从健康人粪便中发现一株无动力的鼠伤寒沙门氏菌报告

从健康人粪便中发现一株无动力的鼠伤寒沙门氏菌报告深圳市卫生防疫站林一曼，李宝开近年来鼠伤寒沙门氏菌除对人类引起食物中毒外，在医院内经人传播的爆发屡见不鲜，但从病人粪便中检出鼠伤寒沙门氏菌Ｏ型变种（１．２．５．１２：一：一，以下简称Ｏ型变种），除内蒙、...     

我国伤寒沙门氏菌的分子流行病学特征Ⅱ．部分伤寒沙门氏菌的16SrRNA基因多态性

利用ＰＣＲ扩增标记的Ｄｉｇ－ｄＵＴＰ－１６ＳｒＲＮＡ基因为探针，分析我国不同时间和地区分离的１１９株伤寒沙门氏菌和１株鼠伤寒沙门氏菌染色体经ＰｓｔⅠ消化后的１６ＳｒＲＮＡ基因限制性图谱。结果发现，各菌株的杂交片段范围为７．０～２６．５ｋｂ，每个菌株有５～１０条杂交带不等。通过对每个菌株的杂交结果进行数值分类，１１９株伤寒沙门氏菌可分为３８个ＲＴｓ，其中新疆伊犁１９９１年流行菌株和大连１９９０年爆发菌株大部分（１３／２０）为同一ＲＴ；从国内各高发省份分离的一些流行株也有相同的ＲＴ；而一些地区的散发菌株具有独特的ＲＴ；鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的ＲＴ则更为特别。对３９个ＲＴｓ，进行聚类分析发现：国内的一些流行菌株，爆发菌株在遗传距离０．５５处聚成一大类；而散发菌株，非流行菌株则在０．７０处聚成另一类。此外，从健康带菌者分离的菌株２５１所具有的ＲＴ单成一类。鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的距离更远。     

进食皮蛋致鼠伤寒沙门氏菌食物中毒报告

１９９８年６月１０日,×县×乡发生一起因进食孵房孵鸭寡蛋加工制作的皮蛋,导致一起鼠伤寒沙门氏菌食物中毒。１　中毒经过该乡村医生徐×的长子,从本队代销店购回孵房孵鸭寡蛋加工制作的皮蛋１０个,当即与其母食５个,下午５时与其弟食３个,其余２个与凉拌白菜于当晚１０时全家５人（４男１女）共食,次日中午２时全家５人相继发病,自用氯霉素、庆大霉素、痢特灵等药物治疗,病情未见控制,除１人留家治疗外,４人住院治疗痊愈,无死亡。２　临床症状潜伏期最短９ｈ,最长１６ｈ,平均１１．８ｈ。发病急骤,症状有头昏、头痛、全身…     

一起因食皮蛋引起的鼠伤寒沙门氏菌食物中毒

鼠伤寒沙门氏菌常引起食物中物,但食皮蛋引起的鼠伤寒沙门氏菌食物中毒少见,现将我们发现的一起因食皮蛋引起的鼠伤寒沙门氏菌食物中毒报告如下。一、食物中毒情况:曾某一家1984年9月18日晚餐生吃皮蛋,所吃的四个皮蛋中,有一个质地稍疏松,有少量液体渗出,但外壳完整,颜色和味道与一般皮蛋相似。4口人中有3人吃皮蛋,当天晚上这3人全部发病(另一人未吃皮蛋没有发病),两例成人患者,男、女各1例,均为32岁,另3岁女孩1例。3例均有发热,体温38.5～39.5℃。腹痛。腹泻水样便或稀烂便,无血便及粘液便,两成人每日腹泻4～5次,持续5天,无呕吐。患儿仅腹泻一次,呕吐胃内容物2次。患者均有全身乏力,食欲减退等症状,腹痛持续8天才消失。     

成都市食品从业人员肠道沙门氏菌属与志贺氏菌属的带菌调查分析

对成都市１９９７年３０３６４例食品从业人员肠道沙门氏菌属与志贺氏菌属的带菌检查，检出肠道带菌者１３５例，带菌率为０．４４％。其中，检出沙门氏菌１２８例。共６个血清型。德尔卑沙工菌检出最高，鼠伤寒次之，构成比分别为４０．３５％和２．８１％；     

