磁共振成像(MRI)对前列腺癌分期的临床意义

目的 探讨临床分期和磁共振成像(MRI)分期预测前列腺癌病理分期的临床意义。方法 对32例病理证实的局限性前列腺癌行根治性手术前经直肠指诊进行临床分期及MRI分期预测术后前列腺病理分期结果,评价其预测前列腺癌病理分期的诊断性结果。结果 本组32例前列腺癌中,临床分期局限于前列腺内的肿瘤(B期)30例,10例前列腺癌根治术后病理诊断有前列腺包膜及包膜外浸润,1例左髂血管旁淋巴结转移癌,36.7％(11/30)病例临床分期偏低,2例临床分期为C期病例术后1例为B期,临床分期偏高。而MRI诊断的30例前列腺癌中,分期局限于前列腺内的肿瘤(B期)21例中,4例前列腺根治术后病理诊断为C期,19.1％(4/21)的病例MRI分期偏低;9例MRI分期为C期病例1例术后为B期,分期偏高,另1例术后为D1期,分期偏低。直肠指诊临床分期和MRI分期预测前列腺癌的病理结果有显著相关性(P=0.002)。临床分期和MRI分期对局限于前列腺内肿瘤的预测(PPV)分别为63.3％和80.9％;对浸润包膜及包膜外肿瘤的预测(NPV)分别为50.0％和88.9％。MRI对前列腺癌病理分期的预测更具有特异性和较高的准确性,能更好的预测前列腺癌的病理结果(P=0.023)。结论 MRI分期较直肠指诊临床分期能更好地预测局限于前列腺内的肿瘤,对前列腺包膜及包膜以外浸润的肿瘤能进行更准确分     

临床分期和磁共振成像(MRI)对前列腺癌分期的临床意义

目的：探讨临床分期和磁共振成像(MRI)分期预测前列腺癌病理分期的临床意义。方法：对32例局限性前列腺癌术前经直肠指诊进行临床分期及MRI分期预测前列腺癌根治术后的病理分期结果，评价诊断性实验结果。结果：直肠指诊临床分期和MRI分期预测前列腺癌的病理结果有显著相关性(P=0．002)。临床分期和MRI分期对局限于前列腺内肿瘤的预测(PPV)分别为63.3％和80．9％；对浸润包膜及包膜外肿瘤的预测(NPV)分别为50．0％和88．9％。MRI对前列腺癌病理分期的预测更具有特异性和较高的准确性，能更好的预测前列腺癌的病理结果(P=0．023)。结论：MRI较直肠指诊能更好地预测局限于前列腺内的肿瘤，对前列腺包膜及包膜以外浸润的肿瘤能进行更准确的分期。     

老年人前列腺癌的早期诊断(附45例分析)

目的指出临床早期诊断对老年前列腺癌(PC)的病理分期及愈后有重要意义。方法分析了5年来我院收治的经病理确诊的45例老年前列腺癌的临床特点。结果较准确的早期诊断方法为直肠指检(DRE)、血清前列腺特异抗原(PSA)、经直肠前列腺B超(TRUS)、经直肠前列腺活检,阳性率分别为83%、82%、76%、73%。结论老年人应定期体检,前列腺癌的筛选应以PSA为基础,结合肛诊、TRUS及经直肠前列腺活检进行。     

tPSA<4ng/ml前列腺癌的临床特点分析(附35例报告)

目的探讨总PSA(tPSA)<4 ng/m l的前列腺癌(PC a)患者的临床特点。方法回顾性分析35例tPSA<4 ng/m l并经病理确诊为前列腺腺癌患者的临床特征及病理特点。结果35例PC a患者年龄均>60岁,因排尿困难就医,2例伴肉眼血尿者并发膀胱肿瘤。直肠指诊(DRE)触及前列腺结节者仅1例(2.9%),前列腺质地硬者仅10例(28.6%)。B超示35例患者前列腺包膜均完整,其中16例(45.7%)前列腺回声不均匀,平均体积为34.3 m l,<40 m l者比例达82.9%(29/35)。患者临床病理分期均在T2b以下,其中T1期31例(88.6%),T2期4例(11.4%)。G leason评分2~5分30例(85.7%),6分2例(5.7%),7~8分3例(8.6%)。结论前列腺癌有可能发生于tPSA<4 ng/m l的老龄人群中,此类患者的前列腺体积一般较小,临床病理分期相对较低,分化程度相对较好。     

血清PSA及超声引导穿刺活检对前列腺癌病理分期预测价值研究

目的 研究血清前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)及超声引导穿刺活检对前列腺癌病理分期的预测价值.方法 选取200例经直肠超声引导前列腺穿刺活检确诊为前列腺癌的患者的临床资料进行研究.分析患者的血清PSA、穿刺活检阳性百分数及Gleason评分3个参数与前列腺癌病理分期的相关性;同时对比性分析以上3个参数在不同病理分期前列腺癌患者中的差异情况.结果 血清PSA、穿刺活检阳性百分数及Gleason评分均与前列腺癌患者的病理分期呈正相关(P﹤0.001);D期前列腺癌患者的血清PSA水平明显高于A期、B期、C期前列腺癌患者(P﹤0.05),而A期、B期、C期前列腺癌患者的血清PSA水平两两之间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P﹥0.05);C期与D期前列腺癌患者的穿刺活检阳性百分数比较,差异无统计学意义(P﹥0.05),而其他各分期间穿刺活检阳性百分数两两比较,差异均有统计学意义(P﹤0.05);A期与C期、B期与C期、A期与D期、B期与D期前列腺癌患者的Gleason评分比较,差异均有统计学意义(P﹤0.05),而A期与B期、C期与D期前列腺癌患者的Gleason评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P﹥0.05).结论 血清PSA、穿刺活检阳性百分数及Gleason评分均可单独用于前列腺期病理分期的预测,同时该3个参数在区分前列腺癌病理分期方面也发挥一定辅助作用.     

