闭塞性毛细支气管炎7例临床分析

目的 了解小儿闭塞性毛细支气管炎(BO)的临床特点.方法 回顾性分析2005年9月至2008年5月吉林大学第一医院临床诊断为BO的7例惠儿的临床表现、X线胸片及高分辨CT(HRCT)、肺功能检查、治疗及随访.结果 7例均表现为呼吸道感染后慢性咳嗽、喘息、气促,2例病程6周以上,其余5例病程均在8～16周以上.查体均有呼吸急促,双肺闻及湿哆音、喘鸣音.X线胸片7例均有过度通气,2例有斑片状影,2例呈毛玻璃样改变.HRCT:斑片影7例,Mosaic灌注6例,支气管壁增厚2例,支气管扩张2例,肺不张1例.肺功能均为阻塞性通气功能障碍.血气分析显示不同程度的低氧血症.3例行纤维支气管镜检查无特异性.7例惠儿均口服糖皮质激素治疗,3例配合应用吸入激素(普米克令舒).4例随访3～12个月,其中2例病情有改善,呼吸急促及运动不耐受明显减轻,肺内啰音明显减少或消失,肺CT有所改善;2例仍有活动后气促,肺CT无明显改善.结论 BO肺功能为不可逆性阻塞性通气功能障碍.BO的诊断主要依据典型的临床表现、肺部HRCT和肺功能检查.     

儿童支气管扩张症172例临床研究

目的 探讨儿童支气管扩张症临床表现、 影像学及肺功能方面特点, 分析病因构成, 了解疾病预后。方法 回顾性总结 172 例支气管扩张症患儿的临床表现、 影像学、 肺功能特点及病因, 对部分患儿进行随访。结果 支气管扩张症患儿临床主要表现为咳嗽、咯痰、生长发育受限、杵状指等。胸部X线诊断支气管扩张症的检出阳性率（4.42%）显著低于高分辨率CT（HRCT）的100%。存在免疫缺陷、闭塞性细支气管炎及原发性纤毛运动障碍的患儿在HRCT中弥漫性支气管扩张较其他病因更显著（P＜0.05）。76.92%的患儿肺功能异常。65.70%的患儿可以发现潜在病因,以肺部感染（31.40%）为主。门诊随访患儿FEV1%随病程的延长以每年1.28%的速度下降。其中1例临床症状、HRCT、肺功能均有好转。结论 儿童支气管扩张症临床表现没有明显特异性。大部分患儿可以发现潜在病因,以肺部感染最为常见。对于临床怀疑支气管扩张症的患儿应尽早进行HRCT检查,积极寻找潜在病因。支气管扩张症患儿的肺功能可随着病程的进展缓慢下降。部分患儿在临床症状、HRCT及肺功能上可有好转。     

闭塞性细支气管炎7例

目的分析小儿闭塞性细支气管炎(BO)的临床特点。方法回顾性分析本院呼吸科2004年10月-2009年9月诊断为BO的7例患儿的临床表现、胸部X线及高分辨率CT(HRCT)、病原学、肺功能及治疗和转归等。结果 7例患儿均表现为呼吸道感染后慢性咳喘、气促。病程1.5个月～7 a。查体:双肺均可闻及湿性啰音或喘鸣音。X线胸片:双肺纹理增粗或肺炎表现。肺部HRCT均呈现Mosaic灌注征,其中支气管扩张1例。肺功能:5例均为阻塞性通气功能障碍,舒张试验阴性。病原学:5例发病前患麻疹肺炎,1例患肺炎支原体肺炎,1例患肺炎腺病毒肺炎并真菌感染。支气管镜:2例无特殊表现。治疗及转归:1例有明显支气管扩张放弃治疗,1例因治疗过程中出现支气管扩张而放弃治疗,余5例患儿用激素或加服小剂量阿奇霉素,病情均有好转。结论BO的临床表现以慢性咳嗽、喘息为特点,肺部HRCT呈现特异的Mosaic灌注征,肺炎支原体、腺病毒尤其是麻疹病毒感染后可继发BO,肺功能为阻塞性通气功能障碍。BO的诊断主要依据典型的临床表现、肺部HRCT和肺功能检查。     

