HI-6对梭曼染毒大鼠膈肌胆碱酯酶的重活化作用

目的研究HI-6对膈肌局部梭曼染毒大鼠膈肌胆碱酯酶的重活化作用。方法将大鼠麻醉后固定,沿腹正中线切开腹腔,暴露膈肌。梭曼局部染毒膈肌1和10min后,局部或全身给予HI-6,于给药后24和72h处死大鼠,取出中毒部位膈肌。用硫胆碱酶法显示终板的AChE活性,观察HI-6对胆碱酯酶的重活化作用。结果膈肌局部梭曼中毒1和10min后．局部给予HI-624和72h对局部中毒膈肌胆碱酯酶均没有重活化作用．在光镜下观察不到棕褐色椭圆形的运动终板：而膈肌局部梭曼中毒1和10min后,全身给予HI-6对局部中毒膈肌胆碱酯酶有明显的重活化作用,在光镜下可见到肌纤维上又出现了棕褐色椭圆形的运动终板。结论HI-6全身给药对早期膈肌局部中毒的神经运动终板胆碱酯酶有重活化作用。     

山莨菪碱对大鼠体内梭曼解毒的影响

通过测定大鼠血液中梭曼残留浓度及组织中羧酸酯酶 (CaE)活性 ,评价了山莨菪碱对大鼠血液中梭曼消除的影响 .结果表明 ,4 15 μg·kg- 1梭曼 (5LD50 )iv后 15s时 ,山莨菪碱即显著加速了梭曼在大鼠血液中的消除 ,使血中梭曼浓度由 (434± 70 ) μg·L- 1下降到 (342± 4 7) μg·L- 1;CaE活性测定结果表明 ,山莨菪碱有加强梭曼抑制肠道及血浆中CaE的作用 ,提示山莨菪碱加速了梭曼在大鼠血液中的消除 ,可能与该药的改善外周微循环作用有关 ,使更多的梭曼向外周组织中分布 ,并增加了梭曼与外周组织中解毒酶特别是肠道CaE的结合所致     

山莨菪碱对大鼠体内梭曼解毒的影响

通过测定大鼠血液中梭曼残留浓度及组织中羧酸酯酶(CaE)活性,评价了山莨菪碱对大鼠血液中梭曼消除的影响. 结果表明,415 μg·kg^-1梭曼(5 LD₅₀)iv后15 s时,山莨菪碱即显著加速了梭曼在大鼠血液中的消除,使血中梭曼浓度由(434±70)μg·L^-1下降到(342±47)μg·L^-1;CaE活性测定结果表明,山莨菪碱有加强梭曼抑制肠道及血浆中CaE的作用,提示山莨菪碱加速了梭曼在大鼠血液中的消除,可能与该药的改善外周微循环作用有关,使更多的梭曼向外周组织中分布,并增加了梭曼与外周组织中解毒酶特别是肠道CaE的结合所致.     

Comparison of in vivo cholinesterase inhibition in neonatal and adult rats by three organophosphorothioate insecticides.

Developing mammals are more sensitive than adults to a variety of organophosphorothioate insecticides (OPs), compounds which act in vivo by inhibition of cholinesterase (ChE). Little is known, however, regarding age-related differences in biochemical responses to these toxicants. The time course of ChE inhibition and recovery in whole brain was compared in neonatal (7 days of age) and adult (80-100 days of age) rats after treatment with maximal tolerated doses (MTDs) of either methyl parathion (MPS), parathion (PS) or chlorpyrifos (CPF). Neonatal rats were more sensitive than adults in all cases (MTDs for MPS, PS and CPF; neonates = 7.8, 2.1 and 45 mg/kg, s.c.; adults = 18, 18, and 279 mg/kg, s.c., respectively). In general, maximal brain ChE inhibition was similar (greater than 78%) in both age groups but ChE activity recovered faster in neonates. Plasma and erythrocyte ChE activities correlated relatively well (r = 0.794-0.943) with brain ChE activity in neonatal rats at all time points between 4 h and 7 days after treatment but similar correlations between circulating and brain ChE activities in adults were more variable (r = 0.211-0.917). The results indicate that neonatal rats are more sensitive to acute lethality from these compounds and that MTD exposures produce extensive brain ChE inhibition in both age groups. Significant inhibitor-related and age-related differences in the duration of ChE inhibition can ensue, however, following such OP exposures.     

