血型抗原Lewis X免疫组化染色法与尿液脱细胞学对膀胱移行细胞癌的诊断比较

目的：采用多中心临床试验方案,以病理诊断为金标准,比较尿液LewisX抗原免疫组化染色法与尿液脱落细胞学（voided urine cytology,VUC）对膀胱移行细胞癌（TCC）的诊断价值。方法：受试时象为258例因怀疑膀胱癌收住入院的患者以及97例膀胱癌保留膀胱手术后随访患者。尿液脱落细胞标本分别行常规细胞学检查和免疫组化Envision二步法LewisX抗原染色,计数每100个脱落细胞所含阳性染色细胞数目。结果：根据ROC曲线得出最佳阈值为5个阳性细胞／100脱落细胞,此时灵敏度单次试验为82．1％～84．2％,特异性为80．3％～78．9％,2次测定作为平行试验灵敏度为86．8％,特异性为77．0％;灵敏度提高,特异性略有下降。以11个阳性细胞／100脱落细胞为阈值的灵敏度和特异性分别为66．0％和95．4％。VUC的灵敏度和特异性分别为47．6％和94．7％。结论：LewisX抗原灵敏度高于VUC,对低分级、早期肿瘤差别尤其明显。与B型超声结合可以提高灵敏度。     

膀胱移行细胞癌尿液脱落细胞中Livinα的表达及意义

目的:研究膀胱移行细胞癌(BTCC)尿液脱落细胞中Livinα的表达及意义.方法:留取49例BTCC患者、21例其他系统疾病患者和15例正常健康成人的新鲜尿液,离心收集脱落细胞,以逆转录多聚酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测尿液脱落细胞中Livinα的表达,并行尿脱落细胞学检查.结果:49例BTCC患者尿脱落细胞中有40例检测出Livinα表达,而21例其他系统疾病患者和15例正常健康成人的尿脱落细胞中均未检测出Livinα的表达.以RT-PCR 方法检测膀胱癌患者尿液脱落细胞中Livinα的敏感性为81.6%,特异性为100%.尿脱落细胞学检查的敏感性和特异性为16.3%和100%,两种方法之间存在显著性(P<0.05).结论:初步的试验结果显示,RT-PCR法检测膀胱癌患者尿液脱落细胞中Livinα的方法比细胞学检查灵敏度高,可能成为诊断膀胱癌的无创性方法.     

CD15在膀胱癌尿脱落细胞学检测中的应用价值

目的：探讨CD15在膀胱癌尿脱落细胞学诊断中的应用价值。方法：采用EnVision免疫细胞学染色方法，检测52例膀胱尿路上皮癌和16例非肿瘤病人尿脱落细胞标本中CD15的表达情况，并与细胞病理学检测相比较。结果：以5％尿脱落上皮细胞CD15染色阳性为膀胱癌诊断阈值，其敏感性和特异性分别为84．6％和87．5％，敏感性显著高于细胞学检查。结论：尿脱落细胞CD15免疫染色，有助于膀胱尿路上皮癌的诊断。     

尿脱落细胞Lewis X检测诊断膀胱尿路上皮癌的价值

目的探讨Lewis X抗原在膀胱尿路上皮癌非侵袭性诊断中的应用价值.方法采用EnVision免疫细胞化学方法,检测52例膀胱尿路上皮癌和16例非肿瘤患者尿脱落细胞标本中Lewis X抗原的表达情况,并与细胞病理学检测结果相比较.结果尿路上皮癌诊断的敏感性和特异性分别为84.6%和87.5%,其敏感性显著高于细胞病理学.结论尿脱落细胞Lewis X抗原免疫染色,是检测膀胱尿路上皮癌可行的较敏感的非侵袭性方法.     

尿液中尿膀胱癌抗原和钙网蛋白联合检测对原发性膀胱癌的诊断价值

目的评价尿液中尿膀胱癌抗原（UBC）和钙网蛋白（CRT）联合检测对原发性膀胱癌的诊断价值。方法 76例膀胱癌患者、50例泌尿系统良性疾病患者均在膀胱镜检查前留取尿液,用ELISA法进行UBC、CRT定量检测,同时进行尿液中脱落细胞学检测。结果 UBC和CRT诊断膀胱癌的敏感性分别为89.47%和82.89%,高于脱落细胞学的51.32%（P〈0.05）;3种诊断方法对膀胱癌的诊断特异性分别为92.00%、78.00%和94.00%。联合检测UBC和CRT诊断膀胱癌的敏感性和特异性高达94.74%、94.00%。结论尿液中UBC和CRT是早期诊断膀胱癌较好的肿瘤标志物,而两者联合检测能进一步提高诊断效率。     