儿童系统性红斑狼疮伴肺间质病变的临床特征

目的了解儿童系统性红斑狼疮伴肺间质病变（SLE-ILD）的发生情况、特征。方法系统性红斑狼疮（SLE）患儿52例进行胸部X线和肺高分辨率CT（HRCT）检查,由2名以上放射科医师阅片,描述影像表现性质、程度。同时结合临床表现、血清学检查进行相关因素分析。结果SLE患儿出现ILD占26.9%,肺HRCT在发现SLE-ILD病变时优于普通胸片;根据患儿的临床表现、胸片、肺HRCT等,可将SLE-ILD患儿分为临床前期型12例（85.7%）,急性肺泡炎型2例（14.3%）,未发现有慢性ILD病变型病例;SLE-ILD患儿并浆膜炎发生率明显升高,而并肾损害发生率却明显降低（P〈0.05）;SLE-ILD患儿抗SSA抗体的阳性率明显高于无ILD组（P〈0.05）。结论儿童SLE-ILD的发生在儿童中并不少见,SLE-ILD更易出现在并浆膜炎、无肾损害及抗SSA抗体阳性患儿。肺HRCT对发现早期肺间质病变有诊断意义,对SLE-ILD患儿进行临床分型对预后判断和指导治疗有重要的价值。     

儿童气管性支气管诊断、分类和气道管理的临床研究

目的探讨儿童气管性支气管的诊断、分类和气道管理。方法对住院临床有喘息的9例患儿进行了胸部CT气道三维重建检查，其中5例进行了纤维支气管镜检查。结果胸部CT气道三维重建9例中发现7例存在气管性支气管，纤维支气管镜检查5例全部发现存在气管性支气管，包括2例胸部CT气道三维重建结果阴性的患儿。同时还发现了伴有的其他气道异常，包括气管或支气管狭窄、会厌软化和声门麻痹。结论儿童气管性支气管的发现带有偶然性，支气管镜检查是诊断的“金标准”。若同时伴有先天性心脏病，应加强监护，早期手术根治可提高存活率。在对有气管性支气管的患儿进行气管插管和单肺通气时，应加强气道管理。     

儿童支气管结核的临床特征

目的：探讨儿儿童支气管结核的临床特征与检查结果的特点。方法：回顾性分析31例儿童支气管结核临床表现，X线检查，支气管镜检查及实验室检查结果。结果：学龄前儿童发病多见；临床表现多为发热伴咳嗽，咯血少见，胸部X线检查均有阳性病变如肺不张，肺实变；支气管镜检查所见以支气管外压迫，肉芽组织增生及非特异性炎症为主，预后则以支气管外压迫和非特异性炎症类型较好。结论：儿童支气管结核临床特征不完全与成人相同。纤维支气管镜检查是确诊的重要手段之一，其分型与预后有关。     

纤维支气管镜结合多层螺旋CT检查对无脾综合征伴双侧气管性支气管的评估作用

目的使用多层计算机断层扫描(MSCT)和纤维支气管镜对8例双侧气管性支气管病例进行评估。方法在接受纤维支气管镜检查的1 382例患儿中有8例诊断为双侧气管性支气管,对此8例同时进行MSCT检查。结果 7例患儿内镜及MSCT均诊断为双侧气管性支气管,另1例患儿胸部CT加三维气道重建提示右侧气管性支气管,伴右上肺不张,经支气管镜检查并清理阻塞物后提示为双侧气管性支气管。该8例儿童均诊断为无脾综合征。结论纤维支气管镜结合MSCT检查对无脾综合征合并双侧气管性支气管病变的诊断具有较好的价值,并为复杂心血管畸形纠治中的气道管理提供了保障。     

儿童特发性间质性肺炎6例临床分析

目的分析6例儿童特发性间质性肺炎(IIP)的临床特点和预后转归。方法回顾性分析2015年1月至2020年3月在南京医科大学附属儿童医院住院的6例IIP患儿的临床表现、辅助检查、治疗方法以及预后转归等信息。结果 6例患儿中男2例、女4例, 起病年龄4.8～10.6岁。6例患儿均为亚急性起病, 症状均为咳嗽、气促伴发绀。6例患儿肺高分辨CT(HRCT)均为两肺弥漫性片絮影, 其中2例伴有网格状影。5例患儿的肺功能为中至重度混合性通气功能障碍。4例患儿行肺活检病理检查。6例患儿的治疗药物均为全身糖皮质激素, 其中2例联合吸入糖皮质激素。4例患儿为隐源性机化性肺炎(COP), 其肺HRCT恢复正常的时间为1～11个月。2例患儿为非特异性间质性肺炎(NSIP), 其肺HRCT残留纤维化病灶, 有剧烈运动不耐受。6例患儿停用全身激素后随访1年至6年5个月, 均无复发。结论儿童IIP的临床特点为亚急性起病, 以咳嗽、气促伴发绀为症状, 肺HRCT示两肺弥漫性片絮影, 常见类型为COP和NSIP。儿童IIP全身糖皮质激素治疗有效, 总体预后良好。     

