无创双相气道正压通气治疗急性心源性肺水肿的研究

目的研究无创鼻面罩双相气道正压通气(BiPAP)治疗急性心源性肺水肿(ACPE)的临床价值.方法对40例已严重缺氧的ACPE患者应用无创鼻面罩BiPAP治疗,观察心率、呼吸频率、血氧饱和度(SpO2)、血气分析和心功能等变化.结果鼻面罩BiPAP治疗2～5h后,心率和呼吸频率明显减慢(p＜0.001)、PaO2 和SpO2明显提高(p＜0.001)、PaCO2改变不明显(p＞0.05)、心功能明显改善(p＜0.001).结论无创鼻面罩BiPAP治疗ACPE安全而有效.     

双相气道正压无创机械通气上呼吸道影像分析

目的应用多层螺旋CT对患者不同通气状态下上呼吸道放射性成像,证实在全身麻醉无自主呼吸的条件下,双相气道正压(bi-level positive airway pressure,BiPAP)无创机械通气能克服上呼吸道阻力,实施有效的机械通气。方法选择拟实施全身麻醉的择期手术患者10例,分别对患者清醒自主呼吸、麻醉诱导后自主呼吸停止、BiPAP无创通气时头颈部正位和侧位作螺旋CT扫描。监测扫描过程的无创血压(NIBP)、脉搏氧饱和度(SpO2)、心率(HR)、自主呼吸频率(RR)。测量上呼吸道各软组织区(软腭后区RP、舌根后区RG、会厌区EPG)的最窄气道横截面左右径、前后径线长度及相应横截面积。结果头部正位麻醉诱导后各软组织区的最窄横截面左右径、前后径线长度及相应横截面积均比清醒时缩小(P<0.05),BiPAP通气时各截面径线和面积与清醒期比较差异仍有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01)。头部侧位BiPAP通气时各径线和截面积与清醒时比较,差异无统计学意义。EPG区和RG区在BiPAP通气期的侧位截面积明显比正位时增大(P<0.05,P<0.01)。诱导期正、侧位SpO2均明显下降(P<0.01);头部正位BiPAP通气时与诱导期的SpO2比较虽有改善,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);头部侧位BiPAP通气时SpO2较诱导期明显升高(P<0.01),基本恢复到清醒期水平(P>0.05)。结论麻醉诱导后上呼吸道的通气面积明显减少,气道通畅度下降;头颈部侧位时上呼吸道各软组织区最狭窄处的通气截面积比正位时显著改善,以会厌区最明显。无明显上呼吸道梗阻性病史的成年患者全身麻醉时,头部侧位BiPAP无创通气能克服上呼吸道阻力,实施有效的机械通气,保证通气和氧合正常。     

双相气道正压无创机械通气上呼吸道影像分析

目的 应用多层螺旋CT对患者不同通气状态下上呼吸道放射性成像,证实在全身麻醉无自主呼吸的条件下,双相气道正压(bi-level positive airway pressure,BiPAP)无创机械通气能克服上呼吸道阻力,实施有效的机械通气.方法 选择拟实施全身麻醉的择期手术患者10例,分别对患者清醒自主呼吸、麻醉诱导后自主呼吸停止、BiPAP无创通气时头颈部正位和侧位作螺旋CT扫描.监测扫描过程的无创血压(NIBP)、脉搏氧饱和度(SpO2)、心率(HR)、自主呼吸频率(RR).测量上呼吸道各软组织区(软腭后区RP、舌根后区RG、会厌区EPG)的最窄气道横截面左右径、前后径线长度及相应横截面积.结果 头部正位麻醉诱导后各软组织区的最窄横截面左右径、前后径线长度及相应横截面积均比清醒时缩小(P＜0.05),BiPAP通气时各截面径线和面积与清醒期比较差异仍有统计学意义(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).头部侧位BiPAP通气时各径线和截面积与清醒时比较,差异无统计学意义.EPG区和RG区在BiPAP通气期的侧位截面积明显比正位时增大(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).诱导期正、侧位SpO2均明显下降(P＜0.01);头部正位BiPAP通气时与诱导期的SpO2比较虽有改善,但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);头部侧位BiPAP通气时SpO2较诱导期明显升高(P＜0.01),基本恢复到清醒期水平(P＞0.05).结论 麻醉诱导后上呼吸道的通气面积明显减少,气道通畅度下降;头颈部侧位时上呼吸道各软组织区最狭窄处的通气截面积比正位时显著改善,以会厌区最明显.无明显上呼吸道梗阻性病史的成年患者全身麻醉时,头部侧位BiPAP无创通气能克服上呼吸道阻力,实施有效的机械通气,保证通气和氧合正常.     