应用荧光原位杂交技术检测膀胱癌的研究

目的应用荧光原位杂交((fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH)技术检测膀胱癌患者尿液脱落细胞中染色体异常,评估FISH在中国人群中诊断膀胱癌的作用。方法2007年1月至2008年8月,随机留取20例良性前列腺增生症患者的新鲜尿液,用3号和7号、17号及p16位两组混合探针,通过在尿液脱落细胞标本上进行FISH检测,建立正常人群的阈值;其后随机留取30例门诊膀胱镜活检证实的膀胱癌患者的尿液,同时进行尿液脱落细胞的细胞形态学分析及FISH检测,对比检查结果。结果3号、7号和17号染色体非整倍性改变及p16位点异常正常阈值分别为8.5%、7.1%、6.8%和9.2%,FISH与细胞学检查总敏感性分别为76.6%和43.3%(P<0.05)。T_(is)及T_a、T_1患者FISH检测的敏感性分别为80.0%和64.2%,脱落细胞组织学检测显示敏感性分别为40.0%和35.7%;T_(2-3)患者FISH的敏感性为90.9%,而脱落细胞组织学检测为54.7%(P<0.05),低级别尿路上皮癌FISH及细胞学敏感性分别为68.4%和31.6%;高级别分别为90.9%和63.6%。结论与尿液脱落细胞组织学检测相比,对尿液脱落细胞进行FISH检测可以提高膀胱癌的诊断率,FISH可以作为诊断膀胱癌的一种无创伤的新方法。     

端粒酶活性检测在膀胱肿瘤早期诊断中的应用

目的：探讨检测端粒酶活性在膀胱癌早期诊断中的临床意义。方法：采用TRAP-PCR-ELISA法检测32例膀胱癌患者尿液和膀胱冲洗液中脱落细胞、膀胱癌组织、20例正常膀胱组织及14例非膀胱肿瘤患者尿液脱落细胞中端粒酶活性，并行尿脱落细胞学检查。结果：32例膀胱癌患者尿液脱落细胞、膀胱冲洗液脱落细胞、膀胱癌组织中端粒酶活性阳性率分别为65．6％（21／32）、71．9％（23／32）和84．0％（27／32），20例正常膀胱组织端粒酶活性均为阴性，14例非膀胱肿瘤患者尿液中1例端粒酶活性阳性。端粒酶活性阳性表达与肿瘤的分级、分期之间差异无明显相关性（P〉0．05），敏感性明显高于脱落细胞病理学检查。结论：尿液、膀胱冲洗液脱落细胞端粒酶活性测定敏感性较高．可用于膀胱癌的早期诊断。     

尿细胞角蛋白检测与尿脱落细胞学检查在膀胱癌诊断中的价值

目的:探讨尿细胞角蛋白检测与尿脱落细胞学检查在膀胱移行细胞癌诊断中的价值。方法:136例怀疑膀胱癌者,进行尿细胞角蛋白8和18的含量(UBC值)。检测与尿细胞学检查,其中87例经组织学证实为膀胱移行细胞癌。比较两者诊断膀胱癌的敏感性和特异性。结果:尿细胞角蛋白的敏感性为70.1%,特异性为73.3%;尿细胞学的敏感性为42.5%,特异性为83.7%。尿细胞角蛋白在膀胱癌不同分级和分期中的敏感性优于尿细胞学(P<0.05)。结论:尿细胞角蛋白的检测在早期诊断膀胱癌方面优于尿细胞学检查,可作为膀胱癌的早期检测指标。     

尿膀胱肿瘤抗原在膀胱癌诊断中的临床价值及相关性分析

目的分析尿膀胱肿瘤抗原(BTA)在膀胱癌筛查中的临床应用价值及影响因素。方法回顾性分析76例膀胱癌和42例泌尿系统良性疾病患者的临床资料,采用酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)检测尿液BTA浓度和尿脱落细胞阳性表达情况。采用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)确定截断点、灵敏度、特异度和曲线下面积(AUC),采用秩和检验比较BTA和尿脱落细胞学检查的AUC差异;相关性分析采用Spearman相关分析。结果 BTA检测的最佳截断点为91.74 ng/ml,且AUC明显大于尿脱落细胞学检查(P﹤0.01)。膀胱癌患者尿液中BTA含量明显高于良性疾病组患者(P﹤0.01)。BTA检测的灵敏度为89.47%(68/76),明显高于尿脱落细胞学检查的38.16%(P﹤0.01)。BTA阳性检测结果与血尿浓度、TNM分期、WHO病理组织学分级呈正相关(P﹤0.05),尿脱落细胞学检查结果仅与膀胱癌患者TNM分期呈正相关(P﹤0.05)。结论尿BTA检查灵敏度和特异度较高,可用于膀胱癌早期无创性筛查。     

