头静脉注入颈外静脉1例

据中国人体质调查统计 ,头静脉末端注入有 5种类型 ,其中注入颈外静脉的成人占 2 .2 4 % ,儿童占5 .0 %。作者在解剖一具成年男性尸体标本时 ,见其右侧头静脉直接注入颈外静脉 ,现报道如下 :右侧头静脉起自手背静脉网桡侧 ,沿前臂桡侧、臂的外侧进入三角肌胸大肌间沟 ,向上越过锁骨呈直角注入右侧颈外静脉前壁 (附图 )。右侧头静脉出三角肌胸大肌间沟末端至汇入点的距离为 5 .5ｃｍ ,压扁外径5 .0ｍｍ。右颈外静脉自锁骨内侧端上缘到右头静脉汇入点的距离为 4 .5ｃｍ ,其压扁外径为 8.0ｍｍ。左侧头静脉起始、行程、汇入部位正常。附图　头…     

双侧头静脉缺失及双腋静脉一例

在一例成年男尸解剖中,发现双侧头静脉缺失及双腋静脉变异,为积累国人资料和为临床医学提供参考,现报道如下:一、头静脉缺失 该例双侧头静脉和贵要静脉自起始处至前臂的走行无异常,但至肘窝处,头静脉向内上斜行于肱二头肌腹远端尺侧1cm 处注入贵要静脉(附图),注入前还收纳了臂部下段外侧份来的一细小属支。在三角肌胸大肌沟内仅见一来自肩部非常细小的浅静脉     

左侧低位桡浅动脉一例

在进行尸体解剖操作时,发现一具男性老年尸体左侧前臂的桡动脉与前臂正中静脉相伴行,位置表浅.1 在肘窝内,肱动脉本干平桡骨颈延为尺动脉,从肱动脉前壁发出桡动脉.尺动脉粗,走行正常.桡动脉细,向前穿肘筋膜浅出至皮下,在浅筋膜内与前臂正中静脉伴行下降.桡动脉在前臂近侧2/3居旋前圆肌和肱桡肌浅面;远侧1/3居桡侧腕屈肌与肱桡肌之间,于桡骨下端斜穿拇长展肌和拇短伸肌腱深面至手背.再穿经第一骨间背侧肌至手掌,与尺动脉掌深支吻合,形成掌深弓.2 桡动脉于起始处发出桡返动脉,沿途发出肌支,未见掌浅支.起始部外径3.5mm,平桡骨茎突处外径3.1mm.3 前壁正中静脉于肘窝下角向上呈叉状分为2支,分别与头静脉和贵要静脉相连,并借交通支与肱静脉外侧支相续.4 本例桡动脉在肘窝由肱动脉发出,伴前臂正中静脉全程浅行皮下,属于低位桡浅动脉,颇为少见.这种桡浅动脉伴前臂正中静脉浅行,容易致动、静脉混淆,易造成意外的动脉内注射,如误将药物或造影剂注入桡浅动脉,常致手     

桡神经、肌皮神经分布变异2例

根据张克劬 2 16例观察桡神经浅支缺如 ,其支配范围由前臂外侧皮神经代偿的占 2 .8± 1.1% ( 6侧 ) ;前臂外侧皮神经与桡神经浅支在桡骨茎突上方 1.0～ 7.8cm间有交通支的占 5 .1± 1.5 % ( 11侧 )。作者在解剖两例成年男性新鲜上肢标本过程中 ,发现其桡神经及肌皮神经走行变异 ,现报道如下 :例 1,左上肢桡神经浅支缺如 ,其支配区域由前臂外侧皮神经所代替。桡神经出肱肌和肱桡肌间隙后 ,在肘窝仅发出一细小分支到肱桡肌后即穿旋后肌到前臂背侧 ;而前臂外侧皮神经出肱二头肌和肱肌之间后下行于肱桡肌深面 ,在前臂中部从肱桡肌深面浅出、居皮…     

双支共干头静脉汇入颈内静脉变异一例

笔者在进行教学标本制作的过程中,发现在1具45岁男性尸体(165.0 cm)标本的左侧共干头静脉注入颈内静脉,经查询医学文献及资料,尚未见报道.此类变异极为罕见,为国人统计头静脉类型积累资料,也为临床手术注意特例情况提供解剖学依据,现报道如下.该具男性尸体左侧头静脉前支自手背静脉网的桡侧发出,向上绕过前臂桡侧缘至前臂桡侧面,至肘窝处继续沿肱桡肌与肱二头肌之间向外上方,经前臂内侧皮神经的表面,沿肱二头肌外侧沟上行,至臂上1/3处进入三角肌与胸大肌间沟内.     

