21)%,对照组减少(23.09±0.12)%。2D-TSE序列用时最短,SPACE序列原始像对胆囊及胆总管结石显示最优。结论 相比于2D-TSE-MRCP、3D-TSE-MRCP序列,3D-SPACE-MRCP影像质量更好,其原始影像更适用于显示胆囊和胆管结石,但图像采集时间长于2D-TSE。     

超声鉴别诊断膀胱内翻性乳头状瘤与膀胱移行细胞癌

目的 探讨膀胱内翻性乳头状瘤与膀胱移行细胞癌的声像表现异同点。方法 回顾性分析55例膀胱内翻性乳头状瘤与100例膀胱移行细胞癌患者的术前超声检查资料,比较两组患者的年龄,病灶位置、最大径、形态、边缘、内部回声,病灶的纵径与最大横径比值(L/T)、基底宽径与最大横径比值(B/T)及血流分布情况。结果 膀胱内翻性乳头状瘤与膀胱移行细胞癌病灶形态均较规则,边缘相对光整或稍毛糙,内部回声较均匀。膀胱内翻性乳头状瘤病灶多位于膀胱三角区及周围(43/54,79.63%),高于膀胱移行细胞癌的43.59%(51/117,χ²=19.388,P<0.05),患者年龄[(56.0±14.7)岁 vs (63.1±14.5)岁,t=2.759,P<0.01]、病灶B/T比值[0.84±0.21 vs 0.94±0.15,t=-3.452,P<0.01]小于膀胱移行细胞癌,而L/T 大于膀胱移行细胞癌,病灶多呈高回声(42/54,77.78%),乏血供。38例膀胱内翻性乳头状瘤术前超声检查误诊为膀胱癌。结论 膀胱病灶部位、形态、回声、血流是超声鉴别诊断膀胱内翻性乳头状瘤与膀胱移行细胞癌的主要声像学表现。     

比较3.0T与5.0T MR胆胰管造影图像质量

目的 比较3.0T与5.0T MR胆胰管造影(MRCP)图像质量。方法 前瞻性纳入18例胆管扩张患者(胆管扩张组)和7名健康志愿者(健康组),采用3.0T和5.0T MR仪行MRCP,比较二者显示胆管树细节能力、信噪比(SNR)及图像伪影。结果 胆管扩张组中,5.0T MRCP所示胆管树分支数目、分支总长度及最大分支长度均大于3.0T MRCP(P均＜0.05);健康组中,5.0T MRCP所示胆管树分支数目及分支总长度均大于3.0T MRCP(P均＜0.05)。2组5.0T MRCP 的SNR均大于3.0T MRCP,但差异无统计学意义(P均＞0.05)。3.0T与5.0T MRCP图像伪影差异无统计学意义(P=0.054)。结论 5.0T MRCP所示胆管树解剖细节较3.0T MRCP更佳,而其SNR及图像伪影与后者相当。     

自身免疫性胰腺炎胰管病变的MRCP特征

目的 探讨自身免疫性胰腺炎（AIP）胰管病变的MRCP特征。方法 回顾性分析15例AIP患者的临床及MRCP影像资料,对其胰管病变进行定性及定量分析。结果 MRCP上15例AIP患者的胰管均见狭窄（15/15,100%）,表现为局部胰管不可见。9例（9/15,60.00%）同时累及腹胰管和背胰管,仅腹胰管或背胰管受累各3例（3/15,20.00%）。11例（11/15,73.33%）胰管呈单发节段性狭窄,狭窄长度2.07~4.69 cm（中位数3.24 cm）,上游胰管管径0.14~0.31 cm（中位数0.19 cm）;4例（4/15,26.67%）胰管呈多发节段性狭窄,狭窄长度0.19~3.45 cm（中位数0.82 cm）,狭窄段间及上游胰管管径0.14~0.70 cm（中位数0.21 cm）。轴位T1WI、T2WI上,13例（13/15,86.67%）胰腺弥漫性肿大,病变胰腺T1WI呈等、低信号,T2WI稍高信号为主混杂信号;2例（2/15,13.33%）胰腺局限性肿大/肿块,其胰管狭窄部位与胰腺实质病变范围一致。1例（1/15,6.67%）胰尾周围见假性囊肿。结论 AIP胰管病变的MRCP表现可分为单节段狭窄型和多节段狭窄型,大多数的非狭窄段胰管不扩张,但胰管扩张不能排除AIP。     

Factors related to the spontaneous passage of common bile duct stones through the papilla: a single-center retrospective cohort study

ObjectiveCommon bile duct (CBD) stones can spontaneously pass through the papilla. This study explored factors associated with stone passage by comparing differences in the clinical features of stones retained in the CBD and excreted stones.MethodsData were retrospectively collected for all patients who were hospitalized in our center between March 2016 and May 2021 with clinical, laboratory, or imaging evidence of CBD stones. All patients underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and were classified into two groups: group A (stones extracted by ERCP, n = 86) and group B (stones discharged before ERCP, n = 15). Demographic data, biochemical and radiological findings were compared between the groups.ResultsStone size (0.82 vs. 0.33 cm), and levels of total bilirubin (58.2 vs. 28.8 μmol/L), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (416.7 vs. 193.9 U/L), alkaline phosphatase (191.9 vs. 123.1 U/L), carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (603.7 vs. 37.2 U/mL), and α-L-fucosidase (37.4 vs. 22.6 U/L) were significantly higher in group A than in group B. Logistic regression analyses showed that stone size was the only factor significantly associated with spontaneous passage of CBD stones.ConclusionsCBD stones less than 0.33 cm in size may be self-expelled through the papilla.     

