左侧隐匿性房室旁道伴3相、4相阻滞射频消融一例

患者,男,45岁,因"阵发性心悸、胸闷6年"入院,入院诊断为阵发性室上性心动过速(室上速)。心内电生理检查示心室S1S1500～600 ms刺激时显示室房分离,当心室起搏间期减至400～310 ms时,室房传导恢复为1∶1,当进一步减小心室起搏间期至300 ms时,室房偏心性传导呈2∶1形式,提示左侧隐匿性房室旁道伴3相、4相阻滞。采用激动标测行射频消融成功,分级递增心室刺激室房分离。     

快频率依赖性室房逆传左侧隐匿性房室旁道参与的心动过速及射频导管消融

目的探讨快频率依赖性室房逆传特性左侧隐匿性房室旁道的电生理特点及射频消融。方法对8例心电图显示窄QRS波群心动过速的患者行电生理检查,分析房室、室房传导情况、心动过速特点、旁道定位,并行射频消融。结果8例患者均证实存在快频率依赖性室房逆传特性左侧隐匿性旁道,在较慢频率起搏右心室时旁道逆传发生阻滞,而以中等频率起搏时表现为间断旁道逆传,较快频率起搏时才表现为旁道1：1传导且均诱发了房室折返性心动过速,于快频率心室刺激下标测消融靶点,消融均获成功。结论左侧隐匿性房室旁道有时可发生快频率依赖性室房逆传现象,并伴发房室折返性心动过速,在射频消融中需注意分辨,以免漏诊。     

房室多旁道的电生理特征及其射频消融治疗

目的 探讨房室多旁道的电生理特点及射频消融方法。方法 23例患者经电生理检查确定房室多旁道，应用心房和心室刺激诱发室上速，确定每条旁道的电生理特征及与心动过速的关系，按照标测部位对相关旁道逐步消融，以射频消融成功确定旁道位置。结果 23例中检出旁道49条，其中三条旁道3例；左侧多旁道12例，右侧多旁道2例，双侧多旁道9例；左侧多旁道以隐匿性为主；右侧多旁道多为显性；未见心动过速时右侧旁道前传而同侧旁道逆传现象。结论 多旁道患者应首先确定和消融与心动过速相关旁道；左侧多旁道应以诱发心动过速或快速心室起搏方法标测；右侧多旁道应同步描记12导联体表心电图，旁道消融成功可能仅见于QRS波的变化，双侧多旁道应首先消融左侧旁道。     

心房起搏时PR与RR间期比值对阵发性室上性心动过 …

为探讨快速心房起搏最短１：１房室传导时最大ＰＲ间期与ＲＲ间期比值在鉴别阵发生室上性心动过速中的意义，分析比较了２０例房室结折返性心动过速，和２０例房室折返性心动过速患者消融前，后快速心房起搏时最短１：１房屋传导的ＰＲｍａｘ／ＲＲ。ＡＶＮＲＴ组消融前，后心房快速起搏时最短１：１房室传导的ＰＲｍａｘ／ＲＲdisplay structure     

心室拖带中的室性融合波逆传心房对隐匿性间隔旁诊断价值的研究

目的探讨能够快速、准确鉴别室房传导途径的简便方法。方法选择射频消融(RFCA)的阵发性室上性心动过速(PSVT)患者共55例,55例患者在心动过速发作时,心内膜标测心房逆传激动顺序均为向心性分布,诱发心动过速后,以快于心动过速10～20次/min的频率起搏心室(RV)、观察心室被起搏刺激完全夺获之前的心室融合波是否伴有心房激动的提前或延迟,若有可诊断为间隔旁道逆传参与的房性折返性心动过速(AVRT),若无即可排除AVRT。结果心室拖带中室性融合波发生心房逆传,诊断间隔旁道参与的AVRT的敏感性为85.71%,特异性为91.89%,阳性预测值为100%,阴性预测值为91.89%,临床准确性为94.55%。结论心室拖带中室性融合波逆传心房是一种诊断间隔旁道参与的AVRT的重要方法,而且简便快捷、准确性高,值得临床推广应用。     

