大剂量化疗联合二次干细胞移植治疗急性白血病复发患者的护理

对5例急性白血病异基因造血干细胞移植后复发的患者给予大剂量化疗联合供者外周血干细胞输注治疗,同时加强心理护理,密切观察病情变化,加强化疗药物不良反应及移植后并发症的观察与护理。结果1例死于急性移植物抗宿主病合并感染,1例白血病髓外复发死亡,3例现分别存活195d、232d和375d。     

3例造血干细胞移植术后并发重度肠道移植物抗宿主病患者的护理

对2例慢性髓性白血病和1例急性髓性白血病患者行异因因造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT).干细胞分别来自血缘HLA相合、非血缘HLA相合及血缘HLA 1个位点不合的供者.3例患者于移植后60、105、116 d并发重度肠道移植物抗宿主病(GVHD),予以免疫抑制剂治疗及相应的护理措施,结果1例因肺部结核杆菌及白色念珠菌感染死亡,2例得到有效控制.提示allo-HSCT后并发重度肠道GVHD进展快、症状重,密切观察病情,加强消化道护理、心理护理、保护性隔离及用药护理对移植患者的预后至关重要.     

3例造血干细胞移植术后并发重度肠道移植物抗宿主病患者的护理

对2例慢性髓性白血病和1例急性髓性白血病患者行异因因造血干细胞移植（allo-HSCT）。干细胞分别来自血缘HLA相合、非血缘HLA相合及血缘HLA1个位点不合的供者。3例患者于移植后60、105、116d并发重度肠道移植物抗宿主病（GVHD），予以免疫抑制剂治疗及相应的护理措施，结果1例因肺部结核杆菌及白色念珠菌感染死亡．2例得到有效控制。提示allo-HSCT后并发重度肠道GVHD进展快、症状重，密切观察病情。加强消化道护理、心理护理、保护性隔离及用药护理对移植患者的预后至关重要。     

亲缘异基因造血干细胞移植治疗慢性髓细胞白血病的护理

对30例慢性髓细胞白血病患者行亲缘异基因造血干细胞移植。27例患者预处理采用经典或改良BuCy2方案，3例患者用非清髓方案；预防移植物抗宿主病（GVHD）采用短程甲氨堞呤联合环孢素A方案；在常规护理的基础上针对感染、GVHD及心理问题实施重点护理。结果所有患者均获造血功能重建；移植后100d内发生Ⅱ～Ⅳ度急性GVHD7例（23、3％），经对症处理好转出院。随访3～88个月，移植相关死亡7例，疾病复发死亡1例，22例移植成功。提出移植相关并发症及移植后感染的护理是保证疗效的关键。     

异基因外周血干细胞移植后GVHD与白血病复发率的相关关系

目的　评价异基因外周血干细胞移植 (allo PBSCT)后 ,移植物抗宿主病 (GVHD)与白血病复发率的相关关系。方法　 1997年 6月至 1999年 12月 ,37例成人白血病患者接受了allo PB SCT。预处理方案用马利兰和环磷酰胺。输入的CD34+ 、CD3+ 、CD4 + 和CD8+ 细胞中位数分别为7.3× 10 6/kg、36 4× 10 6/kg ,、2 10× 10 6/kg和 137× 10 6/kg。移植后用环孢素A (CsA) +甲氨碟呤(MTX)预防GVHD。结果　受者中性粒细胞和血小板的平均植活时间分别为 13d和 12d。 37例中 ,18例发生急性GVHD(48.8% ) ,其中 9例发生II～IV度急性GVHD(2 4 .3% )。在可评价的 32例中 ,2 2例发生慢性GVHD(6 8.8% )。随访 6 0 0～ 15 0 0d(平均 95 0d) ,2 8例无病生存。主要死亡原因为 :急性GVHD 2例 ,巨细胞病毒肺炎 (CMV CP) 4例 ,慢性GVHD 2例 ,白血病复发 1例。 3年无病生存率为 75 .7%。结论　allo PBSCT后 ,慢性GVHD的高发生率增强了移植物抗白血病效应 ,从而降低了移植后白血病的复发率。     