儿童疑难支气管结核12例

目的 探讨儿童疑难支气管结核(EBTB)的临床特征及支气管镜对其诊断和治疗的价值.方法 收集2008年1月至2011年12月重庆医科大学附属儿童医院收治的12例疑难EBTB患儿病史、临床表现、实验室检查、影像学及支气管镜检查等资料.其中12例患儿行纤维支气管镜术及灌洗术以辅助诊断,4例行支气管内膜病理活检.分析12例患儿临床及支气管镜特征.结果 12例患儿临床症状多样,主要为咳嗽(11例,91.7％),发热(7例,58.3％),另外还有喘息(3例,25.0％)、活动后气促(2例,16.7％)等表现,咯血少见(1例,8.3％);影像学表现主要为肺门和(或)纵隔淋巴结大(10例,83.3％),出现阻塞性肺气肿、肺不张5例(占41.7％),其发生率较其他类型肺结核高;纤维支气管镜示肉芽组织及赘生物阻塞7例(58.3％),干酪样坏死4例(33.3％),管外压迫4例(33.3％),开口狭窄2例(16.7％);其中病变位于右肺8例(66.7％),左肺4例(33.3％).灌洗液结核菌培养阳性6例(50.0％),4例经支气管镜行内膜活检确诊,2例纤维支气管镜检查后胃液涂片找到结核菌.结论 儿童疑难EBTB临床表现多样,支气管镜直观检查、肺泡灌洗术、内膜病理活检对其诊断及病理分型均有重要作用.     

儿童原发性支气管非霍奇金淋巴瘤误诊为肺结核1例

儿童原发性支气管非霍奇金淋巴瘤罕见，该文报告1例误诊为原发性肺结核的支气管淋巴瘤患儿。1例10岁男性患儿因间断发热伴咳嗽40余天于2020年2月17日收入院。患儿有肺结核密切接触史，结核菌素试验（PPD）阴性，肺CT示纵隔及右肺门淋巴结肿大，临床诊断原发性肺结核。给予抗结核治疗后症状无好转，且出现喘息及呼吸困难。纤维支气管镜检查示右中叶开口可见团块状肿物阻塞，经支气管黏膜活检确诊间变性淋巴瘤激酶（ALK）阳性间变性大细胞淋巴瘤，无胸外器官受累。经规范化疗，患儿症状消失，肺部影像学恢复正常。提示对PPD阴性的纵隔/肺门淋巴结肿大的患儿，应及时行支气管镜检查及组织活检。     

儿童间质性肺病的遗传学诊断

儿童间质性肺病(chILD)是一组少见、分类复杂、高度异质性疾病,其特点主要为肺弥漫性浸润、限制性通气和换气功能障碍。儿童间质性肺病的诊断需要结合年龄、临床表现、胸部高分辨率计算机断层扫描(HRCT)、支气管镜和遗传学检测综合分析得出,尤其是在遗传学检测迅猛发展的当下,支气管镜、胸腔镜、开胸肺组织活检将不再作为其主要诊断手段。文章就儿童间质性肺病的遗传学诊断进行详细阐述。     

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis due to cotton dust in Indian children

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is a disease of peripheral gas exchanging part of the lung resulting from sensitisation to wide variety of materials. Eight children were diagnosed to have hyper sensitivity pneumonitis in a group of 107 children who have been referred as bronchial asthmatics. Diagnosis was established by clinical criteria, skin testing, X-ray chest, presence of precipitins in the serum, pulmonary function studies and open lung biopsy.     

Pediatric interstitial lung disease

This study was done to ascertain the symptomatology, clinical features and investigations pertaining to interstitial lung diseases (ILD) in children. The medical records of 16 children admitted over a 4-year period from June 2000 to May 2004 with progressive cough, dyspnea, and chest X-ray/High Resolution Computerized Tomography (HRCT) abnormalities suggesting ILD were retrospectively evaluated. Clinical findings, investigations, chest skiagrams, HRCT, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and lung biopsy reports were analyzed. An acute presentation of symptoms was seen in 4 cases (25%). Velcro crackles were the commonest clinical finding, present in 15 cases (93.8%). Serial X-rays revealed findings suggestive of ILD in 12 cases (75%) and HRCT was diagnostic in 13 cases (86.6%). Spirometry done in 5 cases showed a restrictive ventilatory defect, BAL analysis done in 8 cases demonstrated increased neutrophils and lung biopsy done in 5 cases was consistent with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Mean survival duration of 2 years and 7 months after initial diagnosis was observed.     

