重组水蛭素对大鼠撕脱皮瓣存活的影响

目的 探讨重组水蛭素对撕脱皮瓣的保护作用及其在临床治疗撕脱皮瓣的应用前景.方法 将108只SD大鼠随机分为重组水蛭素组（A组）、低分子肝素组（B组）、生理盐水组（C组,对照组）,并形成撕脱皮瓣后原位缝合.术后即刻、12 h、24 h、48 h,给予皮瓣蒂部、距蒂部2 cm和4 cm3等分点皮下注射重组水蛭素、低分子肝素、生理盐水,于术后12 h、1d、3d、5d、7d,分别检测皮瓣远端组织内P选择素和血管内皮细胞生长因子（VEGF）含量,病理切片观察皮瓣远端组织毛细血管内炎性细胞聚集及微血栓形成情况,术后14d计算皮瓣存活率.结果 A组P选择素含量比B组、C组增加不明显,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,A组VEGF含量比B组、C组明显增加,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;术后14 d皮瓣存活率A组明显高于B组（P＜0.05）和C组（P＜0.01）,差异具有统计学意义.结论 局部注射重组水蛭素能有效抑制P选择素的生成,减少炎性细胞的聚集,阻断微血栓的形成,改善撕脱皮瓣的局部缺血、缺氧状态;减弱内皮细胞的损伤,促进VEGF的表达,刺激新生毛细血管增生,提高撕脱皮瓣的存活率.     

Detection of postoperative myocardial ischemia by bedside ST-segment analysis in coronary artery bypass graft patients

To determine if the ST-segment monitoring software of a bedside electrocardiograph (ECG) monitor would detect postoperative myocardial ischemia (POMI) as reliably as the clinical gold standard 12-lead ECG, and to compare the characteristics of ischemia thus detected with prior studies performed using Holter monitoring. Prospective study. University hospital. One hundred patients who had undergone coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Continuous ST-segment trends in leads II and V₅ were recorded using Hewlett-Packard Merlin monitors postbypass until discharge from the postsurgical unit, and printouts were analyzed for episodes of ischemia. Simultaneous 12-lead ECGs and monitor strips were recorded during ischemic episodes in 24 patients and were independently analyzed by two blinded cardiologists quantitatively for ST-segment values and qualitatively for an overall ischemia rating.

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The ST-segment values directly measured by the cardiologists on the simultaneous 12-lead ECGs and those recorded by the monitor during ischemic episodes were found to be clinically comparable (bias, 0.1 mm for both leads; precision, 0.5 mm lead II, 0.9 mm lead V₅). The sensitivity of the monitor compared with 12-lead ECGs for the detection of POMI was 73%. Ninety eight episodes of significant ST deviation were identified in 39 patients. The characteristics of the ischemia detected in this study were similar to those reported in other studies performed using continuous Holter-type monitoring. Bedside monitoring of the ST segment in leads II and V₅ using Hewlett-Packard Merlin monitors after CABG surgery is as accurate for the measurement of ST deviation in those leads as the clinical gold standard of a 12-lead ECG read by an experienced cardiologist. However, the 12-lead ECG will detect POMI more reliably than an automated two-lead bedside ST-segment analyzer because it allows evaluation of more leads and of ST-segment and T-wave morphology. Bedside ST-segment monitoring in this study confirmed the high incidence of ischemia after CABG surgery shown previously using Holter monitoring.     

基于SBAR沟通模式的标准化床边交接班满意度评价

目的评价患者及护士对标准化床边交接班的满意度。方法选取5个外科护理单元,依据SBAR标准沟通模式实施标准化床边交接班。分别在实施前和实施6个月后调查患者、护士对床边交接班的满意度。结果实施后患者及护士对交班满意度部分条目显著高于实施前(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论标准化床边交接班的实施,有利于提高患者满意度,保证患者安全。在床边交接班取得积极效果的基础上,护理管理者应关注患者及交接班护士的主观感知,从根本上提高床边交接班质量。     

急诊床旁超声在腹部损伤中的应用价值

目的 了解急诊床旁超声在腹部闭合性损伤中的应用价值.方法 回顾性分析67例腹部闭合性创伤超声影像资料.结果 所有患者行急诊床旁超声检查,诊断符合率分别为:肝损伤92%,脾损伤93%,肾损伤80%,胰腺损伤50%,空腔脏器损伤67%,肠系膜血管损伤100%,腹膜后血肿100%.结论 急诊床旁超声是诊断腹部创伤致内脏破裂出...     