双旁道伴5种室上性心动过速1例

患者男,41岁。因阵发性心悸7年入院。体检、X线胸片及心脏彩色多普勒超声检查均未发现器质性心脏病证据。心电图示B型预激综合征。根据6波极性旁道定位于右侧后游离壁。心内电生理检查:窦性心律时,心室激动顺序为希氏束→冠状窦口→冠状窦远端(图1左),提示右侧显性旁道。射频消融前,右心室或右心房程控刺激可诱发4种不同类型的室上性心动过速(图1右、图2左右及图3左)。图1右、图2的逆行心房激动顺序为冠状窦远端→冠状窦口→希氏束是→高位右心房。图3左侧最早的逆行心房激动也位于冠状窦远端,提示存在左侧隐匿性附加径路。消融左侧隐匿性附加径路过程中心动过速并不终止,而是由一种窄QRS心动过速转变成另一种频率相同但逆行心房激动顺序不同的窄QRS心动过速(图3右)。消融右侧旁道后,反复右心房及右心室程控刺激均未诱发室上速,快速心室起搏呈室房分离。电生理诊断:左侧隐匿性旁道、右侧显性旁道伴5种室上性心动过速。     

房室慢旁道的电生理表现及射频消融治疗

报道射频导管消融（ＲＦＣＡ）治疗慢旁道参与的房室折返性心动过速患者１１例。电生理检查和静脉注射ＡＴＰ（７例）试验发现：①增频刺激右室心尖部时，ＶＡ文氏点为１８３．２±２２．６（１６０～２３０）ｂｐｍ，达１１室房传导的最高刺激频率时最早心房激动部位的室房传导时间较基础频率刺激时最早心房激动部位的室房传导时间（ＢＶＡＥ）延长６８．８±２９．８（４６～１０９）ｍｓ，Ｐ＜０．０１。心室程控刺激时旁道阻滞前最早心房激动部位的室房传导时间较ＢＶＡＥ延长１０７．６±４１．８ｍｓ，Ｐ＜０．０１，表明慢旁道传导表现为传导速度慢以及出现频率依赖性递减传导和文氏阻滞。②连续心室刺激时静脉注射ＡＴＰ７例中有５例于注射后２０．６±２．０（１８～２３）ｓ出现完全性室房阻滞，另２例室房传导时间逐渐延长。提示ＡＴＰ可使慢旁道的室房传导发生阻滞或传导时间延长。③心动过速时逆传激动顺序异常，与Ｈ波同步刺激心室均能夺获心房。④ＲＦＣＡ可成功阻断慢旁道，有效靶点的室房传导时间为１３３．６±２１．１（１２８～１６０）ｍｓ，Ａ波超前最早参照点为２６．４±８．４（２０～４０）ｍｓ，有效靶点逆传房波前有旁道电位。结论：上述结果提示慢旁道的电生理特点和     

经房室结双径路1:2传导引起的一种新型室上性心动过速

目的 报告一种新型的室上性心动过速；方法 总结该心动过速的电生理特点及射频消融治疗方法；结果 该型室上速的发生机制是窦性激动连续经房室结1：2下传激动心室，导致心室率经常是心房率的两倍，心动过速呈无休止性发作，并引起心动过速性心肌病。结论 这种心动过速可以经心内电生理检查确诊并通过射频消融改良房室结而根治。     

持续交界性心动过速的电生理特点和射频消蚀治疗

报道５例持续交界性心动过速（ＳＪＲＴ）的电生理特点和射频消蚀（ＲＦＣＡ）治疗。结果表明，５例患者的室房传导和心动过速的逆传支为具有递减传导性能的隐匿性房室旁路（ＡＰ）。电生理特点为：（１）心室刺激与心动过速的逆传心房顺序相同；（２）右室间隔上部刺激的室房传导时间明显短于右室尖部刺激；（３）心动过速时于Ｈ波同步刺激心室可逆传至心房且使之提前激动；（４）４例ＲＦＣＡ成功阻断ＡＰ，３例ＡＰ位于右后隔区，     

不典型房室结折返性心动过速与房室折返性心动过速的电生理鉴别

房室结折返性心动过速(AVNRT)与房室折返性心动过速(AVRT)的鉴别有时较困难,尤其是不典型AVNRT与间隔旁道参与的AVRT鉴别,不典型AVNRT在心动过速发生时最早心房激动位于后间隔区域,与后间隔旁道引起的AVRT相似。通常检测房室结双径路的电生理方法仅能鉴别63%的不典型AVNRT。该文介绍了两者的主要电生理鉴别方法,包括希氏束旁起搏、在希氏束不应期给予心室期前程序刺激、心室或希氏束旁起搏后间期与心动过速周长之差(PPI-TCL)和刺激信号至心房波减去室房(SA-VA)间期的区别、校正的心室PPI-TCL和VA间期、心动过速时VA分离现象及TCL行心室起搏时的VA间期与心动过速时的VA间期之差等9种方法。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.