The effects of soman, in vivo and in vitro, on aldolase activity

We examined the in vivo and in vitro effects of soman on aldolase activity. Male rats were killed at 4, 6, 9 and 12.5 min after subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of 90 micrograms/kg soman. At 4 min after treatment, aldolase activity was inhibited 55-90% compared to control in cerebral cortex, brainstem, mid-brain and cerebellum; and up to 50% of control in diaphragm and muscle. By 12.5 min, aldolase activity in all areas had returned to control levels except in the diaphragm, which still exhibited 36% inhibition. In vitro activity of rabbit muscle aldolase was not inhibited by 10(-3) M soman. In contrast, diisopropylfluorophosphonate (DFP, 10(-3)-10(-2) M) acted as a competitive inhibitor of aldolase activity in vitro. The results suggest that in vivo, soman effects on aldolase activity are transitory. Any long-lasting effects of soman on aldolase activity may occur only in the periphery, and not in the central nervous system.     

Alteration of hepatic carboxylesterase activity by soman: inhibition in vitro and enhancement in vivo

1. Hydrolysis of the drug esters procaine, chloramphenicol succinate, and prednisolone succinate was studied. Addition of soman to guinea pig liver microsomes caused a dose-dependent inhibition of hydrolysis of all three substrates; at the highest soman concentration (1 microM), ester hydrolysis was totally abolished. 2. Ester hydrolysis was also measured in liver microsomes from guinea pigs pretreated with soman at a low dose (10% of LD50) or at a high dose (90% of LD50) either 1 h or 12 h before killing. Plasma-cholinesterase activity was decreased in all pretreated animals. Liver carboxylesterase activity, measured with the three drug substrates and by hydrolysis of 4-nitrophenyl acetate was increased by all pretreatments. 3. This enhancing effect varies with the substrate and increases with dose of soman. The 12 h pretreatment produced a greater increase in activity than did the 1 h pretreatment. 4. These studies indicate that soman is a potent inhibitor of carboxylesterase activity in vitro but increases the activity of the liver enzyme when administered in vivo.     

碘解磷定对胆碱酯酶复活和抑制作用的研究

目的　研究碘解磷定对胆碱酯酶复活和抑制双向作用。方法　Hestrin法测定胆碱酯酶活性 ,离体实验和在体实验研究碘解磷定对未被和已被DDVP抑制的胆碱酯酶的作用和量效关系。结果　离体实验 1 0mmol·L-1以上浓度的碘解磷定对小鼠胆碱酯酶有抑制作用 ,且呈量效关系 ;对被敌敌畏抑制的小鼠胆碱酯酶有双向作用 ,该作用与碘解磷定的量和胆碱酯酶被抑制程度有关 ,胆碱酯酶抑制较重时 ,碘解磷定能使之复活 ,抑制较轻时则加重其抑制。在体实验仅当PAM剂量高达 30 0mg·kg-1(相当于 1 34LD50 )时才对小鼠血胆碱酯酶轻度抑制。对敌敌畏中毒小鼠 ,10～15 0mg·kg-1的DDVP中毒抑制的胆碱酯酶有复活作用且呈量效关系。结论　非致死量的碘解磷定对在体胆碱酯酶无抑制作用。     

The cholinesterase inhibitor soman increases inositol trisphosphate in rat brain

Studies were conducted to determine the effect of the cholinesterase inhibitor soman on the amount of inositol trisphosphate in the neocortex, striatum, cerebellum, and medulla-pons regions of rat brain in vivo. The studies indicate that treatment with soman increases inositol trisphosphate in the neocortex and striatum, but not in the cerebellum or medulla-pons region. In the neocortex the most pronounced increases were observed in animals with severe poisoning symptoms, however inositol trisphosphate was also found to be elevated in animals with only mild poisoning symptoms.     

Low-dose cholinesterase inhibitors do not induce delayed effects on cerebral blood flow and metabolism

The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors sarin and pyridostigmine bromide (PB) have been proposed as causes of neurobehavioral dysfunction in Persian Gulf War veterans. To test possible delayed effects of these agents, we exposed rats to low (subsymptomatic) levels of sarin (0.5 LD₅₀ s.c. 3 times weekly) and/or PB (80 mg/L in drinking water) for 3 weeks. Controls received saline s.c. and tap water. At 2, 4 and 16 weeks after exposure, regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and glucose utilization (rCGU) were measured in conscious animals with the Iodo-¹⁴C-antipyrine and ¹⁴C-2 deoxyglucose methods, respectively.

Two weeks after exposure, PB+sarin caused significant rCBF elevations, but no changes in rCGU, in neocortex, with lesser effects on allocortex. Four weeks after exposure, the same general pattern was found with sarin. Only a few changes were found at 16 weeks post-treatment. The predominant effects of sarin or PB+sarin on rCBF at earlier times after treatment are consistent with the well known direct cerebral vascular effect of cholinergic agonists. The lack of changes in rCBF and rCGU observed at 16 weeks after treatment does not support the hypothesis that repeat exposure to low-dose cholinesterase inhibitors can generate permanent alterations in cerebral activity.     