无创双相气道正压通气治疗急性心源性肺水肿的研究

目的　研究无创鼻面罩双相气道正压通气 (BiPAP)治疗急性心源性肺水肿 (ACPE)的临床价值 .方法　对4 0例已严重缺氧的ACPE患者应用无创鼻面罩BiPAP治疗 ,观察心率、呼吸频率、血氧饱和度 (SpO2 )、血气分析和心功能等变化 .结果　鼻面罩BiPAP治疗 2～ 5h后 ,心率和呼吸频率明显减慢 (p <0 .0 0 1)、PaO2 和SpO2 明显提高(p <0 .0 0 1)、PaCO2 改变不明显 (p >0 .0 5 )、心功能明显改善 (p <0 .0 0 1) .结论　无创鼻面罩BiPAP治疗ACPE安全而有效     

持续气道正压通气治疗新生儿呼吸困难临床观察

目的：探讨分析持续气道正压通气治疗新生儿呼吸困难的临床疗效。方法抽取在2010年5月~2013年12月我院收治的100例新生儿呼吸困难患者,将他们随即的分成研究组和对照组。研究组患者使用持续气道正压通气治疗,对照组患者使用头罩吸氧及药物辅助治疗,比较两组患者的治疗时间、不良反应的发生率情况以及血气分析结果。结果研究组患者的治疗时间显著低于对照组,研究组50例患者中发生不良反应的有6例,占12%,对照组50例患者中发生不良反应的有13例,占26%,研究组患者不良反应的发生率显著低于对照组,两组患者治疗后的血气分析结果较治疗前相比有明显改善,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论采用持续气道正压通气治疗新生儿呼吸困难具有显著的临床疗效,不良反应少,值得推广使用。     

双水平气道正压无创通气应用于腹腔镜胆囊切除术全身麻醉用药费用评价

目的 通过计算比较全身麻醉采用不同机械通气模式:双水平气道正压(BiPAP)面罩无创通气与气管内插管间歇正压通气(IPPV)(静脉麻醉与吸入麻醉)下的麻醉用药费用,探讨BiPAP通气在临床麻醉中的应用价值.方法 择期行腹腔镜胆囊切除手术成年患者60例,完全随机分为3组,Ⅰ组(BiPAP无创通气组),术中输注丙泊酚维持麻醉;Ⅱ组(气管内插管机械通气组),术中输注丙泊酚维持麻醉;Ⅲ组(气管内插管机械通气组),术中吸入七氟醚维持麻醉.3组患者术中均应用舒芬太尼镇痛,顺式阿曲库铵维持肌松,根据麻醉深度指数(NI)监测镇静深度,将NI控制在50～60(脑电图分级NTS为DI级).记录麻醉药消耗量、拔管时间以及恢复室停留时间.结果 3组患者一般情况、麻醉时间、手术时间差异均无统计学意义.麻醉用药费用3组分别为Ⅰ组(360.5±90.7)元、Ⅱ组(502.4±81.2)元、Ⅲ组(441.0±99.3)元,3组间比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).各时间点生命体征及血气分析监测3组间差异均无统计学意义.结论 BiPAP无创通气应用于腹腔镜胆囊切除术的全身麻醉下达到和气管内插管IPPV同样的通气效果,前者显著减少了麻醉的用药量,降低了麻醉用药费用.     

全凭静脉麻醉时双相气道正压面罩通气下胃食管反流的监测

目的 监测全凭静脉麻醉(TIVA)下双相气道正压(BiPAP)面罩通气时的胃食管反流情况,评估该通气方法 在伞身麻醉中应用的安全性.方法 选择择期行腹腔镜胆囊切除手术的成年患者40例,美国麻醉师协会(ASA)分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,无胃食管反流危险因素,随机分为面罩通气组(Ⅰ组)和气管内插管通气组(Ⅱ组),每组20例.麻醉前经鼻置人胃食管舣探头pH电极,使远端探头位于食管下段(A点),近端探头置于食管中上段(B点).麻醉诱导后,两组分别应用BiPAP面罩通气和间歇正压机械通气(IPPV),连续实时监测同术期食管下段及中上段pH值变化直至患者清醒.以pH值小于4.0作为胃食管反流的诊断标准.结果 麻醉后30 min、气腹后30 min、麻醉结束后pH值监测结果 显示,Ⅰ组食管下段pH 值分别为5.43±0.51、5.24±0.47、5.36±0.53;Ⅱ组食管下段pH值分别为5.37±0.67、5.29±0.68、5.36±0.78.Ⅰ组和Ⅰ组食管下段及食管中上段各时点pH值监测无1例小于4.0,反流发生率均为0,两组比较pH值差异无统汁学意义(P>0.05).结论 在无胃食管反流病史的患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术时,应用BiPAP而罩通气全身麻醉不增加胃食管反流概率,是较安全的方法 之一.     