导丝进入胰管的困难性胆管插管策略在内镜逆行胰胆管造影术中的应用

目的 探讨导丝进入胰管的困难性胆管插管策略应用于内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）中的临床效果。方法 回顾性分析该院63例导丝进入胰管的困难性胆管插管患者的临床资料。依次采用双导丝法、胰管预切开法和胰管支架法选择性胆管插管,根据不同胆管插管方法分为双导丝组、胰管预切开组和胰管支架组。分析各组的插管成功率、插管时间及ERCP术后并发症之间的差异。结果 3组总体插管成功率为96.8%。双导丝组、胰管预切开组及胰管支架组的插管时间分别为（70.7±28.6）、（116.6±43.2）和（129.1±88.2）s,组间比较,差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。ERCP术后高淀粉酶血症总体发生率为39.3%,胰管预切开组明显高于其他两组（P < 0.05）。ERCP术后胰腺炎（PEP）总发生率为21.3%,胰管预切开组明显高于其他两组（P < 0.05）。ERCP出血发生率为6.6%。未发生重症胰腺炎和十二指肠穿孔病例。结论 导丝进入胰管后依次采用双导丝法、胰管预切开法和胰管支架法选择性胆管插管,上述方法插管成功率高,手术安全可行。     

Gallbladder abnormalities in carcinoma of pancreatic head: findings on MR imaging

Background  Our objective is to study the gallbladder abnormalities on MR images associated with carcinoma of the pancreatic head. Methods  Thirty-six patients who had surgical resection of pancreatic head carcinoma were retrospectively analyzed regarding the appearance of the tumor and gallbladder on MR imaging performed within one month before surgery. The changes of the gallbladder wall, and the dimension of the gallbladder, cystic duct, pericholecystic region, and common bile duct (CBD) on MR imaging were noted. Results  About 92% (33/36) of patients had at least one gallbladder abnormality on MR imaging, including thickened gallbladder wall (58%), gallbladder wall striation (19%), gallbladder wall severe enhancement (44%), enlarged gallbladder (33%), gallbladder stone (19%), dilatation of cystic duct (67%), focally increased liver parenchymal enhancement adjacent to the gallbladder (19%), and pericholecystic fluid (11%). 64% of patients had dilated CBD. The diameter of the cystic duct was correlated with those of the CBD (r = 0.45, P < 0.01) and gallbladder (r = 0.56, P < 0.0001). Enlarged gallbladder, dilatation of the cystic duct, and CBD were correlated with chronic cholecystitis. Conclusion  Most patients with pancreatic head carcinoma show gallbladder abnormalities on MR imaging. Cystic duct dilatation follows CBD dilatation and is the primary cause for dilated gallbladder and chronic cholecystitis in carcinoma of pancreatic head.     

磁共振胰胆管成像对正常胰管的评价

目的探讨正常胰管的磁共振胰胆管成像(MRCP)表现。方法300例无胰腺及相关病史者,用单次激发快速自旋回波序列,沿胰腺头、体、尾一系列多层多角度斜位厚层采集,观察各段胰管显示情况及走行。结果胰腺头、体、尾主胰管显示率99.3%、95.7%、87.3%;分支胰管、副胰管显示率4.67%、44.3%;胰腺分裂检出率7.7%;胰腺头、体、尾主胰管平均直径(2.36±0.60)mm、(2.05±0.72)mm、(1.67±0.86)mm;胰管走行:下降型(66.0%)、“S”型(16.0%)、垂直型(10.7%)和环型(9.3%)。结论MRCP能满意显示胰管正常解剖及变异。     

低管电压与低流速对比剂联合迭代算法在下肢动脉CTA中的应用

目的 探讨低流速对比剂、低电压扫描结合迭代重建算法在下肢动脉CTA检查中的应用价值。方法 收集60例接受双下肢动脉CTA检查者,将其随机分为两组、各30例,实验组:采用低管电压(80 kV)扫描,对比剂注射速率3.3 ml/s,迭代算法重建图像;对照组:采用常规管电压(120 kV),对比剂注射速率5.0 ml/s,使用滤波反投影法进行图像重建。扫描结束后记录容积剂量指数(CTDI)和剂量长度乘积(DLP)。测量腹部至小腿8个ROI及周围肌肉组织的CT值和标准差(图像噪声),计算CNR及SNR,并对图像质量进行评分。比较2组的辐射剂量、碘注射量、血管CT值及图像质量。结果 实验组的CTDI和DLP分别为(3.57±0.64) mGy和(429.26±97.60)mGy·cm,对照组分别为(7.23±0.86)mGy、(918.15±173.53)mGy·cm,二者差异有统计学意义(P均<0.001)。实验组平均碘注射量为(22.49±2.03)g,对照组(33.48±2.97)g,差异有统计学意义(t=2.58,P<0.05)。实验组8个ROI的平均血管CT值和图像噪声均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。两组间CNR、SNR和图像质量主观评分差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。结论 采用80 kV管电压、3.3 ml/s对比剂注射速率联合迭代算法行双下肢动脉CTA检查,能够在保证图像质量的同时减少患者所接受的辐射剂量和碘注射量。     