Differential profiles of cholinesterase inhibition and neurobehavioral effects in rats exposed to fenamiphos or profenofos

The relationship between cholinesterase (ChE) inhibition and neurobehavioral changes was examined using two ChE-inhibiting organophosphorus (OP) pesticides, fenamiphos and profenofos. Both pesticides produce considerable blood ChE inhibition, but relatively little brain inhibition up to almost lethal doses. Interestingly, pronounced neurobehavioral signs were produced by fenamiphos but not profenofos. After a single oral dose, both pesticides greatly inhibited blood ChE (87-98% inhibition), yet whole brain ChE was only inhibited by 9-14% at the highest doses. Fenamiphos produced dose-dependent effects on many behavioral measures. Despite the similar ChE inhibition profile, profenofos produced no observable changes in behavior. Treatment with anticholinergic drugs was used to evaluate the contribution of peripheral versus central ChE inhibition. Scopolamine (SCO) and methylscopolamine (MSC) were used as central/peripheral and peripheral-only cholinergic receptor blockers, respectively, in combination with fenamiphos. Neither drug altered the effects of fenamiphos on ChE inhibition. Some behavioral effects of fenamiphos were blocked or attenuated only by SCO, whereas other effects were blocked by both drugs. These data indicate that some of the pronounced neurobehavioral changes observed following fenamiphos dosing may be centrally mediated (blocked by SCO only), despite the small amount of inhibition of brain ChE. Other behavioral changes may be mediated more peripherally (blocked by both MSC and SCO). To test the hypothesis that regionally specific ChE inhibition may be responsible for these effects, the same dose of fenamiphos used in the previous studies was given and one half of the brain was dissected into regions. There was significant ChE inhibition in the pons and medulla, cerebellum, striatum, hippocampus, and half-brain but not in the rest-of-brain and frontal cortex; however, the magnitude of inhibition was relatively small across the regions measured. Thus, the centrally mediated neurobehavioral effects of fenamiphos could not be explained based on differential regional brain ChE inhibition alone. Despite the low level of brain ChE inhibition, some behavioral effects of fenamiphos were centrally mediated, and there was little regional specificity of ChE inhibition that could account for the behavioral changes observed.     

Effects of subchronic soman on avoidance-escape behavior and cholinesterase activities

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained on a discriminated avoidance-escape task. They were administered subchronically saline, 12.7 micrograms/kg (0.125 LD50) soman, or 25.5 micrograms/kg (0.25 LD50) soman. Injections were given 5 days per week for 4 weeks. Injections were given subcutaneously immediately following the avoidance behavior test session. Soman produced a reduction in avoidance behavior efficiency in a dose dependent manner. When soman was discontinued, the rats recovered their pre-soman control baselines. Untrained rats given soman according to the same soman regimen were used to measure acetylcholine in brain and cholinesterase activities in brain, blood, and diaphragm. After 18 soman injections at 12.7 and 25.5 micrograms/kg acetylcholine was reduced significantly only in the amygdala. Blood cholinesterase was inhibited as much as 57% after 12.7 micrograms/kg soman and 74% after 25.5 micrograms/kg. Plasma cholinesterase was inhibited to 24% by the 12.7 micrograms/kg dose of soman and to 38% by the 25.5 micrograms/kg dose. Plasma cholinesterase recovered to control levels 11 days after cessation of soman, and whole blood cholinesterase recovered 25 days after cessation of the higher soman dose. Cholinesterase was inhibited significantly in the hippocampus and amygdala in a dose dependent manner. The cholinesterase activities appear to parallel the soman induced decrement in avoidance behavior and the subsequent recovery to control levels following withdrawal of soman.     

Aging and reactivatability of plaice cholinesterase inhibited by soman and its stereoisomers

A simple and rapid method to study aging of soman-inhibited cholinesterases was developed. The method was applied to study the aging characteristics of soman-inhibited cholinesterase from the muscles of the plaice (Pleuronectes platessa). The orientation of the soman molecule in the active site is decisive both for the rate of aging and the degree of reactivation of unaged enzyme, a conclusion reached by using soman stereoisomers. Fluoride ions were found to affect reactivatability as well as aging rate.     

苯巴比妥及氯贝丁酯对小鼠体内梭曼解毒作用的影响

考察了肝微粒体酶诱导剂苯巴比妥及氯贝丁酯对小鼠体内解毒酶的诱导作用及对小鼠体内梭曼解毒作用的影响 .结果表明 ,苯巴比妥 ,氯贝丁酯预处理均能显著提高小鼠肺脏 ,肝脏中羧酸酯酶及小鼠脑中胆碱酯酶活性 ,不同之处在于苯巴比妥亦能显著提高血中羧酸酯酶活性 .小鼠按 798μg·kg- 1梭曼iv后 0 .2 5～ 1.5min时 ,苯巴比妥能显著降低小鼠血中梭曼残留浓度 ,而氯贝丁酯则没有加速梭曼在小鼠体内消除的作用 .提示血中羧酸酯酶在梭曼解毒中发挥了重要的作用 ,针对提高血中羧酸酯酶活性为指标 ,有可能筛选出更为有效的解毒剂 .     