小儿急性间质性肺炎三例并文献复习

目的 提高对小儿急性间质性肺炎的认识.方法 3例急性间质性肺炎均为首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院2008年3月至2009年11月收治的病例,女1例(例1,2岁),男2例(例2,10岁;例3,1岁4个月).分析其病史、发病后临床特点、血气、肺功能、肺高分辨CT、病原学、自身抗体和抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体的测定以及肺组织病理.结...     

闭塞性支气管炎二例及文献复习

目的 探讨儿童闭塞性支气管炎的临床诊断与治疗.方法 总结2例闭塞性支气管炎患儿的临床表现和影像学特点,并复习相关文献.结果 2例患儿临床表现为咳嗽、咯痰以及活动后气喘.患侧肺部可闻及管状呼吸音.肺部影像学显示大气道通畅,患侧总支气管扩张、扭曲,呈支气管空气征.2例肺炎支原体抗体阳性.根据临床和影像表现以及闭塞性支气管炎的诊断依据,确诊为闭塞性支气管炎.给予小剂量红霉素[5 mg/(kg·d)]口服、吸入用布地奈德混悬液雾化吸入、多次电子支气管镜灌洗治疗后,随访例1患儿右肺复张较明显,例2影像学无明显改善.结论 对以肺不张就诊的患儿,要注意闭塞性支气管炎的可能性.影像学特征具有诊断意义.治疗首先建议保守治疗,必要时行肺叶切除术.     

弥漫性泛细支气管炎一例及文献综述

目的探讨儿童弥漫性泛细支气管炎的诊断和治疗。方法总结1例弥漫性泛细支气管炎患儿的临床、影像学表现以及病理改变,并复习相关文献。结果患儿临床表现为长期咳嗽、咯痰伴喘息,逐渐出现呼吸困难。双肺闻及较多细湿哕音及喘鸣音,杵状指可疑。胸部X线片：两肺透光度增强,左下肺见多发结节及网状影。胸部高分辨CT：两肺广泛分布小叶中心性细小结节影,左下肺局部小支气管壁增厚,双下叶和右中叶少许支气管轻微扩张。副鼻窦科瓦位提示副鼻窦炎。支气管镜肺活检病理提示支气管上皮破坏,管壁可见大量淋巴细胞、少量泡沫状组织细胞、中性粒细胞浸润,有淋巴滤泡形成,周围肺泡壁有少许淋巴细胞、组织细胞浸润,肺泡壁组织增生不明显,偶见局部纤维化并突入肺泡腔。常规肺功能提示混合性通气功能障碍,支气管舒张试验阳性。PaO2 65mm Hg。根据临床、影像表现、病理改变以及目前弥漫性泛细支气管炎的诊断标准,确诊为弥漫性泛细支气管炎。给予小剂量红霉素[5～10mg／（kg·d）]治疗,患儿病情明显好转。结论弥漫性泛细支气管炎可发生于中国儿童。主要诊断依据为慢性咳嗽、咯痰伴喘息,胸部CT表现为两肺弥漫性分布的小结节影,为细支气管中心性或小叶中心性,伴有副鼻窦炎。小剂量红霉素治疗可控制病情。     

经支气管镜介入治疗儿童原发性气道肿瘤八例分析

目的了解儿童气道肿瘤经支气管镜介入治疗的可行性。方法对2016年11月至2018年3月在首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院住院经支气管镜介入治疗的8例原发性气道肿瘤患儿的临床表现、介入治疗结果和预后情况进行回顾性分析。结果8例原发性气道肿瘤患儿中,男5例、女3例,年龄4岁8月龄至9岁2月龄。临床表现主要为咳嗽伴喘息6例、咯血3例和反复肺部感染2例,均无淋巴结转移及肺外转移。8例患儿均经支气管镜介入肿瘤切除,对4例富含血流的肿瘤患儿支气管镜介入治疗术前行肿瘤供血处支气管动脉栓塞术。术中及术后未发生大出血、气胸等并发症。4例为低度恶性支气管黏液表皮样癌,2例为炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤,1例为多形性腺瘤,1例为支气管平滑肌梭形细胞瘤。术后随访2~4年,复发3例,其中2例炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤患儿中,1例因病灶位置深行外科切肺治疗,1例联合化疗治疗后病灶稳定;1例黏液表皮样癌介入冷冻治疗后随访中。结论儿童气道肿瘤临床表现不典型,主要有干咳、喘息、反复肺部感染和咯血等症状。经支气管镜下介入治疗儿童气道内良性和低度恶性肿瘤,是一种可行的选择。     