濮阳市鼠类沙门氏菌感染状况研究

目的：研究我市鼠类沙门氏菌感染状况及特征，为制订防治措施提供科学依据。方法：取不同种类鼠粪１０ 克按《卫生防疫检验》微生物学部分及《寄生虫检验》进行沙门氏菌培养分离及鉴定，同时采用饱和生理盐水漂浮法及淘洗沉淀法涂片镜检寄生虫卵及幼虫。结果：沙门氏菌检出率为３５ ．５ ％ ，全部为鼠伤寒沙门氏菌，噬菌体分型均为Ⅰ型。虫卵及幼虫总检出率为６９ ．８ ％ ，其中线虫阳性率３１ ．７５ ％ ，蛔虫卵阳性率１０ ．１ ％ ，结肠内阿米巴包囊阳性率９ ．５ ％ ，绦虫卵阳性率２ ．６ ％ ，两种虫卵混合感染者阳性率为１２ ．２ ％ 。ＨＢ ｓＡｇ 监测结果全部阴性。     

1985—1995年嘉定区从业人员沙门氏菌检测分析

从２４９９７６份肛拭中分离出沙门氏菌的４２６株，检出率为０．１７‰，各年检出率（ｒ＝０．５７９６，Ｐ〉０．０５）无明显差异，提示本区从业者沙门氏菌携带状况相对恒定。菌群检出以Ｂ群为主（占６５．４９％），Ｅ１群次之（１４．７９％），Ｈ群最低（０．４７％），菌型分布鼠伤寒沙门氏菌居首（１９．０１％），阿贡纳沙门氏菌和德尔卑沙门氏菌次之（１８．０８％和１６．９０％），余下菌型检出率为７．５１％￣０．２３     

20个省市区鼠伤寒沙门氏菌噬菌体分型

从医院污水中分离出的３０株沙门氏菌噬菌体中选出１１株，与Ｆｅｌｉｘ０－Ⅰ噬菌体组成为一个分型噬菌体配套，用于沙门氏菌各个血清型的分型。有２０个省市自治区送来菌株，从集中分型的２３４８株中分出３１个型和２０个未定型。检出最多的９个型依次为７７７４（４８．０％）、０７７４（１７．１％）、６７７４（７．７％）、４７７４（７．３％）、５７７４（３．３％）、３７７４（２．２％）、４０００（２．１％）、００００（１．８％）和７０００（１．７％）。医院内感染爆发和食物中毒爆发，大多数均由７７７４和４７７４型引起。还分析了家鸭、猪、鼠类、螺蛳及污水中鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的型别及其在流行中的意义。     

顶空气相色谱连续监测鼠伤寒沙门氏菌致突为试验研究

在密闭的液体培养体系中，以ＣＯ２为指标用气相色谱分析法连续监测致突变剂ＮａＮ３和敌克松对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌组氨酸缺陷型菌株ＴＡ１００、ＴＡ９８的致突变作用，研究了回复突变菌数、致突变剂的剂量与ＣＯ２产生量之间的关系，在此基础上提出了致突变性的评价指标，用本方法测得ＮａＮ２和敌克松的最低诱变剂量分别为０．０５０μｇ／瓶和０．０８０μｇ／瓶，灵敏度显著高于Ａｍｅｓ试验。     

一起新生儿腹泻流行的病原学鉴定报告

鼠伤寒沙门氏菌是沙门氏菌感染中常见的致病菌，本文对1993年9月某市级医院婴幼儿室鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的暴发流行菌株鉴定报告如下。一、材料和方法1．材料：（1）菌株来源：供分析鉴定菌株，均从某市级医院婴幼儿室1周内婴幼儿换下的尿布上采集大便分离获得，共采集15个婴儿大便，11份大便分离出鼠伤寒沙门氏菌。（2）诊断血清购自成都生物制品所。（3）微量生化管购自浙江省军区后勤部卫生防疫检定所。（4）药敏纸片购自上海市卫生防疫站。（5）增菌及分离用培养基均为本科自制的WS、SS及SFM干燥培养基配制。2．方法：用无菌棉拭采取婴儿…     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.