A study of hepatitis A virus seropositivity among children aged between 1 and 5 years of age: Implications for universal immunization

BackgroundHepatitis A virus (HAV) causes an enterically transmitted viral disease mainly affecting children and endemic in many developing countries, including India. There is an epidemiological shift with an increased incidence of symptomatic cases among children. This study was conducted to assess the seroprevalence of HAV among young children aged below 5 years and the need for universal immunization.MethodThis cross-sectional study was conducted at two tertiary care hospitals in Northern India, from Apr 2014 to Jul 2015, among healthy children aged between 1 and 5 years. The sample size was calculated based on the prevalence of HAV seropositivity of 40% among children aged <10 years [16–60%] and alpha error of 5%. Analysis of serum IgG against HAV was performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method, and results were analyzed.ResultsA total of 1084 children aged between 12 and 60 months were enrolled, with male-to-female ratio of 1.86:1. A total of 471 children (43.5%) were found to be positive for IgG against HAV. The seroprevalence of HAV was lower among younger children aged 12–23 months (odds ratio [OR] = 0.73, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.52–0.87, p = 0.03), which was statistically significant. Seropositivity of HAV was lower among boys and families consuming safe drinking water and having improved sanitation facilities.ConclusionThe study observed lower seropositivity against HAV among younger children, making them susceptible of contracting the disease. Possible underlying risk factors were younger age, unsafe drinking water, poor sanitation, and low education status of parents. Therefore, vaccination may be recommended as optional vaccine at one year of age, along with improved public health efforts for safe drinking water, hygiene practices, and food safety.     

江苏省部分农村地区戊型肝炎血清流行病学研究

目的调查江苏省部分农村地区一般人群戊型肝炎的感染情况以及流行特征,为防治工作提供依据。方法利用分层整群抽样的方法,按不同的地区抽取若干个行政村的4139名自然人群,采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测该人群中HEV-IgG,HEV-IgM抗体水平。结果在调查的4139名自然人群中,抗HEV-IgG和抗HEV-IgM平均阳性率分别为52.0%和2.5%,男性和女性间的抗HEV-IgG和抗HEV-IgM阳性率差异有统计学意义,男性抗HEV-IgG阳性率(56.1%)高于女性(49.0%),而女性抗HEV-IgM阳性率(3.0%)高于男性(1.8%);同时戊肝感染可见于各个年龄段,但流行分布不平衡,差异有统计学意义,随着年龄的增长感染率呈上升的趋势。结论江苏省部分农村地区人群戊型肝炎病毒感染率明显高于国内已报道其他地区,各个年龄组均有感染。为降低感染率,探讨针对性的防治措施对策已刻不容缓。     

A serological study of cytomegalovirus infection in pregnant and non-pregnant women at Gauhati Medical College and Hospital

Primary cytomegalovirus infection is the most common infection during pregnancy that may have long-term neurodevelopmental sequelae in children born to these mothers. It is also associated with many obstetric complications. So the aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus infection in local antenatal population with bad obstetric history and to see the effects, if any, of age, socio-economic status, presenting features and different gestational periods. Seventy-five pregnant women with bad obstetric history were screened for the presence of cytomegalovirus specific IgM and IgG antibodies by doing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, out of which 17(22.66%) had evidence of recurrent cytomegalovirus infection as demonstrated by the presence of cytomegalovirus specific IgM antibodies. All were found to be positive for cytomegalovirus specific IgG antibodies. This indicates that the presence of cytomegalovirus specific IgM antibodies in this population is an evidence of reactivation of a latent infection or re-infection with a different strain of cytomegalovirus. Increased IgM seropositivity was found to be associated with advancing age, poor, socio-economic status, third trimester of pregnancy and bad obstetric history like premature delivery, stillbirth, recurrent spontaneous abortions, intra-uterine growth retardation. Out of 25 randomly selected non-pregnant women of childbearing age, all showed presence of cytomegalovirus specific IgG antibodies and none was found to be positive for primary or recurrent cytomegalovirus infection.     