Stereoselectivity of enzymes involved in toxicity and detoxification of soman

The fate of the four stereoisomers of soman [0-(1,2,2-trimethylpropyl)-methyl-fluoro phosphonate] has been studied a) in vivo in mouse blood and liver after IP injection of 0.75 × LD₅₀ R_c- and S_c-soman respectively, and b) in vitro upon incubation wih acetyl- und pseudocholinesterase, aliesterase and phosphorylphosphatase. The analytical method used is based on gas chromatography — mass spectrometry with deuterated internal standard.Most soman disappeared very rapidly from blood and liver. In liver, S_CR_P and R_CR_P, the two isomers that preferentially react with cholinesterase, could be detected. The level of S_CR_P, which was higher than that of R_CR_P, could be followed for 17–18 h. In blood only S_CR_P could be detected. The amounts found were fairly constant during the time period 2 min to 4h, and it could even be detected 17–18 h after soman administration.     

苯巴比妥及氯贝丁酯对小鼠体内梭曼解毒作用的影响

考察了肝微粒体酶诱导剂苯巴比妥及氯贝丁酯对小鼠体内解毒酶的诱导作用及对小鼠体内梭曼解毒作用的影响. 结果表明,苯巴比妥,氯贝丁酯预处理均能显著提高小鼠肺脏,肝脏中羧酸酯酶及小鼠脑中胆碱酯酶活性,不同之处在于苯巴比妥亦能显著提高血中羧酸酯酶活性.小鼠按798 μg·kg^-1梭曼iv后0.25～1.5 min时,苯巴比妥能显著降低小鼠血中梭曼残留浓度,而氯贝丁酯则没有加速梭曼在小鼠体内消除的作用. 提示血中羧酸酯酶在梭曼解毒中发挥了重要的作用,针对提高血中羧酸酯酶活性为指标,有可能筛选出更为有效的解毒剂.     

丁酮肟及酰胺磷定对大鼠血液中梭曼消除的影响

采用电鳐胆碱酯酶抑制法测定大鼠血液中梭曼残留浓度 ,考察了丁酮肟 (DAM)及酰胺磷定 (HI 6)对大鼠血液中梭曼消除的影响 .结果表明 ,4 15μg·kg- 1梭曼 ( 5LD50 )iv后 3min ,DAM预处理有加速梭曼在大鼠血液中消除的趋势 ,使血中梭曼浓度由( 86± 2 2 ) μg·L- 1下降到 ( 53± 9) μg·L- 1,这可能与DAM加速了大鼠体内主要解毒器官中膦酰化羧酸酯酶 (CaE)的脱膦酰化速率有关 ,使有限的酶分子结合了更多的梭曼 .相比之下 ,HI 6预处理则对大鼠血液中梭曼浓度没有明显影响 .提示在大鼠体内 ,CaE对梭曼的解毒作用比胆碱酯酶更为重要     

梭曼中毒大鼠脂质过氧化损伤及抗氧化剂的作用

目的 以大鼠血清乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)活力变化为梭曼(soman)中毒程度指标，研究维生素A和维生素E对急性中毒大鼠的血清、大脑和肝脏组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)和总抗氧化力(T—AoC)的影内，探讨抗氧化剂维生素A和维生素E对梭曼中毒大鼠AChE及脂质过氧化损伤的保护作用。方法 雄性大鼠40只，按体重随机分为阴性对照组、阳性对照组、维生素A组、维生素E组。阴性对照组和阳性对照组每日灌胃5ml/kg的菜籽油；维生素A组每日灌胃2ml/kg的维生素A；维生素E组每日灌胃2．5ml/kg的维生素E，共灌胃9d。第10日除阴性对照组外其余各组大鼠均皮下注射0．9LD50梭曼，2h后断头处死并取样。测定大鼠血清、大脑、肝脏的T—AOC、SOD和NOS及血清AChE活力。结果 梭曼中毒2h后，血清乙酰胆碱酷酶(AChE)及血清、大脑、肝脏组织中SOD活力和T—AoC水平下降，NOS活力提高；维生素A和维生素E均能提高SOD、T—AOC和AChE活力，而降低NOS活力。结论 经皮下注射0．9LD50梭曼可引起AChE活力显著下降，表明大鼠已严重中毒，中毒时伴有明显的脂质过氧化损伤。中毒前大鼠用维生素A和维生素E预处理，能够保护AChE活力，降低NOS活力，减少N0自由基的生成，同时，提高SOD、T—AoC水平。提示维生素A和维生素E对梭曼中毒有较好的预防作用。