双水平气道正压无创通气全身麻醉期间患者胃内压及咽后部pH值的变化

目的 通过对双水平正压无创通气全身麻醉患者行连续胃内压监测,探讨该通气模式引起胃内容物反流的可能机制.方法 选择行腹腔镜胆囊切除手术的成年患者60例随机分为2组:双水平气道正压(BiPAP)面罩通气组(Ⅰ组)和气管内捕管气道正压通气(IPPV)组(Ⅱ组),每组30例.麻醉前将测压管送达胃内,观察麻醉前、麻醉后30 min、气腹后30 min、拔管或撤离通气后30 min的循环、血气指标、胃内压及咽部pH值.结果 麻醉通气期间2组MAP、HR尚平稳,拔管后30min Ⅱ组PaO_2低于麻醉前水平[(78±14.1)mm Hg 比(85±10.4)mm Hg,P<0.05,1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa],而Ⅰ组前后差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).Ⅰ组麻醉后30min胃内压比麻醉前明显下降[(7.2±2.6)cm H_2O比(8.0±3.2)cm H_2O,P<0.05,1 cm H_2O=0.098 kPa],而Ⅱ组升高[(9.6±2.3)cm H_2O比(7.8±4.5)cm H_2O,P<0.05].气腹后30 min 2组胃内压骤升,Ⅱ组比Ⅰ组更高[(23±5.3)cm H_2O比(20±4.1)cm H_2O,P<0.05),Ⅱ组拔管后30 min仍较麻醉前高[(11.8±4.6)cm H_2O比(7.8±4.5)cm H_2O,P<0.05],且比Ⅰ组术后胃内压[(8.3±4.1)cm H_2O]明显增高(P<0.05).麻醉前和拔管后,2组咽部pH值差异无统计学意义(p>0.05).结论 双水平气道正压面罩通气能安全有效地维持全身麻醉时进行的机械通气,对围麻醉期的生理干扰较少.在腹腔镜胆囊切除术时胃内压变化剧烈,双水平气道正压面罩通气的胃内压升高幅度较小,导致胃食管反流的风险较低.     

双水平气道正压通气治疗慢阻肺的临床研究

目的观察双水平气道正压通气对慢性阻塞性肺疾病夜间低氧的治疗作用。方法取60例慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者,随机分成2组。对照组30例使用吸氧、抗感染等常规治疗：治疗组在常规治疗的基础上加用夜间双水平气道正压通气治疗4h,疗程为7d。分别观察2组在治疗前后低氧血症及心率失常发生率和肺动脉压力的变化。结果双水平气道正压通气组在治疗前后自身对照以及与对照组比较,夜间低氧血症及心律失常发生率和肺动脉压力的改变均有统计学意义（P〈0．05～0．01）。结论双水平气道正压通气能改善慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者的夜间低氧血症,减少心律失常的发生率,降低肺动脉压力,可作为治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病的重要方法之一。     