Voluntary anonymous linked study of the prevalence of HIV infection and hepatitis C among inmates in a Canadian federal penitentiary for women.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the seroprevalence of HIV infection and hepatitis C among inmates of a federal penitentiary for women. DESIGN: Voluntary, anonymous, linked, point-prevalence study involving testing of blood samples for antibodies to HIV and hepatitis C virus. PARTICIPANTS: All inmates of the multilevel security federal Prison for Women, Kingston, Ont., who volunteered to participate in the study. Inmates at this long-stay facility are from across Canada. OUTCOME MEASURE: Seroprevalence rate among participants of antibodies to HIV and hepatitis C virus. RESULTS: Of the 130 inmates available for study 113 (86.9%) agreed to donate a blood sample. One woman (0.9%) was HIV positive; 45 (39.8%) were positive for hepatitis C antibody. CONCLUSIONS: It is possible to obtain a high participation rate in a voluntary, anonymous, linked point-prevalence study in a long-stay penitentiary. The HIV seroprevalence rate of 0.9% is lower than that found in studies in provincial (short-stay) prisons. However, the high rate of antibodies to hepatitis C suggests a significant level of risk behaviour, most likely injection drug use, and suggests the potential for a rapid increase in the rate of HIV infection should the number of newly admitted HIV-positive inmates who use injection drugs rise.     

Seroprevalence and risk factors for HTLV-I/II infection among female prostitutes in the United States

We tested 1305 female prostitutes from eight areas of the United States for antibodies to human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I/II. Overall, 6.7% were human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I/II seropositive (with antibodies to both gag and env gene products). The seroprevalence rates ranged from 0% in southern Nevada to 25.4% in Newark, NJ. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I/II seropositivity was independently associated with race (odds ratio, 4.68), intravenous drug use (odds ratio, 2.94), hepatitis B seropositivity (odds ratio, 2.87), recruitment in Newark (odds ratio, 2.34), and more years of sexual activity (odds ratio, 1.08 per year of sexual activity). Groups with high rates included blacks, Hispanics, and American Indians, and the rates in these groups were significantly higher than among whites and Asian Americans for women both with and without a history of intravenous drug use. Among intravenous drug users, the only other independent associations were more years of sexual activity and recruitment in Newark; and in non-intravenous drug users, hepatitis B seropositivity. These data show that human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I/II infection is present among female prostitutes in some areas of the United States. Further studies are needed to evaluate patterns of transmission and long-term health effects.     

Hepatitis A epidemiology in Australia: national seroprevalence and notifications

OBJECTIVES: To determine hepatitis A seroprevalence and notification rates in Australia in order to inform vaccination policy. DESIGN: Seroprevalence was determined by cross-sectional survey of opportunistically collected sera; notifications were extracted from the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System. PARTICIPANTS: 3,043 serum samples collected in 1998 were obtained from 46 laboratories around Australia. Sample size in each age group was based on expected seroprevalence, and States and Territories were sampled proportionally to their population size. Males and females were equally represented. Notifications were extracted for cases with onset between 1 January 1991 and 31 December 1998. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Seroprevalence and notifications were analysed by age, sex and State/Territory. RESULTS: 41.1% of serum samples were seropositive for hepatitis A (95% CI, 39.4%-42.9%) (population-weighted seroprevalence, 38.3%). Seroprevalence was significantly associated with increasing age (P<0.001), but did not differ between the sexes (male:female ratio, 1.04:1; 95% CI, 0.95-1.14). However, significantly more notifications were recorded for males than females (male:female ratio, 1.65:1; 95% CI, 1.60-1.70). The Northern Territory had the highest seroprevalence (68.8%; 95% CI, 52.7%-84.8%) and annual notification rates (48.7 per 100,000 population; 95% CI, 45.0-52.4 per 100,000). CONCLUSIONS: These data show that about half the Australian population has not been exposed to hepatitis A and is therefore susceptible to infection. However, any decision on national routine childhood hepatitis A vaccination requires a cost-benefit analysis. Routine vaccination of high-incidence communities remains controversial.     

HIV risk behaviour among injecting drug users in Perth: the Australian National AIDS and Injecting Drug Use Study.