输注供者自然杀伤细胞对小鼠单倍型相合造血干细胞移植的影响

目的 探讨输注供者自然杀伤(NK)细胞对小鼠单倍型相合造血干细胞移植的影响.方法 选取C57BL/6(H-2b)雄性小鼠为供者、CB6F1(H-2d/b)雌性小鼠为受者.移植前制备供者的骨髓细胞(BMC)、脾细胞(SC)及脾NK细胞,NK细胞经体外培养扩增和激活;所有受者均接受直线加速器X线全身照射(TBI)预处理.TBI后将受者分为4组(每组10只),分别进行单倍型相合造血干细胞移植.单纯TBI组:TBI后不输注细胞,仅作为对照;单纯BMC输注组:输注5×106个BMC;诱发GVHD组:输注5×106个BMC+1.5×107个SC;NK细胞输注组:输注5 x 106个BMC+1.5×107个SC+1×107个NK细胞,并腹腔注射100 ng重组人白细胞介素2(rhIL-2)和1μg rhIL-15,持续7 d.移植后观察各组受者GVHD的发生情况,并对各组受者进行组织病理学、供者细胞嵌合度和免疫功能重建等检测.另取TBI后受者20只,设白血病复发组和白血病治疗组,每组10只.白血病复发组:输注5×106个BMC+1×107个SC+2×106个白血病细胞株EL9611;白血病治疗组:在白血病复发组的基础上再输注1 x 107个NK细胞,并腹腔注射100 ng rhIL-2和1μg rhIL-15,持续7 d.观察两组受者白血病复发情况和移植后100 d的存活率.结果 单纯BMC输注组受者无GVHD发生,NK细胞输注组受者GVHD的评分和组织病理学改变均较诱发GVHD组轻(P<0.05)f诱发GVHD组的免疫功能重建较NK细胞输注组延迟.白血病复发组和白血病治疗组移植后100 d的存活率分别为20%和90%,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).结论 输注激活的供者NK细胞可以减轻小鼠单倍型相合造血干细胞移植后的GVHD,减少白血病复发,促进免疫功能重建.     

亲缘异基因造血干细胞移植治疗慢性髓细胞白血病的护理

对30例慢性髓细胞白血病患者行亲缘异基因造血干细胞移植.27例患者预处理采用经典或改良BuCy2方案,3例患者用非清髓方案;预防移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)采用短程甲氨蝶呤联合环孢素A方案;在常规护理的基础上针对感染、GVHD及心理问题实施重点护理.结果 所有患者均获造血功能重建;移植后100 d内发生Ⅱ～Ⅳ度急性GVHD 7例(23.3%),经对症处理好转出院.随访3～88个月,移植相关死亡7例,疾病复发死亡1例,22例移植成功.提出移植相关并发症及移植后感染的护理是保证疗效的关键.     

高危急性髓系白血病异基因造血干细胞移植后复发的防治

急性髓系白血病（AML）是一组高度异质性的克隆性疾病,化学药物治疗和造血干细胞移植均为治疗AML的方法。对于高危AML患者而言,异基因造血干细胞移植为治疗该疾病的有效手段,但部分AML患者造血干细胞移植后仍可能面临疾病复发的问题,大多数复发患者再行化学药物治疗、二次移植等的效果不佳,是导致患者异基因造血干细胞移植后死亡的主要原因。因此,加强对异基因造血干细胞移植后AML患者的随访,并采取一些合适的手段预防移植后复发显得尤为重要。本文就高危AML患者异基因造血干细胞移植后复发的监测、药物治疗和细胞治疗进行综述,以期为改善高危AML患者异基因造血干细胞移植预后提供参考。     

二次移植成功治疗急性白血病单倍体造血干细胞移植植入失败

目的 探讨急性白血病患者首次单倍体造血干细胞移植后植入失败的二次移植治疗策略。方法 2例急性白血病患者首次单倍体造血干细胞移植的2例供者均伴有地中海贫血,分别采集CD34+细胞2.57×106/kg和1.99×106/kg,首次单倍体造血干细胞移植植入失败。二次移植更换为非地中海贫血供者,分别采集CD34+细胞4.28×106/kg和5.75×106/kg,采用减低剂量氟达拉滨（Flu）+白消安（Bu）+抗胸腺细胞球蛋白（ATG）预处理方案行二次移植。结果 2例患者二次移植中性粒细胞和血小板植入时间分别为+12 d和+10 d、+10 d和+10 d。截止至末次随访时间（分别为二次移植+1 062 d、+265 d）,2例患者原发病均完全缓解,无明显移植并发症。结论 减低剂量预处理的二次移植能够成功治疗急性白血病单倍体造血干细胞移植植入失败。     

慢性移植物抗宿主病相关性肌炎一例

目的总结1例异基因造血干细胞移植后并发与慢性移植物抗宿主病(cGVHD)相关的多发性肌炎的诊治体会。方法1例急性淋巴细胞白血病患者在处于完全缓解状态下接受同胞间供髓异基因造血干细胞移植,移植后采用环孢素A和甲氨蝶呤预防移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)。结果移植后11 d,WBC＞0．5×10~9/L,移植后13 d,血小板＞20×10~9/L；27 d时,骨髓细胞染色体分析显示99%为供者型。移植后17 d,发生Ⅰ度急性皮肤型GVHD,经静脉注射地塞米松及甲氨蝶呤后,GVHD被完全控制。移植后8个月,患者发生轻度肝脏cGVHD,经他克莫司及硫唑嘌呤治疗,效果不佳,血清肝酶升高,后改为他克莫司和西罗莫司治疗,血清肝酶逐渐下降,但肌酸激酶从9 U/L上升至272 U/L,随后患者出现全身乏力,并逐渐加重,上下肢近端处活动出现障碍,肌酸激酶升至3010 U/L,股四头肌、肱二头肌的肌电图表现为肌源性损害,双侧大腿磁共振成像符合多发性肌炎表现,给予甲泼尼龙、血浆置换治疗,但无显著效果,患者突发阵发性呼吸困难,经抢救无效,患者死亡,死亡时肌酸激酶为21 010 U/L。结论多发性肌炎为cGVHD的一种较少见形式,累及重要肌组织者预后较差。     