膀胱移行细胞癌的分子细胞遗传学研究

目的　分析膀胱移行细胞癌的染色体畸变。方法　采用 7,9,11,17号染色体着丝粒探针对 34例膀胱移行细胞癌患者尿液、30例膀胱冲洗液的脱落细胞核进行荧光原位杂交 (fluorescenceinsituhybridization ,FISH )研究 ,并同时做了细胞学检查。结果　 (1)膀胱癌患者尿液脱落细胞核中 7,9,11,17号染色体数目畸变阳性率分别为 2 3.5 %、38.2 %、14.7%和 11.8% ;冲洗液中各号染色体畸变阳性率分别为 30 .0 %、5 0 .0 %、2 6 .7%和 16 .7%。其中 9号染色体畸变率较高 ,但与膀胱癌分级、分期无明显关系 ;7号染色体数目畸变与膀胱癌的分期密切相关 ;11,17号染色体数目畸变与膀胱癌分级、分期无显著相关性。 (2 )膀胱癌患者尿液组中尿细胞学、FISH阳性率分别为 2 9.4%和 5 5 .9% ,两种方法联合后阳性率达 6 7.6 % ;膀胱冲洗液组中阳性率则分别为 2 7.6 %和 73.7% ,两种方法联合后阳性率达 80 .0 %。结论　膀胱癌的发生发展与染色体的畸变有关。FISH检测膀胱癌患者尿液、冲洗液脱落细胞间期核染色体数目畸变 ,有可能作为膀胱癌诊断、预后判断的一项辅助方法。     

Sensitive detection of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder by microsatellite analysis of cells exfoliated in urine.

Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) is the most common bladder tumor. Urine cytology can identify most high-grade tumors but sensitivity is lower if one includes lesions of all grades. Microsatellite marker alterations have been found in many tumor types including bladder cancer and have been used to detect cancer cells in body fluids including urine. The aim of our study is to further evaluate feasibility and sensitivity of microsatellite analysis to detect bladder cancer cells in urine. We studied 55 individuals: 21 with symptoms suggestive of bladder cancer, 23 patients with previous history of TCC and 11 healthy subjects. Genomic DNA was extracted from blood lymphocytes, urine sediment, bladder washings and tumor or normal bladder mucosa. Twenty highly informative microsatellite markers were analyzed for loss of heterozigosity (LOH) and microsatellite instability (MIN) by polymerase chain reaction. Microsatellite analysis of urine identified 33 of 34 (97%) patients with either primary or tumor recurrence, whereas urine cytology identified 27 of 34 (79%) patients (p = 0.0001). Detection of microsatellite abnormalities improved the sensitivity of detecting low-grade and/or stage bladder tumor: from 75-95% for grades G1-G2 and from 75-100% for pTis-pTa tumors. Bladder washings from 25 patients were also analyzed, and in all cases results were identical to those obtained from voided urine. None of the 16 patients without evidence of TCC showed LOH and/or MIN in urine samples or bladder washings. Interestingly, in a patient with persistent bladder mucosa abnormalities, microsatellite alterations were demonstrated 8 months before the histopathologic diagnosis of tumor recurrence. These results further indicate that microsatellite marker analysis is more sensitive than conventional urine cytology in detecting bladder cancer cells in urine and represents a potential clinical tool for monitoring patients with low-grade/stage TCC.     

Diagnostic Evaluation of Urinary Angiogenin (ANG) and Clusterin (CLU) as Biomarker for Bladder Cancer

Bladder carcinoma is an important worldwide health problem. Both cystoscopy and urine cytology used in detecting bladder cancer suffer from drawbacks where cystoscopy is an invasive method and urine cytology shows low sensitivity in low grade tumors. This study validates easier and less time-consuming techniques to evaluate the value of combined use of angiogenin and clusterin in comparison and combination with voided urine cytology in the detection of bladder cancer patients. This study includes malignant (bladder cancer patients, n?=?50), benign (n?=?20) and healthy (n?=?20) groups. The studied groups were subjected to cystoscopic examination, detection of bilharzial antibodies, urine cytology, and estimation of urinary angiogenin and clusterin by ELISA. The overall sensitivity and specificity were 66 and 75 % for angiogenin, 70 and 82.5 % for clusterin and 46 and 80 % for voided urine cytology. Combined sensitivity of voided urine cytology with the two studied biomarkers was 88 % which is higher than the combined sensitivity of both markers alone (82 %) and that of the cytology with each marker (76 and 80 %) for angiogenin and clusterin respectively. In conclusion, combined use of the cytology with the studied biomarkers can improve the sensitivity for detecting bladder cancer, and may be very useful in monitoring the effectiveness of antiangiogenic and apoptotic therapies in bladder cancer.     