OBJECTIVE: This study was carried out in 1989 to examine behaviour involving risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and to measure the prevalence of HIV antibodies in a sample of injecting drug users (IDUs) in Perth. DESIGN: The study was a cross-sectional survey with a sample of convenience of 196 IDUs drawn from drug treatment (54%) and non-treatment (46%) populations. RESULTS: Sixty-five per cent of the sample were men and 35% women. Subjects were predominantly heterosexual, were in their late twenties, had not completed secondary school, and were on sickness, unemployment or pension benefits. The majority were poly-drug users, but heroin and amphetamines were the only drugs that had been injected by more than 20% of the sample more than once a month. Respondents reported injecting an average of 43.6 (SD 83.6) times a month and using 33.7 (SD 55.4) new needles a month. The majority (70%) had injected within weeks of the interview. Sixty-seven per cent had shared needles within months. Respondents claimed to pass on used needles more frequently than to accept them, and were most likely to share with close friends or lovers when clean needles were unavailable and/or when they were withdrawing. While most respondents cleaned used needles, few used bleach all or most of the time. Most (78%) respondents had been tested for HIV seropositivity at least once. Most had multiple sexual partners and 92.3% had engaged in at least one unsafe sexual practice during the previous six months. Sixty-four per cent had changed some aspect of drug using, and 38% some aspect of sexual behaviour since hearing about the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV seroprevalence for the 179 respondents who were tested was 2.2%, but this figure should not be taken as an estimate of seroprevalence for the Perth IDU population. CONCLUSION: Respondents' behaviour placed them at a high level of risk for HIV infection. Based on reported behaviour, it is recommended that education for IDUs in Perth should emphasise, among other things: not passing on used needles; cleaning used needles and syringes with bleach; planning ahead so that sterile equipment is available; and further risk reduction, particularly the adoption of safer sexual practices.     

慢性乙型肝炎患者血清抗Hp抗体检测及抗Hp抗体与HBV载量和HBV基因型的关系

目的：探讨幽门螺杆菌(Hp)在慢性乙型肝炎中的作用。方法：对376例慢性乙型肝炎患者 （分为肝炎组、乙型肝炎肝硬化组和并发肝癌组）的Hp感染状况与HBV DNA定量、HBV DNA分型进行检测,并与健康对照组和慢性胃炎组进行对比。 结果：慢性乙型肝炎组（56.2%）、乙型肝炎肝硬化组（69.9%）和乙型肝炎并发肝癌组（75.0%）Hp感染率明显高于健康对照组（43.4%）（P<0.01）,各组与慢性胃炎组（57.9％）比较差异无显著性（P>0.05）,其中肝硬化组和并发肝癌组Hp感染率均高于肝炎组（P<0.05）。不同病毒载量的慢性乙型肝炎患者的Hp感染率均明显高于健康对照组（P<0.01）,但不同病毒载量之间差异无显著性（P>0.05）。B、C和D基因型慢性乙型肝炎患者Hp感染率分别为61.3%、63.3%和50.0%,3组之间比较差异无显著性（P>0.05）。结论：慢性乙型肝炎患者Hp感染率明显增加,且Hp感染率随着肝脏病变程度的进展而增加。     

Evidence of hepatitis virus infection among Australian prisoners of war during World War II

A sample of Australian male veterans of World War II was surveyed after 40 years. One hundred and seventy veterans had been held by the Japanese as prisoners of war and 172 veterans had served in southeast Asia but had not been taken captive (non-prisoners of war). A medical history was obtained and a physical examination undertaken. Blood was drawn and analysed for standard liver biochemistry and serological markers of hepatitis A and B virus (HAV, HBV) infections. The prevalence of immunoglobulin (Ig)G class antibodies to HAV was 95.2% in non-prisoners of war and 93.3% in prisoners of war. Only three cases of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) seropositivity were identified (two cases from the prisoner-of-war group). Thirty-six (21.8%) prisoners of war were seropositive for the presence of antibodies to HBsAg (anti-HBs) and 34 (20.0%) prisoners of war for that of antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc), compared with 16 (9.8%) and eight (4.7%) of the non-prisoners of war, respectively (P = 0.002 and P = 0.0001, respectively). Those veterans who reported jaundice during World War II had a higher prevalence of antibodies to HBV. Among prisoners of war who were forced to work on the Burma-Thailand railway, 24.1% were seropositive for anti-HBc compared with 11.1% of the remaining prisoners of war (P = 0.048). It would appear that hepatitis B was common in prisoners of war but that those who survived 40 years were able to clear the virus and do not appear to have significant liver disease.     