Rotational injuries of the distal tibial growth plate

Nine rotational injuries of the distal tibial growth plate in combination with spiral fracture of the fibula were treated in our department between 1993 and 2000. The average age of the patients was 12 years. The injury was a result of sudden, forceful external rotation of the ankle and foot. Pain and slight swelling of the ankle and external rotation of the distal tibia of 20°–40° were present. Radiologically, irregularity and widening of the growth plate of the distal tibia were obvious. In all these cases we noted, on lateral views, the characteristic sign of an open fish mouth, due to the changes in the shape of the physeal plate. The spiral fracture of the fibula was not obvious in all radiographic views. The treatment in all eight fresh cases was closed reduction and manipulation by reversing the mechanism of injury and long leg cast application in all nine cases (including the one neglected case) for 6–8 weeks. The final results were either excellent or very good in all nine patients after a mean follow-up of 6 years.     

髋臼旋转截骨术治疗早中期髋关节发育不良

目的探讨髋臼旋转截骨术治疗早中期髋关节发育不良的手术技术要点及中期疗效。方法2000年5月至2006年5月对12例（14髋）早、中期髋关节发育不良患者进行了髋臼旋转截骨术,所有患者均为女性,手术时年龄13—46岁,平均28．9岁。随访时间3．1—9．1年,平均6．0年。术前、术后及随访时X线片上测量CE角,髋臼顶角及头外移指数。Harris评分判断髋关节功能。手术采用Oilier外侧“U”形入路,股骨大转子截骨显露。术后未行外固定。结果患者疼痛症状得到明显改善,Harris评分术前72分,术后91分（P〈0．001）。CE角术前0．9°,术后27°（P〈0．001）;髋臼顶角术前为29°,术后5°;头外移指数术前为0．68,术后0．65。所有病例截骨块及股骨大转子截骨处愈合良好。结论Oilier外侧“U”形入路行髋臼旋转截骨术髋臼缘显露充分;治疗早中期髋关节发育不良可以缓解疼痛,延缓骨关节炎的进展速度,中期随访疗效满意。     

天然水蛭素对大鼠缺血皮瓣血管生成作用的Micro-CT观察

目的通过Micro-CT及三维重建技术观察天然水蛭素对大鼠缺血皮瓣血管生成的影响。方法选取32只成年SD大鼠,在其背部制备一8.0cm×1.8cm大小的缺血皮瓣模型,然后随机分为水蛭素组和对照组(n=16)。水蛭素组术后即刻和术后3 d内每天皮下注射天然水蛭素0.3 mL(含天然水蛭素6 ATU),对照组皮下注射等量生理盐水。术后6 d,大体观察皮瓣成活情况并测定皮瓣成活率,取材行HE染色观察皮瓣组织学变化,行Micro-CT三维重建观察并测量皮瓣血管容积、长度及数量。结果术后两组大鼠均存活至实验完成,无感染发生。术后6 d,两组皮瓣远端均发生不同程度坏死,水蛭素组皮瓣成活率为72.11%±8.97%,显著高于对照组的58.94%±4.02%,差异有统计学意义(t=3.280,P=0.008)。组织学观察示水蛭素组较对照组组织结构层次更清楚,有较多微血管生成,炎症反应及炎症细胞浸润更轻。Micro-CT三维重建示水蛭素组皮瓣血管更多、更加密集;血管容积、长度及数量均显著大于对照组(P<0.05)。结论天然水蛭素可减轻组织炎症反应、促进缺血皮瓣血管的新生与再通,从而提高皮瓣成活率。     

无线电子床头卡系统的设计与应用

目的探索无线电子床头卡系统的应用效果。方法无线电子床头卡系统与医院HIS系统实现对接,通过无线网络结构动态性、实时显示患者基本信息,并集患者健康教育、医院及科室介绍、费用查询、满意度调查为一体。结果自无线电子床头卡系统在神经外科试用以来,患者出院满意度由82%上升至95.8%;每天每名责任护士可节约用于更换床头卡信息的时间约1h;及时更新患者的医疗信息,避免了因医-护、护-护、护-患之间沟通不及时、不正确等造成的信息延误或错误。结论无线电子床头卡系统的应用,提升了患者满意度,提高了工作效率,改善了护理质量。     