Body composition assessment and methodology in nonathletic and athletic adolescent and adult males and females

The purpose of this review is to outline methodology for assessing body composition utilizing anthropometric and densitometric techniques. The objective of body composition assessment is to measure body fat and lean body mass. The quantity of these components varies due to growth, physical activity, dietary regimens, and aging. Anthropometric techniques incorporate selected skinfolds, circumferences, skeletal widths, or other variables to estimate body composition within k2.0-4.0%. These techniques are adequate for field testing of groups or individuals, but are population specific. Densitometry measures body volume irrespective of physique, sex, or age. This laboratory technique estimates body composition within 1.0-2.0%, is more difficult to administer, but is not population specific. Some limitation exists with any present technique due to biological variability and incomplete research of reference body composition in children, females, and the aged. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1984;5(6):336-347.     

Perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality after above-knee and below-knee amputations in diabetics and nondiabetics

We performed a retrospective review of a vascular surgery quality assurance database to evaluate the perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality of above-knee amputations (AKA, n = 234) and below-knee amputations (BKA, n = 720) and to examine the effect of diabetes mellitus (DM) (181 of AKA and 606 of BKA patients). All patients in the database who had AKA or BKA from 1990 to May 2001 were included in the study. Perioperative 30-day cardiac morbidity and mortality and 3-yr and 10-yr mortality after AKA or BKA were assessed. The effect of DM on 30-day cardiac outcome was assessed by multivariate logistic regression and the effect on long-term survival was assessed by Cox regression analysis. The perioperative cardiac event rate (cardiac death or nonfatal myocardial infarction) was at least 6.8% after AKA and at most 3.6% after BKA. Median survival was significantly less after AKA (20 mo) than BKA (52 mo) (P < 0.001). DM was not a significant predictor of perioperative 30-day mortality (odds ratio, 0.76 [0.39-1.49]; P = 0.43) or 3-yr survival (Hazard ratio, 1.03 [0.86-1.24]; P = 0.72) but predicted 10-yr mortality (Hazard ratio, 1.34 [1.04-1.73]; P = 0.026). Significant predictors of the 30-day perioperative mortality were the site of amputation (odds ratio, 4.35 [2.56-7.14]; P < 0.001) and history of renal insufficiency (odds ratio, 2.15 [1.13-4.08]; P = 0.019). AKA should be triaged as a high-risk surgery while BKA is an intermediate-risk surgery. Long-term survival after AKA or BKA is poor, regardless of the presence of DM.     

Postoperative nausea and vomiting and opioid-induced nausea and vomiting: guidelines for prevention and treatment

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) causes patient discomfort, lowers patient satisfaction, and increases care requirements. Opioid-induced nausea and vomiting (OINV) may also occur if opioids are used to treat postoperative pain. These guidelines aim to provide recommendations for the prevention and treatment of both problems. A working group was established in accordance with the charter of the Sociedad Espa?ola de Anestesiología y Reanimación. The group undertook the critical appraisal of articles relevant to the management of PONV and OINV in adults and children early and late in the perioperative period. Discussions led to recommendations, summarized as follows: 1) Risk for PONV should be assessed in all patients undergoing surgery; 2 easy-to-use scales are useful for risk assessment: the Apfel scale for adults and the Eberhart scale for children. 2) Measures to reduce baseline risk should be used for adults at moderate or high risk and all children. 3) Pharmacologic prophylaxis with 1 drug is useful for patients at low risk (Apfel or Eberhart 1) who are to receive general anesthesia; patients with higher levels of risk should receive prophylaxis with 2 or more drugs and baseline risk should be reduced (multimodal approach). 4) Dexamethasone, droperidol, and ondansetron (or other setrons) have similar levels of efficacy; drug choice should be made based on individual patient factors. 5) The drug prescribed for treating PONV should preferably be different from the one used for prophylaxis; ondansetron is the most effective drug for treating PONV. 6) Risk for PONV should be assessed before discharge after outpatient surgery or on the ward for hospitalized patients; there is no evidence that late preventive strategies are effective. 7) The drug of choice for preventing OINV is droperidol.