Seroepidemiology of toxoplasmosis among HIV-infected patients and healthy blood donors

A cross-sectional study was carried out in University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur. Blood samples from 100 HIV-infected patients and 203 Healthy Blood Donors (HBD) were collected and anti-Toxoplasma antibodies were detected by using conventional ELISA. The seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in HIV/AIDS and Healthy Blood Donors were found to be 21% and 28.1% respectively. There was no significant association between the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis and various possible risk factors i.e. contact with cat, consumption of undercooked meat and history of blood transfusion in both groups. No significant differences between Toxoplasma seroprevalence in HIV/AIDS and Healthy Blood Donors in association with presence of single or multiple risk factors were found. The mean CD4 count among HIV/AIDS patients in this study was 202.23 cell/cumm. There was no significant association between CD4 count and seropositivity for Toxoplasma antibodies in HIV/AIDS patients.     

Nutritional status of schoolchildren in an urban area of Sri Lanka

BACKGROUND: As in many other Asian countries, Sri Lanka is in the phase of a rapid demographic, nutritional and epidemiological transition. As a result dietary habits and lifestyle are changing. These have led to new health problems in the region. Childhood overweight and obesity are examples of such problems. OBJECTIVE: To provide information on the nutritional status of 8-12 years old schoolchildren in an urban area of Sri Lanka. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Seven schools situated in the city of Colombo were randomly selected. They showed a fair representation of children of all social levels. Fifty students from each grade (years 4, 5, 6, 7) of each school were randomly selected. Their height was measured using a stadiometer to the closest 0.1cm and weight measured using an electronic weighing scale (Seca, France) to the closest 100 g. Calibration was checked with a standard weight at each 25 measurements. Information regarding behaviour, feeding practices and socioeconomic factors were obtained by a questionnaire filled by the parent or the guardian. To define obesity and overweight, sex and age specific body mass index (BMI) criteria recommended by the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) were used. The age and sex specific BMI 5th percentile from revised NCHS (2000) growth charts were used to define thinness. Weight and height Z score of less than -2 from the median of height for age and weight for age derived using the ANTHRO software (CDC, USA) were used to define stunting and underweight respectively. Data were analysed using Epilnfo 2000 (CDC, USA) computer package. RESULTS: Anthropometric data of 1 224 children (48% boys), and feeding practices and behaviour pattern data of 1 102 children (44% boys) were analysed. Obesity prevalence among boys (4.3%) was higher than in girls (3.1%). The prevalence of thinness was 24.7% in boys and 23.1% in girls. 5.1% of boys and 5.2% of girls were stunted. 7.0% of boys and 6.8% of girls were underweight. 66% of obese children and 43.5% of overweight children belonged to high-income category (monthly family income more than Rs. 20,000). Apart from family income, behaviour patterns did not significantly influence the nutritional status. CONCLUSIONS: Although the data are not representative of the entire country, nutritional transition is evident in the city of Colombo. Obesity and overweight in older children are some emerging nutritional problems that may be the consequence of emerging patterns of the lifestyle and diet in response to social and cultural changes.     

Seroprevalence of sexually transmitted infections among accepted and deferred blood donors in Jamaica

Critical donor selection and testing increases the safety of blood transfusion by excluding donors at risk of transmitting infections. This study investigated the seroprevalence of and risk factors for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among accepted and deferred blood donors in Jamaica. A total of 1015 blood donors consisting of 794 (78%) accepted donors and 221 (22%) deferred donors presenting at the Central Blood Bank, Jamaica, over a six-month period, were recruited for this study. A standardized questionnaire was administered to each participant and a sample of blood obtained for detection of hepatitis B surface antigen, antibodies to Treponema pallidum, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human T-cell lymphotrophic virus type-1 (HTLV-1). Deferred donors were three times more likely to be seropositive for STI than accepted donors (16.3% vs 5.2%, OR 3.57, 95% CI 2.16 - 5.90, p < 0.0001). Males had significant association between STI seropositivity and having fathered children with two or more women (p = 0.0085), unprotected sexual intercourse with several persons (p = 0.0326), and history of genital herpes (p = 0.0121). Significant risk factors identified among females were unprotected sex with several partners (p = 0.0385); having more than ten lifetime partners (p = 0.0105); and use of depoprovera (p = 0.0028). This study confirms higher rates of STI among deferred blood donors and supports the donor deferral system in Jamaica.     

Seroprevalence of helicobacter pylori in human immunodeficiency virus-positive Patients and it's correlation with CD4+ Lymphocyte Count

Background:

This study assessed the seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori antibodies among Iranian patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. It also examines whether anti H. pylori seroprevalence was associated with the severity of the HIV infection or the antiretroviral treatment.