复发性髌骨脱位的股骨踝部的旋转畸形

目的：通过CT测量,使用TEA(Transepicondylar Axis,TEA)作为股骨远端的标志来检测青少年髌股关节紊乱时的下肢排列和股骨远端形态。材料与方法：选用3组病人。脱位组：26例病人共38个膝关节;膝前痛组;43例共67膝;对照组：12例24膝。对各组病人均行股骨颈、股骨远端、胫骨折、远端的CT检查。得到以TEA为基准的股前倾角、前髁角和后髁角以及膝旋转,同时测量常用的髁角、髌骨倾斜角及胫骨旋转等。结论：发现脱位组后髁角有显著增大,内、外侧付韧带的股骨附着点有异常改变,进而TEA发生外旋。本研究是同类研究中首次使用TEA作为新的标志。使用TEA作为基准线可在股骨髁发生几何变化以前反映出下肢的排列状况。     

Rotational and peak torque stiffness of rugby shoes

ObjectiveSports people always strive to avoid injury. Sports shoe designs in many sports have been shown to affect traction and injury rates. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the differing stiffness and torque in rugby boots that are designed for the same effect.MethodsFive different types of rugby shoes commonly worn by scrum forwards were laboratory tested for rotational stiffness and peak torque on a natural playing surface generating force patterns that would be consistent with a rugby scrum.ResultsThe overall internal rotation peak torque was 57.75 ± 6.26 N m while that of external rotation was 56.55 ± 4.36 N m. The Peak internal and external rotational stiffness were 0.696 ± 0.1 and 0.708 ± 0.06 N m/deg respectively. Our results, when compared to rotational stiffness and peak torques of football shoes published in the literature, show that shoes worn by rugby players exert higher rotational and peak torque stiffness compared to football shoes when tested on the same natural surfaces. There was significant difference between the tested rugby shoes brands.ConclusionIn our opinion, to maximize potential performance and lower the potential of non-contact injury, care should be taken in choosing boots with stiffness appropriate to the players main playing role.     

下肢长骨骨折旋转畸形及治疗

目的　探讨下肢长骨骨折旋转畸形的临床特点及治疗方法。方法　对 2 4例下肢长骨旋转畸形进行旋转截骨手术治疗 ,1 3例骨干截骨同时进行松质骨植骨 ,膝关节融合和踝关节融合各 1例。结果　随访 6个月～ 5年。术前旋转角度 1 5°～ 4 3°,平均 2 5 3°,矫正到术后 0°～ 1 5° ,平均 9 2°。截骨部位骨折均愈合良好 ,骨愈合时间 3～ 1 0个月 ,平均 5 2个月 ,干骺端截骨较原骨折部位截骨固定平均短 8至 1 2周。 6例膝关节痛者 5例矫形后有明显改善 ,1例有轻度改善。 2例臀中肌步态消失 ;步态明显改善 1 6例 ;轻度改善 4例 ;无改善 2例 (关节融合 )。结论　下肢旋转畸形严重影响到髋关节、膝关节的功能 ,对步态有明显的影响 ,治疗骨折时注意预防。旋转截骨手术是有效的解决方法     

In vitro studies on hirudin elimination by haemofiltration: comparison of three high-flux membranes.

BACKGROUND: Recombinant hirudin (r-hirudin) is a highly selective thrombin inhibitor used for anticoagulation in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia type II. R-hirudin is increasingly applied to patients with renal failure and on renal replacement therapy. Since kidney function impairment strongly prolongs r-hirudin elimination half-life, severe accumulation and bleeding complications may occur. Data on the r-hirudin permeability and elimination capacity of different haemofilters are limited. METHODS: Three haemofilter types were investigated: high-flux polysulphone (Fresenius), AN69 (Hospal), and polyamide (Gambro). We used two in vitro haemofiltration models: (i) an open post-dilution haemofiltration model with ultrafiltration and fluid substitution (model 1) simulating hirudin intoxication, and (ii) a closed model with ultrafiltrate reinfusion (model 2) to determine steady-state sieving coefficients (SC). Fresh human heparinized blood (2 IU unfractionated heparin/ml blood) was used. In model 2, SC obtained with human whole blood were compared with isotonic saline. RESULTS: In model 1, r-hirudin levels decreased significantly faster with polysulphone than with AN69 or polyamide (P<0.05). In accordance with this, in model 2 the observed SC in whole blood were 1.11+/-0.28 (polysulphone), 0.61+/-0.15 (AN69) and 0.33+/-0.13 (polyamide), and clearances were 28+/-7 (polysulphone), 15+/-4 (AN69) and 8+/-3 ml/min (polyamide) (P<0.001 for all comparisons). The SC in saline were slightly but significantly lower for polysulphone (0.88+/-0.12), similar for AN69 (0.59+/-0.1), and significantly improved for polyamide (0.83+/-0.1). CONCLUSIONS: Elimination of r-hirudin by haemofiltration strongly depended on the membrane material. Using human blood, we observed large differences between the three high-flux membranes. The saline experiments suggest a membrane-dependent impact of plasma proteins and pH on hirudin sieving. Our findings have implications for r-hirudin dosage in haemofiltration, for treatment of overdosage, and for future in vitro haemofiltration studies.     