Common bile duct morphology is associated with recurrence of common bile duct stones in Billroth II anatomy patients

BACKGROUNDEndoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is the primary choice for removing common bile duct (CBD) stones in Billroth II anatomy patients. The recurrence of CBD stones is still a challenging problem.AIMTo evaluate CBD morphology and other predictors affecting CBD stone recurrence.METHODSA retrospective case-control analysis was performed on 138 CBD stones patients with a history of Billroth II gastrectomy, who underwent therapeutic ERCP for stone extraction at our center from January 2011 to October 2020. CBD morphology and other predictors affecting CBD stone recurrence were examined by univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis.RESULTSCBD morphology (P < 0.01) and CBD diameter ≥ 1.5 cm (odds ratio [OR] = 6.15, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.87-20.24, P < 0.01) were the two independent risk factors. In multivariate analysis, the recurrence rate of patients with S type was 16.79 times that of patients with straight type (OR = 16.79, 95%CI: 4.26-66.09, P < 0.01), the recurrence rate of patients with polyline type was 4.97 times that of patients with straight type (OR = 4.97, 95%CI: 1.42-17.38, P = 0.01), and the recurrence rate of S type patients was 3.38 times that of patients with polyline type (OR = 3.38, 95%CI: 1.07-10.72, P = 0.04).CONCLUSIONCBD morphology, especially S type and polyline type, is associated with increased recurrence of CBD stones in Billroth II anatomy patients.     

Outcomes of laparoscopic bile duct exploration for choledocholithiasis with small common bile duct

BACKGROUNDLaparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) combined with laparoscopic common bile duct (CBD) exploration (LCBDE) is one of the main treatments for choledocholithiasis with CBD diameter of larger than 10 mm. However, for patients with small CBD (CBD diameter ≤ 8 mm), endoscopic sphincterotomy remains the preferred treatment at present, but it also has some drawbacks associated with a series of complications, such as pancreatitis, hemorrhage, cholangitis, and duodenal perforation. To date, few studies have been reported that support the feasibility and safety of LCBDE for choledocholithiasis with small CBD.AIMTo investigate the feasibility and safety of LCBDE for choledocholithiasis with small CBD.METHODSA total of 257 patients without acute cholangitis who underwent LC + LCBDE for cholecystolithiasis from January 2013 to December 2018 in one institution were reviewed. The clinical data were retrospectively collected and analyzed. According to whether the diameter of CBD was larger than 8 mm, 257 patients were divided into large CBD group (n = 146) and small CBD group (n = 111). Propensity score matching (1:1) was performed to adjust for clinical differences. The demographics, intraoperative data, short-term outcomes, and long-term follow-up outcomes for the patients were recorded and compared.RESULTSIn total, 257 patients who underwent successful LC + LCBDE were enrolled in the study, 146 had large CBD and 111 had small CBD. The median follow-up period was 39 (14-86) mo. For small CBD patients, the median CBD diameter was 0.6 cm (0.2-2.0 cm), the mean operating time was 107.2 ± 28.3 min, and the postoperative bile leak rate, rate of residual CBD stones (CBDS), CBDS recurrence rate, and CBD stenosis rate were 5.41% (6/111), 3.60% (4/111), 1.80% (2/111), and 0% (0/111), respectively; the mean postoperative hospital stay was 7.4 ± 3.6 d. For large CBD patients, the median common bile duct diameter was 1.0 cm (0.3-3.0 cm), the mean operating time was 115.7 ± 32.0 min, and the postoperative bile leak rate, rate of residual CBDS, CBDS recurrence rate, and CBD stenosis rate were 5.41% (9/146), 1.37% (2/146), 6.85% (10/146), and 0% (0/146), respectively; the mean postoperative hospital stay was 7.7 ± 2.7 d. After propensity score matching, 184 patients remained, and all preoperative covariates except diameter of CBD stones were balanced. Postoperative bile leak occurred in 11 patients overall (5.98%), and no difference was found between the small CBD group (4.35%, 4/92) and the large CBD group (7.61%, 7/92). The incidence of CBDS recurrence did not differ significantly between the small CBD group (2.17%, 2/92) and the large CBD group (6.52%, 6/92).CONCLUSIONLC + LCBDE is safe and feasible for choledocholithiasis patients with small CBD and did not increase the postoperative bile leak rate compared with chole-docholithiasis patients with large CBD.