Material and Methods:

A total of 114 HIV-infected patients and 114 age and sex-matched controls, without symptoms referable to upper gastrointestinal tract were recruited. Blood samples were obtained from all subjects. Serum IgG and IgA against H. pylori measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Results:

The rate of anti H. pylori IgG seropositivity was 57.9% in HIV-infected patients and 28.95% in controls (P < 0.001), while the rate of IgA seropositivity was 2.64% in HIV patients and 31.57% in controls (P < 0.001). Although there was an increasing trend of higher IgG and IgA titre by increasing CD4 cell count in HIV-positive patients, it was not reach statistical significance. There was no statistical difference in the serology of anti H. pylori IgG and IgA between patients receiving antiretroviral therapy comparing untreated HIV patients.

Conclusions:

This study showed higher seroprevalence of H. pylori IgG along with lower seroprevalence of H. pylori IgA in HIV-positive patients compared matched controls.     

Hepatitis C virus in intravenous drug users

Sera from 172 intravenous drug users were tested for the presence of antibodies to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV). The results were analysed in relation to aspects of the history of drug use and evidence of liver disease. The presence of anti-HCV was strongly associated with duration of intravenous drug use. Two-thirds of patients were anti-HCV seropositive within two years of commencing regular intravenous drug use, and there was 100% seropositivity among people injecting drugs for more than eight years. Seropositivity for hepatitis C virus closely paralleled exposure to hepatitis B virus, which was also endemic in this population. In contrast, only one patient tested positive for antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus. The presence of anti-HCV correlated poorly with biochemical markers of hepatitis. About half the patients with anti-HCV had normal serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, whereas an abnormal liver biochemistry was frequently observed in anti-HCV seronegative subjects. Previous studies of non-A, non-B hepatitis that have used abnormal liver biochemistry as a marker have underestimated the prevalence of chronic hepatitis among intravenous drug users; the use of a specific screening test reveals that infection with hepatitis C virus is very common in this population.     

Serostatus of IgG antibody against mumps virus in adult population of Al Madinah Al Munawarah,Saudi Arabia

Objectives:To determine the frequency and distribution of mumps-specific IgG antibodies among the healthy adult Saudi population in Al Madinah Al Munawarah, Saudi Arabia, where mandatory vaccination against measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) has been implemented for 30 years.Methods:Qualitative and quantitative indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to determine the mumps IgG antibody levels in sera collected from 429 individuals, including 224 men and 205 women. Participants were stratified into 3 age groups according to vaccination history (<20, 21-30, and >31 years).Results:The overall seroprevalence of mumps antibodies in our population was 79.0%. The highest proportion of individuals with IgG antibody seropositivity, at 87.8% (95% confidence interval (95% CI): 84.7%-90.8%), was observed among the <20 years age group, who received 2 doses of vaccine. No significant relationships were observed between mumps seropositivity and age group or gender. The multivariable analysis identified the male gender and the age group >31 years as factors associated with an increased likelihood of seronegativity. Al Madinah Al Munawarah has achieved increased anti-mumps antibody seroprevalence since the implementation of the 2-dose MMR vaccination schedule.Conclusions:Based on our study findings, we recommend that serological screening be performed to assess the need for mumps vaccination among adults at high risk for exposure and transmission.     

全球自然感染SARS-CoV-2人群的抗体水平研究

新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）已蔓延至全球二百二十多个国家和地区,造成了全球大流行。通过SARS-CoV-2的特异性抗体的血清学检测可以估计人群感染的状况,有助于回顾性评估研究人群中疫情的规模或感染程度。本文对全球自然感染SARS-CoV-2一般人群和医务工作者、儿童、孕妇等特殊人群的血清抗体水平研究进行综述,以期更好地理解COVID-19流行期间人群的血清学特征和规律,对疾病的认识和后期疫情防控提供重要借鉴。综述发现全球范围内报告的自然感染SARS-CoV-2血清抗体阳性率在不同国家或地区有所不同,阳性率从低于0.1%到超过20%,其高低与不同血清学检测方法、检测时所处的疫情流行阶段有关。儿童的血清抗体阳性率低于其他年龄组,医务工作者、孕妇的血清抗体阳性率则与一般人群相似。未来有必要进一步持续监测血清抗体阳性水平,以评估COVID-19所致的疾病负担,为COVID-19疫情控制提供科学证据。     