双相气道正压无创机械通气时阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者上呼吸道影像分析

目的 应用多层螺旋CT对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)患者不同通气状态下上呼吸道行放射学成像,分析在全身麻醉无自主呼吸条件下双相气道正压(BiPAP)无创机械通气是否能克服上呼吸道阻力达到有效的机械通气.方法 选择拟行咽腭成形术的OSAS患者10例,手术前常规实施麻醉诱导睡眠.分别对患者清醒状态下自主呼吸(清醒期)、睡眠诱导后意识消失(诱导期)、BiPAP无创机械通气后5 min(通气期)时头部正位和侧位作螺旋CT扫描,测量上呼吸道各软组织区[软腭后区(RP)、舌根后区(RG)、会厌区(EPG)]的最窄气道横截面左右径、前后径长度及相应横截面积,并监测扫描过程中的无创血压(NIBP)、脉搏血氧饱和度(SpO2)、心率(HR)、自主呼吸频率(RR).结果 头颈部正位扫描显示诱导期RP区和EPG区最窄气道横截面左右径、前后径线长度比清醒期明显缩短,各区横截面积明显缩小[RP区:0.00(0.00,0.60)mm2比38.34(10.57,72.76)mm2,RG区:145.16(0.00,183.72)mm2比177.79(111.05,216.27)mm2,EPG区:39.02(7.55,86.36)mm2比154.69(124.74,322.00)mm2,均P＜0.05].通气期各横截面径线和面积较清醒期仍明显缩小(均P＜0.05),但与诱导期差异无统计学意义(均P＞0.05).头部侧位诱导期除RG区左右径外,各区最窄气道横截面左右径、前后径线长度均短于清醒期,横截面积亦缩小[RP区:0.00(0.00,18.74)mm2比61.46(36.77,141.46)mm2,RG区:69.75(35.74,214.83)mm2比287.68(197.01,393.18)mm2,EPG区:17.28(4.37,65.45)mm2比293.76(254.63,374.83)mm2,均P＜0.05].BiPAP通气时各区横截面径线与清醒期比较尚明显缩短,横截面积虽缩小却较诱导期明显回升(均P＜0.05).各期正、侧位NIBP、HR无明显变化,诱导期RR明显受抑制,SpO2降低(均P＜0.05),通气期RR、SpO2与诱导期比较虽有所改善,但差异无统计学意义(均P＞0.05),仍未回复到清醒期水平(均P＜0.05).结论 OSAS患者睡眠诱导后上呼吸道通畅度明显下降,即使将头部侧位后仍未能改善上呼吸道的通畅度,无自主呼吸的状态下应用BiPAP无创机械通气不能克服上呼吸道阻力达到有效通气,需特殊处理保证安全.     

Prone position and pressure control inverse ratio ventilation in H1N1 patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome

Aim:To observe the 28 and 90 days mortality associated with prone position and assist control-pressure control (with inverse ratio) ventilation (ACPC-IRV).Results:At admission, among these six patients the mean tidal volume generated was about 376.6 ml which was in the range of 6–8 ml/kg predicted body weight. The mean lung injury score was 3.79, mean PaO₂ /FiO₂ ratio was 52.66 and mean oxygenation index was 29.83. The mean duration of ventilation was 9.4 days (225.6 h). The ICU length of stay was 11.16 days. There was no mortality at 28 and 90 days.Conclusion:Early prone combined with ACPC-IRV in H1N1 patients having severe ARDS can be used as a rescue therapy and it should be confirmed by large observational studies.     

The role of non-invasive positive pressure ventilation in post-extubation respiratory failure: An evaluation using meta-analytic techniques

Background:

The use of non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) in post-extubation respiratory failure is not well-established. Meta-analytic techniques were used to assess the effects of prophylactic application of NIPPV (prior to the development of respiratory failure) and therapeutic application of NIPPV (subsequent to the development of respiratory failure).

Materials and Methods:

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from 1966 to May 2010 were identified using electronic databases. RCTs, which reported the use of NIPPV in post-extubation respiratory failure with defined assessable endpoints: reintubation, mortality and length of stay, were included.

Results:

Reintubation was the primary outcome, mortality and lengths of stay were the secondary outcomes. Risk ratios (RR) were calculated for discrete outcomes and weighted mean differences (WMD) for continuous measures. There were 13 trials with 1420 patients; 9 prophylactic with 861 patients and 4 therapeutic with 559 patients. In the prophylactic group, NIPPV was associated with lower rates of reintubation: RR 0.53 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.28-0.98), P = 0.04. In the therapeutic group, NIPPV showed a null effect on reintubation: RR 0.79 (95% CI, 0.50-1.25), P = 0.31. The analysis on the secondary outcomes suggested significant reduction of hospital mortality with prophylactic application of NIPPV: RR 0.62 (95% CI 0.4-0.97), P = 0.03, with no effect on the other outcomes. Therapeutic application of NIPPV reduced intensive care unit length of stay: WMD −1.17 (95% CI −2.82 to −0.33), P = 0.006, but no effect on the other secondary outcomes.

Conclusions:

The results of this review suggested prophylactic NIPPV was beneficial with respect to reintubation and the therapeutic use of NIPPV showed a null effect.     