Chest imaging findings of chronic respiratory disease in HIV-infected adolescents on combined anti retro viral therapy

Early treatment with combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has improved survival of children perinatally infected with HIV into adolescence. This population is at risk of long term complications related to HIV infection, particularly chronic respiratory disease. Limited data on chest imaging findings in HIV-infected adolescents, suggest that the predominant disease is of small and large airways: predominantly bronchiolitis obliterans or bronchiectasis. Single cases of emphysema have been reported. Lung fibrosis, lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis, post tuberculous apical fibrocystic changes and malignancies do not feature in this population. Chest radiograph (CXR) is easily accessible and widely used, especially in resource limited settings, such as sub Saharan Africa, where the greatest burden of HIV disease occurs. Lung ultrasound has been described for the diagnosis of pneumonia in children, pulmonary oedema and interstitial lung disease [1], [2], [3]. The use of this modality in chronic respiratory disease in adolescents where the predominant finding is small airway disease and bronchiectasis has however not been described. CXR is useful to evaluate structural/post infective changes, parenchymal opacification and nodules, hyperinflation or extensive bronchiectasis. CXR however, is inadequate for diagnosing small airway disease, for which high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) is the modality of choice. Where available, low dose HRCT should be used early in the course of symptomatic disease in adolescents and for follow up in children who are non responsive to treatment or clinically deteriorating.This article provides a pictorial review of the spectrum of CXR and HRCT imaging findings of chronic pulmonary disease in perinatally HIV-infected adolescents on cART and guidelines for imaging.     

Post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans: clinical, radiological and pulmonary function sequelae

Background. There are few data on clinical, chest radiograph (CXR) or pulmonary function sequelae in children with post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) (pulmonary crepitations, abnormalities on CXR, CT, nuclear medicine scans, or bronchography, with a history of past pulmonary infection and in the absence of other underlying pathology). Objective. To analyse the methodology of diagnosis, long-term clinical imaging and pulmonary function sequelae of post-infectious BO in children. Materials and methods. Imaging (CXRs, CT and nuclear lung scans) and clinical histories of 19 children were analysed. Results. Clinical follow-up (mean 6.8 years), revealed a high incidence of continuing problems (asthma and bronchiectasis). Fixed airway obstruction was the most common pulmonary function sequela. The sequelae on follow-up (mean 5.8 years) CXR were classified into five patterns which are illustrated: unilateral hyperlucency of an enlarged lung/part of lung; complete collapse of the affected lobe; unilateral hyperlucency of a small or normal-sized lung; bilateral hyperlucent lungs and a mixed pattern of persistent collapse, hyperlucency and peribronchial thickening. Conclusion. Long-term observations in children with post-infectious BO should be undertaken to detect bronchiectasis and obstructive airway disease. Sequelae evident on CXR, other than those previously described, can be found. Bronchography and/or lung biopsy are not usually required for the diagnosis of post-infectious BO. Received: 15 January 1997 Accepted: 23 June 1997     

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??Objective??To evaluate the clinical value of fiberoptic bronchoscopy in diagnosis of active pulmonary tuberculosis. Methods??Clinical data of 5 children with tuberculosis confirmed by fiberoptic bronchoscopy was collected??who were treated in Tianjin Children’s Hospital from Oct. 2013 to Apr. 2016. The clinical features and treatment procedure of the 5 cases were analyzed. Results??The age of the 5 cases??3 male and 2 female?? ranged from 1 to 13 years old with the disease course of 12-35 days. The immune function of the 5 cases were normal. All of the cases were with abrupt onset. 3 cases had fever??2 cases had recurrent cough. Three cases misdiognosed as pneumonia and infant wheezing. One case was misdiagnosed as pulmonary abscess. One case was misdiagnosed as pneumonia. All of the 5 cases denied having tuberculosis contact history and all the patients received regular BCG vaccination. Lesion invased the lung and pleural with 3 cases diagnosed as lung tuberculosis??1 case with secondary left main bronchial stenosis?? and 2 cases as tuberculosis of bronchus. All of the cases received regular anti-tuberculosis treatment and were discharged with the hospitalization of 11 days. The outcome was good. Conclusion??The clinical symptom?? sign and bronchoscopic features were not typical in children with tuberculosis. For children with the symptom of persisting cough who don’t respond to conventional anti infection treatment??fiberoptic bronchoscopy examination is recommended to help make clinical diagnosis.