The diagnostic efficacy of urinary TGF-beta1 and VEGF in bladder cancer: comparison with voided urine cytology

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of urinary transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in comparison with voided urine cytology in the detection of bladder cancer. This study included 120 patients with bladder cancer, 54 patients with benign urological disorders and 55 healthy volunteers. Urine supernatant was used for estimation of TGF-beta1 and VEGF by ELISA. VEGF was detected by Western blot (WB) analysis in the urine supernatant of randomly selected bladder cancer patients. The urine sediment was used for cytology. There was a statistically significant difference in the median levels of TGF-beta1 (P=0.002) and VEGF (P=0.000) between the control, benign and malignant groups. The concordance rate of VEGF ELISA with VEGF WB was 96.3%. The overall sensitivity and specificity were 70.8% and 90.8% for voided urine cytology, 71.6% and 59.6% for TGF-beta1, and 76.7% and 61.5% for VEGF. The combined use of voided urine cytology with TGF-beta1 and VEGF improved the sensitivity up to 94.9%, although it lowered specificity to 62.0%. There was a significant association between positivity rate of TGF-beta1 and positive urine cytology samples (P=0.023). Median level and positivity rate of VEGF were significantly associated with early stage (I, II) of bladder carcinoma (P=0.01 and 0.025, respectively). Our data indicate that urinary TGF-beta1 and VEGF had higher sensitivities compared to voided urine cytology. Moreover, the combined sensitivity of voided urine cytology with TGF-beta1 and VEGF together was higher than sensitivity of voided urine cytology alone in detection of bladder cancer.     

Analysis of atypical urine cytology in a tertiary care center

BACKGROUND: Voided urine cytology continues to play a paramount role in the surveillance of transitional cell neoplasms and as a screening modality in certain high-risk situations. Although a significant number of samples are diagnosed as atypical, there is little known about the outcome of these patients. In addition, the significance of transitional cell fragments in voided urine samples is uncertain. The objective of the current study was to evaluate retrospectively a large series of voided urine specimens that were reported as atypical. Standard cytomorphologic parameters were used with the aim of refining the atypical category. METHODS: The authors studied 201 consecutive voided urine samples from 1995 that were evaluated by liquid-based cytology for the following features: specimen cellularity, the presence and number of cell clusters, and the architecture of the cell fragments. In addition, cells were examined for the following cytologic features: high nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratios, nuclear membrane irregularities, hyperchromasia, India-ink nuclei, and chromatin pattern. Cytoplasmic features were evaluated but were limited significantly by poor preservation. Only specimens with a biopsy or cystoscopy and/or from patients who were followed for > 5 years were analyzed further. RESULTS: In total, 23.4% of specimens showed transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) on biopsy, including 20 Grade 1 TCCs and 21 Grade 2 TCCs. Specimen cellularity, cluster numbers, nuclear membrane abnormalities, hyperchromasia, and India-ink nuclei were associated significantly with TCC. Twenty-six specimens (18.9%) were associated with renal calculi. CONCLUSIONS: The atypical category contained a significant proportion of low-grade TCCs. Transitional cell clusters in voided urine are relevant clinically. The clinical picture, including the previous history of TCC and the presence of urinary calculi, provides valuable information when evaluating voided urine cytology. These features and careful attention to India-ink nuclei and nuclear membrane abnormalities could help make the "atypical" category a more meaningful group.     