Effect of expiratory positive airway pressure on sleep disordered breathing

STUDY OBJECTIVES: We sought to determine the effect of expiratory positive airway pressure on end expiratory lung volume (EELV) and sleep disordered breathing in obstructive sleep apnea patients. DESIGN: Observational physiology study PARTICIPANTS: We studied 10 OSA patients during sleep wearing a facial mask. We recorded 1 hour of NREM sleep without treatment (baseline) and 1 hour with 10 cm H2O EPAP in random order, while measuring EELV and breathing pattern. RESULTS: The mean EELV change between baseline and EPAP was only 13.3 mL (range 2-25 mL). Expiratory time was significantly increased with EPAP compared to baseline 2.64 +/- 0.54 vs 2.16 +/- 0.64 sec (P = 0.002). Total respiratory time was longer with EPAP than at baseline 4.44 +/- 1.47 sec vs 3.73 +/- 0.88 sec (P = 0.3), and minute ventilation was lower with EPAP vs baseline 7.9 +/- 4.17 L/min vs 9.05 +/- 2.85 L/min (P = 0.3). For baseline (no treatment) and EPAP respectively, the mean apnea+hypopnea index (AHI) was 62.6 +/- 28.7 and 56.8 +/- 30.3 events per hour (P = 0.4). CONCLUSION: In OSA patients during sleep, the application of 10 cm H2O EPAP led to prolongation of expiratory time with only marginal increases in FRC. These findings suggest important mechanisms exist to avoid hyperinflation during sleep.     

经鼻间歇正压通气防治早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征的临床研究

目的探讨经鼻间歇正压通气(NIPPV)在防治早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征(RDS)中的应用价值。方法选择2017年6月至2018年12月梧州市人民医院RDS早产儿90例,其中男性48例,女性42例;胎龄(29.03±0.58)周;出生体质量(996.91±98.52)g;病程(3.48±0.56)h;临床分级Ⅰ级58例,Ⅱ级32例;Apgar评分(6.85±1.06)分。依据随机数字表分为NIPPV组和持续气道正压通气(NCPAP)组,每组45例。NIPPV组给予NIPPV治疗,NCPAP组给予NCPAP治疗,若两组治疗后不能维持患儿生命体征则使用肺表面活性物质(PS)或行有创机械通气。结果NIPPV组和NCPAP组治疗12、24 h后和治疗结束时动脉血氧分压(PaO2)、氧合指数(OI)明显高于治疗前。NIPPV组治疗12、24 h后PaO2、OI明显高于NCPAP组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。NIPPV组和NCPAP组治疗结束时PaO2、OI比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);NIPPV组PS使用率(22.22%vs 44.44%)、有创通气率(17.78%vs 40.00%)、氧疗时间[(71.42±7.62)h vs(85.62±9.24)h]、有创通气时间[(46.78±5.32)h vs(55.27±6.14)h]、住院时间[(30.42±3.65)d vs(35.62±3.89)d]、并发症率(31.11%vs 53.33%)明显低于NCPAP组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论NIPPV可有效改善RDS早产儿通气功能,有利于减少PS使用、有创通气及并发症,值得临床推广。     

Continuous positive airway pressure lowers blood pressure in hypertensive patients with obstructive sleep apnea

Summary Question of the study Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and hypertension are frequently associated and probably causally related. We investigated the influence of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) on blood pressure (BP) in OSA. Patients and Methods Fourty-four patients in whom CPAP-therapy had been successfully applied for treatment of OSA (median apnea-hypopopnea-index [AHI] 57.5/h) were included. Non-invasive 24-hour BP was measured at 15  min intervals before and with CPAP. Results After 1 – 3 days of CPAP, 24-hour systolic and diastolic BP in the hypertensive patients (n = 32) decreased from a median of 141 (129 – 173, 25 % – 75 % interquartile range) mmHg to 136 (118 – 157) mmHg (p = 0.004) and from 90 (80 – 107) mmHg to 88 (77 – 99) mmHg (p = 0.001), respectively, but was unchanged in the normotensives (n = 10). After 4 – 6 months of CPAP, 24-hour systolic and diastolic BP in a hypertensive subgroup (n = 19) decreased from a median of 140 (131 – 142) mmHg to 131 (122 – 143) mmHg (p = 0.01) and from 88 (86 – 94) mmHg to 84 (80 – 87) mmHg (p = 0.02), respectively, but was unchanged in a normotensive subgroup (n = 8). After long-term CPAP, there was a small weight reduction in the hypertensive patients. Subgroup analysis of 13 hypertensives with stable weight confirmed a significant BP-reduction. Conclusions In OSA with associated hypertension, CPAP has a specific BP-lowering effect. This suggests that both disorders are causally related.