头静脉变异1例

<正>头静脉变异较多,但是汇入颈外静脉的较少见。正常情况头静脉应起自手背静脉网的桡侧,在臂前区,行于肱二头肌外侧沟内,经三角肌胸大肌间沟内穿锁胸筋膜注入腋静脉或锁骨下静脉[1-2]。本文作者在实体解剖实验课上解剖1具女尸标本时,发现1例头静脉走行及注入方式变异。为积累解剖学资料,现报告如下。1材料与方法用常规方法解剖1具女尸,显露上肢皮下组织及浅静脉,见该具女尸左侧头静脉(外径约0.20 mm)起自手背静脉网的桡     

睾丸动、静脉及肾上腺下动脉变异1例

<正>在解剖1具成年男尸时,发现其左睾丸动脉起点及走行,左睾丸静脉数目,右睾丸动脉走行,右肾上腺下动脉起点均同时存在变异(图1,2),此类多变异共存现象较为罕见~([1]),现报道如下。左肾动脉发自腹主动脉左侧壁,向左水平走行2.2 cm发出上、下2干。左睾丸动脉发自左肾动脉上干,其起点距左肾动脉起始处1.8 cm,起始外径1.4 mm,向左走行8.4 cm至左肾外侧缘下行,经腹股沟管腹环进入精索。左睾丸静脉有内、外2支,内支外径为3.6 mm,出腹股沟管腹环沿腰大肌外侧上行垂直注入左肾静脉。外支外径为     

肱动脉变异1例

男尸,约60岁,右侧腋动脉形成2条等粗动脉,外径4．5mm,一条在正中神经的2条根部的后方走行,沿途发出分支伴桡神经进入桡神经沟,主干伴尺神经下行;另一条(肱副动脉)在前方下行至前臂,在桡骨颈延续为桡动脉和尺动脉。正中神经先在肱副动脉外侧下行,再从动脉后方绕至动脉内侧下行。     

左侧头静脉注入部位变异伴臂上段缺如一例

正笔者在解剖1具约70岁男性尸体时,发现其左侧头静脉注入部位变异伴上段缺如(未发现外伤及手术痕迹等)。经查阅相关文献,未见此类型变异记载,现报道如下。左侧头静脉起自手背静脉网的桡侧,于前臂桡侧远段茎突后缘浅层沿肱桡肌肌腱上行,至前臂中下1/3交界处发出细小的变异头静脉继续沿前臂桡侧上行,而主干转向前臂掌侧,上行至前臂中上1/4交界(肘窝尖端)处发出分支与肘正中静脉吻     

前臂外侧皮神经代替桡神经浅支一例

<正> 在制作教学标本中,发现一具成年男尸其左侧桡神经浅支缺如,桡神经浅支的分布区为前臂外侧皮神经所代替。在该例标本中,可见前臂外侧皮神经上续于肌皮神经,在肘窝前方肱骨内、外上踝连线中,外1/3的交点处离肱二头肌腱外侧至前臂外侧伴随头静脉下行,在前臂下1/3列于肱桡肌     

Level of functioning of siblings and parents of probands of varying degrees of retardation

A further analysis of already published data supports the position that retardates of low ability level less frequently have retarded siblings, retarded parents, and parents low in occupational level than do retardates higher in ability level. The analysis supports the position that there are two types of retarded individuals, persons retarded as a result of gene or chromosomal anomalies, brain injury, etc., who more frequently occur in the lower-level retardate group, and persons whose retardation represents polygenic segregation, who more frequently occur in the higher-level group.     

Modes of Inheritance of Errors of Refraction

Eighteen families in which both parents had refractions within the range of +4·0 D to −4·0 D and axial lengths seen in emmetropia (22·3-26·0 mm) showed coefficients of correlation of the order 0·5 indicative of polygenic inheritance. Such coefficients were seen for axial length (0·407) and for the cornea (0·487), but not for the lens (which is known to be yoked to the axial length). No such coefficients were seen in 19 families in which one of the parents had axial length outside the emmetropic range (nine families with long axes and 10 with short axes).

The pattern of polygenic inheritance for emmetropia (completely correlated optical components) and errors of refraction up to 4·0 D (inadequately correlated components: correlation ametropia) follows that seen in stature and other measurable characters. In contrast the high refractive errors with their abnormal axial lengths (component ametropia) are—like the extremes in stature—pathological anomalies with monofactorial inheritance.