初探幽门螺杆菌与肝硬化及肝硬化并肝癌的关系

目的:初步了解肝硬化及肝硬化并发肝癌患者幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacter pylori,H.pylori)的感染情况,探讨其与肝硬化及肝硬化并发肝癌的关系.方法:应用斑点免疫金渗滤试验(DIGFA)检测101例肝硬化、42例肝硬化并发肝癌患者血清中H.pylori抗体(HpIgG),采用化学发光法检测患者血清中甲胎蛋白(AFP)定量.结果:HpIgG阳性率,肝硬化患者为42.57%,肝硬化并发肝癌患者为69.05%,肝硬化并发肝癌患者H.pylori感染率显著高于肝硬化未并发肝癌患者.乙肝病毒感染的患者HpIgG阳性率显著高于无乙肝病毒感染者,两组间有统计学差异(x2=4.164,P=0.041).AFP异常的惠者HpIgG阳性率显著高于AFP正常患者,两组间有统计学差异(x2=4.695,P=0.030).结论:H.pylori可能为肝硬化并发肝癌的危险因素之一.     

Prevalence of antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus in Dominicans and Haitians in the Dominican Republic

Few patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome have been reported in the Dominican Republic, although they share the island of Hispaniola with Haiti, which has numerous cases. Prevalence of antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus in serum samples from Dominicans tested from 1983 through 1985 was low in comparison with that of clinically healthy Haitians working in the country. The Haitians, who gave no history of any known risk factor, had a seroprevalence to the virus of more than 10%. Only Dominican homosexuals had a high rate of seropositivity (19%); intravenous drug abusers, healthy heterosexuals, female prostitutes, and other subgroups had virtually no evidence of antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus. These results suggest that passage of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome retrovirus between populations in two countries on the same island did not occur except by known risk practices. They emphasize that the extent of viral transmission in Haiti is greater than that observed in the Dominican Republic.     

生殖器溃疡患者杜克雷氏链杆菌、梅毒螺旋体及人类单纯疱疹病毒2型抗体血清学检测及其与HIV感染的关系

目的：检测女性生殖器溃疡患者血清杜克雷氏链杆菌抗体、梅毒螺旋体血清学、人类单纯疱疹病毒2型抗体，并探讨其与人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染之间的关系。方法：将102例女性生殖器溃疡患者作为研究对象。采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定血清HIV抗体，并以蛋白印迹试验(western blot)进行确认；采用快速血浆反应试验(RPR)筛查梅毒，对螺旋体感染患者进一步进行梅毒螺旋体红细胞凝集试验(TPHA)；采用Westem blot测定人类单纯疱疹2型特异糖蛋白抗体；采用酶免法(EIA)测定抗杜克雷氏链杆菌抗体IgA及IgG。结果：杜克雷氏链杆菌IgG或／及IgA阳性共计30例(30．61％)；梅毒RPR或／及TPHA阳性51例(52．04％)；单纯疱疹2型特异糖蛋白抗体阳性17例(17．35％)。98例患者中，HIV抗体阳性47例(47．96％)。30例软下疳患者中19例HIV抗体阳性(63．33％)，51例梅毒病例中21例(41.18％)呈HIV感染，17例单纯疱疹病毒2型特异糖蛋白抗体阳性者中7例(41．18％)HIV抗体阳性；三者之间HIV抗体阳性率无显著差异，但均有易感倾向。结论：杜克雷氏链杆菌、梅素螺旋体及单纯疱疹2型感染所致的女性生殖器溃疡与HIV感染有密切联系。     

Epidemiologic study of the association between human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 and Strongyloides stercoralis infection in female blood donors (Guadeloupe, French West Indies)

This case control study was conducted among female blood donors in Guadeloupe. A total of 85 HTLV-1 positive subjects were matched by age (+/- 5 years) in a 1:3 ratio to 255 HTLV-1 negative controls. The mean age was 48.5 and 48.9 years respectively. Ethnic, environmental and socio-economic risk factors were studied. Four risk factors were found independently associated with HTLV-1 seropositivity: Strongyloides stercoralis antibodies (OR = 3.6, CI 1.8, 7.3), low socio-economic status (OR = 2.0 CI 1.0, 4.0), low educational level (OR = 2.0 CI 1.0, 4.0) and agricultural activity (OR = 2.8 CI 1.4, 5.6). This logistic regression analysis demonstrates the reality of the association between HTLV-1 carriers and Strongyloides stercoralis, and its association with socio-economic and environmental risk factors.