Rotational alignment of the lower limb in osteoarthritis of the knee

Summary Rotational alignement of the lower limbs in 43 patients with osteoarthritis of the knee was measured by computerized tomography. Eighty-four limbs were classified in three subsets, patellofemoral osteoarthritis (subset P), medial femorotibial osteoarthritis (subset M) and lateral femorotibial osteoarthritis (subset L). The femorotibial angle of subset M was 5° greater than that of subset P on the average. Femoral torsion of subset P was significantly greater than that of subset M. Femoral torsion in osteoarthritis of the knee was correlated with external tibial torsion and external torsion of the leg, which included both external rotation at the knee and external tibial torision. External torsion of the leg in subset M was less than normal and rotational alignment of subset P was also outside the normal range. Our findings show that the frontal and rotational alignment of the lower limb are aetiological factors in osteoarthritis of the knee.

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Résumé Nous avons mesuré par tomodensitographie l'alignement en rotation des membres inférieurs chez 43 malades atteints de gonarthrose. Les quatre-vingt-quatre membres ont été classés en trois sous-groupes: arthrose fémoro-patellaire (sous-groupe P), arthrose fémoro-tibiale interne (sous-groupe M) et arthrose fémoro-tibiale externe (sous-groupe L). L'angle fémoro-tibial du sous-groupe M était supérieur de 5° en moyenne à celui du sous-groupe P. La torsion fémorale du sous-groupe P était significativement plus importante que celle du sous-groupe M. La torsion fémorale dans la gonarthrose a été corrélée à la torsion tibiale externe et à la torsion externe de la jambe qui associe la rotation externe du genou et la torsion tibiale externe. La torsion externe de la jambe dans le sous-groupe M était inférieure à la normale et l'alignement en rotation du sous-groupe P était également en dehors des limites de la normale. Nos résultats montrent que l'alignement frontal et l'alignement en rotation du membre inférieur jouent un rôle dans l'étiologie de la gonarthrose.

     

管床评分表在责任制护理实施中的应用

目的探讨管床评分表在责任制护理实施中的应用效果。方法在开展优质护理服务示范病房活动中实施管床责任制护理,应用自制的管床评分表对责任护士进行评分并纳入绩效考核。结果应用管床评分表后患者对护理服务满意率、医生满意率、护士对患者十知道掌握情况较应用前显著提高(均P<0.01)。结论管床评分表具有导向作用,有助于指导责任护士开展责任制护理,同时纳入绩效管理,增强了护士责任心和积极性,从而提高护理质量和患者满意度。     

Factor Xa-activated whole blood clotting time (Xa-ACT) for bedside monitoring of dalteparin anticoagulation during haemodialysis.

BACKGROUND: Low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) like dalteparin are increasingly used for anticoagulation during haemodialysis (HD). The available laboratory tests for monitoring LMWH anticoagulation are time-consuming and expensive, and the suitability of the conventional activated clotting time (ACT) is controversial. A simple and cheap bedside test would be useful. METHODS: We studied the factor Xa-activated whole blood clotting time (Xa-ACT) in vitro and in vivo in nine patients undergoing chronic HD with i.v. dalteparin bolus anticoagulation and compared it with the conventional ACT. Plasma anti-factor Xa (antiXa) activity was determined with a chromogenic assay. Thrombin-antithrombin complexes were measured to detect coagulation activation. RESULTS: Xa-ACT and ACT were prolonged with rising dalteparin concentration. In vitro, both clotting times were strongly correlated with the antiXa levels (r = 0.94 and 0.89, respectively). Nevertheless, compared with the ACT, the Xa-ACT was considerably more sensitive to the LMWH in vitro (healthy blood: Xa-ACT 90 s/U vs ACT 26 s/U; uraemic blood: Xa-ACT 96 s/U vs ACT 31 s/U) as well as in vivo (Xa-ACT 81 s/U vs ACT 22 s/U) and reflected different intensities of anticoagulation. An initial dalteparin bolus of 80+/-11 U/kg body weight was able to prevent coagulation activation for up to 4 h of HD. CONCLUSION: For monitoring LMWH anticoagulation the Xa-ACT was superior to the conventional ACT in vitro as well as in vivo during HD. The Xa-ACT can be useful as a LMWH bedside test. The ACT was not sensitive enough to serve as a LMWH monitoring tool.     