Reliable identification of small cell lung cancer in cytological specimens by immunocytology

BACKGROUND: A reliable diagnosis of small cell lung cancers (SCLC) is of high clinical relevance. We investigated whether immunocytology substantially improves the diagnostic accuracy of conventional cytology in diagnosing SCLC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 162 carcinomatous specimens clinically suspected to originate from pulmonary neoplasms were investigated by cytology and immunocytology. Immunocytology was performed on smears using HEA125 and pancytokeratin antibodies as epithelial markers and MOC-1 as SCLC probe. RESULTS: As histologically clarified, 114 specimens corresponded to pulmonary neoplasms (SCLC = 51; non-small cell lung cancer: NSCLC = 59; mixed SCLC/NSCLC = 2; carcinoid = 2), 48 to nonpulmonary adenocarcinomas. By conventional cytology tumor cells were clearly detected in 93 (57.4%) and suspected in another 43 (26.5%) cases (83.9% overall sensitivity). Considering SCLC samples, tumor cells were diagnosed or suspected in 36 (70.5%), not identified in 10 (19.6%), and misdiagnosed as hematological malignancy in 5 cases. Only 2 specimens were accurately diagnosed as SCLC. Using the epithelial antibodies all samples were identified as carcinomatous. MOC-1 stained all but one SCLC, both SCLC/NSCLC, and both carcinoids. One SCLC brush smear was MOC-1 negative, containing only squamous epithelium. 3 pulmonary adenocarcinomas stained falsely positive, all nonpulmonary carcinomas MOC-1 negative. CONCLUSION: Immunocytology substantially improves the diagnostic accuracy of cytology in diagnosing SCLC with a diagnostic sensitivity of 98% and specificity of 97%.     

Frequent hypermethylation of promoter region of RASSF1A in tumor tissues and voided urine of urinary bladder cancer patients

High frequency loss of 3p21.3 region where RASSF1A located was demonstrated in several tumors. We aimed to investigate the methylation status of RASSF1A and the frequency of LOH in 3p21.3 region in bladder cancer. Three bladder cancer cell lines, 40 cases of bladder TCC and 14 cases of paired voided urine samples were subjected to methylation analysis. By methylation specific PCR, complete methylation of promoter region of RASSF1A gene were detected in cell lines T24 and UMUC3. Demethylation treatment re-expressed RASSF1A in these 2 cell lines. Methylation of RASSF1A was also detected in 47.5% (19/40) of the TCC cases but not in 6 carcinoma in situ (CIS) or 6 normal urothelium samples. For LOH study, loss of 3p21.3 region was detected in 57.9% (11/19) of our cases. Interestingly, methylation of RASSF1A was found in 72.7% (8/11) of the cases with LOH but only in 12.5% (1/8) of the cases without LOH. Methylation of RASSF1A was detected in 50% (7/14) of voided urine samples, but not in normal control. It showed a higher sensitivity than conventional urine cytology in detecting cancer cells, especially for low grade cases. In conclusion, our results demonstrated a high frequency of RASSF1A methylation with frequent LOH in 3p21.3 region in bladder cancer. It suggested that it may be a potential tumor suppressor gene in this chromosomal region and can be silenced by promoter hypermethylation. Detection of aberrant gene methylation in routine voided urine was feasible and may provide a non-invasive and sensitive approach for cancer detection.     

The Performance of the Xpert Bladder Cancer Monitor Test and Voided Urinary Cytology in the Follow-up of Urinary Bladder Tumors

BackgroundCystoscopy in complement with urinary cytology represents the gold standard for the follow-up of patients with urinary bladder tumours. Xpert Bladder Cancer Monitor Test (XBC) is a novel mRNA-based urine test for bladder cancer surveillance. The aim of the study was to evaluate the performance of the XBC and voided urinary cytology (VUC) in the follow-up of bladder tumours.Patients and methodsThe XBC was performed on stabilized voided urine and VUC was performed on urine samples. The results were compared to cystoscopic findings and histopathological results after transurethral resection of the bladder lesion.ResultsFor the prediction of malignant histopathological result sensitivity, the specificity and negative predictive value were 76.9%, 9 7.5% and 93.0% for the XBC and 38.4%, 9 7.5% and 83.3%, respectively for VUC. For the prediction of suspicious or positive cystoscopic finding sensitivity, the specificity and negative predictive value were 75.0%, 95.2%, and 93.0% respectively for the XBC and 41.7%, 97.6%, and 85.4% for VUC. The sensitivities for papilary urothelial neoplasms of low malignant potential (PUNLMP), low- and high-grade tumours were 0.0%, 66.7% an d 100.0% for the XBC and 0.0%, 66 .7% and 42.9%, respectively for VUC.ConclusionsThe XBC showed significantly higher overall sensitivity and negative predictive value than VUC and could be used to increase the recommended follow-up cystoscopy time intervals. Complementing the XBC and voided urinary cytology does not improve performance in comparison to the XBC alone.Key words: cystoscopy, Xpert BC Monitor Test, urinary bladder neoplasm, voided urinary cytology