Practical issues of hemodynamic monitoring at the bedside

The hemodynamic monitoring of a surgical patient acquires a major relevance in high-risk patients and those suffering from surgical diseases associated with hemodynamic instability, such as hemorrhagic or septic shock. This article reviews the fundamental physiologic principles needed to understand hemodynamic monitoring at the bedside. Monitoring defines stability, instability, and response to therapy. The major hemodynamic parameters measured and derived from invasive hemodynamic monitoring, such as arterial, central venous, and pulmonary catheterization, are discussed, as are its clinical indications, benefits, and complications. The current clinical data relevant to hemodynamic monitoring are reviewed and discussed.     

Rotational acetabular osteotomy with a resection of the lateral edge of the acetabulum for the treatment of advanced coxarthrosis

Introduction We compared the functional and radiological results of a rotational acetabular osteotomy (RAO) with and without a resection of the lateral edge of the acetabulum. The purpose of the resection was to obtain good joint congruency. Materials and methods RAO was performed on 71 hips to treat advanced coxarthrosis caused by acetabular dysplasia. RAO without a resection (non-resection group) was performed in 54 patients (57 hips) with a median age of 43.1 years. The remaining 14 patients (14 hips), who had a median age of 44.6 years, received RAO with a resection of the lateral edge of the acetabulum (resection group). Results The average postoperative total hip joint score was better than the average preoperative score in the non-resection group (P < 0.001), but not in the resection group. In the resection group, all hips displayed progressive osteoarthritic change and ten hips had chondrolysis of the hip joint and a collapse of the transferred acetabulum within 3 years. In the non-resection group, 15 hips showed progressive osteoarthritic change, 24 hips had no change, and 18 hips showed a decrease in the osteoarthritic stage. Conclusion Our findings demonstrated that resection of the lateral edge of the acetabulum is not a useful adjunct to the RAO procedure for the treatment of advanced coxarthrosis. No benefits in any form have been received or will be received from a commercial party related to the subject of this article.     

失效模式与效应分析在床边监护仪报警管理的应用

目的降低床边监护仪使用过程中的潜在风险,提高护理质量,确保患者安全。方法对5个监护病区60张床位的床边监护仪报警管理,运用失效模式与效应分析(FMEA)对使用流程进行分析,查找每个环节中可能存在的风险,针对操作流程、规范培训、质量监管等关键环节实施改进措施。结果实施FMEA管理后,床边监护仪报警管理质量检查结果、护士监护仪使用相关知识掌握评分与实施前比较,差异有统计学意义(均P0.01)。结论对床边监护仪报警运用FMEA管理,能降低床边监护仪不报警的风险,保障患者安全。     

Rotational acetabular osteotomy for acetabular dysplasia of the hip with a giant acetabular bone cyst: a case report

In acetabular dysplasia of the hip joint accompanied by a giant acetabular bone cyst, rotational acetabular osteotomy may cause serious complications, such as bone necrosis after surgery or fracture of the fragile acetabulum during the operation. In a patient with this condition, we performed a two-stage operation: first, autogenous bone grafting supplemented with hydroxyapatite filling, then rotational acetabular osteotomy (after new bone formation had been assured). Radiographs and CT scans showed favorable fusion of the grafted bone. Some 18 months after the second operation, arthrograms showed no inflow of contrast medium from the articular cavity into the bone cyst region, although this had been observed before treatment. Thus, an effective remodeling of bony congruency was indicated in the mobile acetabulum 5 years after the second operation. This two-stage operation appears to be useful for correcting acetabular dysplasia accompanied by a giant bone cyst and to carry a reduced risk of serious complications, such as deterioration of the articular surface of the acetabulum or necrosis of the translocated acetabulum.