磁共振成像在子宫内膜癌术前分期及肌层浸润深度判定中的作用(依照新修订的FIGO分期系统)

目的:评价在新修订的FIGO分期系统下,磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)在子宫内膜癌术前分期及肌层浸润深度判定中的作用。方法:对36例子宫内膜癌进行术前MRI分期和肌层浸润深度判定,并与手术病理分期对照。结果:MRI术前分期诊断准确率为91.7%(33/36)。MRI诊断无肌层侵犯、浅肌层侵犯和深肌层侵犯的敏感性、特异性、准确率分别为50%、85.7%、77.8%;84.4%、76.5%、80.6%;80.0%、100%、94.4%。MRI区分Ⅰa期(无肌层侵犯和浅肌层侵犯)和Ⅰb期(深肌层浸润)的诊断准确率为94.4%(34/36)。结论:MRI对子宫内膜癌术前分期及肌层浸润深度的判断准确率较高,具有很高的应用价值。     

子宫内膜癌临床分期的再评价

目的探讨子宫内膜癌临床分期与手术病理分期的差异及影响因素.方法对68例子宫内膜癌患者,将术前临床分期与手术病理分期相比较,以分析临床分期与手术病理分期的差异及原因.结果28例根据诊刮术中宫腔深度判定为临床分期Ia期的患者中,仅有7例与手术病理分期相符,其余均有不同程度的肌层浸润;绝经前患者的临床分期与手术病理分期的诊断符合率(63.2%)显著较绝经后患者(11.1%)高(P＜0.005),绝经后患者临床分期诊断符合率较低导致总的符合率降低至39.7%;子宫异常出血时间长短与分期无相关性.结论对于子宫内膜癌患者,尤其绝经后患者,应进行综合检查及评估,以提高临床分期的准确性.     

前列腺穿刺活检病理结果提示神经周围侵犯在评估前列腺癌进展风险中的价值

目的探讨前列腺穿刺活检病理结果提示神经周围侵犯在评估前列腺癌进展风险中的价值。方法选取2015年3月至2018年1月间上海市宝山区罗店医院收治的134例前列腺癌患者为研究对象,根据病理检查结果分为有神经周围侵犯(PNI)组和无PNI组,其中有PNI组54例,无PNI组80例。记录患者前列腺穿刺病理和根治病理Gleason评分,分析两组患者的肿瘤T分期、精囊侵犯率、包膜侵犯率、手术切缘阳性率、盆腔淋巴结转移率和血清PSA,对相关因素进行多因素分析。结果前列腺癌患者术前及术后临床资料比较,有无PNI前列腺患者的肿瘤分期、术后血清、前列腺穿刺病理评分、根治病理评分、精囊侵犯和包膜侵犯比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P <0. 05)。有PNI组相关因素多因素分析显示,前列腺癌患者肿瘤分期、前列腺穿刺病理评分、根治病理评分及包膜侵犯和患者有无合并PNI有关,差异均有统计学意义(均P <0. 05)。结论神经周围侵犯监测能够有效评估前列腺癌进展风险和危险程度,具有临床应用价值,值得推广应用。     

68例子宫内膜癌的临床病理分析

目的 回顾子宫内膜癌患者的临床及病理资料,对比分析其临床分期与手术病理分期的差异,为该肿瘤的诊断、治疗及判断预后提供依据.方法 对我院2005-2008年收治的68例子宫内膜癌的临床及病理资料进行回顾性分析.结果 患者平均年龄55.1岁,未绝经者占33.82%,绝经者症状多是阴道不规则出血伴阴道排液;临床分期与手术病理分期误差率较大,达22.86%一61.11%,术前诊刮与术后病理类型的符合率为86.79%;子宫内膜癌肌层浸润、临床分期及组织学分级均与淋巴结转移密切相关.肌层浸润越深、临床分期越高、组织分化程度越低,淋巴结转移率越高.结论 术前临床分期与手术病理分期,术前诊刮病理诊断结果与术后组织学类型间均存在差异,术前应进行综合检查及评估;肌层浸润深度、临床分期及组织学分级均与淋巴结转移密切相关,是影响预后的重要因素.     

MRI在宫颈癌诊断及其分期中的应用

[目的]探讨磁共振成像(MRI)在宫颈癌诊断及其分期中的应用价值。[方法]对84例经宫颈活检确诊为宫颈癌的患者在手术前进行临床分期,并在术前2周内进行MRI检查。参照FIGO制订的标准,以病理结果作为诊断金标准,将临床分期和MRI分期分别与术后病理结果进行比较分析,以评价宫颈癌术前MRI的诊断价值。[结果]84例宫颈癌患者临床分期准确率为61.90%,对Ⅱb期诊断准确率、灵敏度和特异性分别为73.81%、47.06%、80.6%。根据MRI检查结果分期,准确率为86.90%,对Ⅱb期诊断准确率、灵敏度和特异性分别为91.69%、76.47%、95.52%。MRI诊断淋巴结转移准确率、灵敏度和特异性分别为84.52%、80.00%、85.14%。[结论]宫颈癌术前行MRI检查可多方位成像清楚显示宫颈肿瘤的病变范围,提高了分期的准确性,对淋巴结转移和宫旁受累有较好的诊断价值。     

Phased array magnetic resonance imaging for staging clinically localised prostrate cancer

Patients suffering from intra-capsular prostate cancer (T1-2, N0, M0) are potential candidates for curative treatment by radical prostatectomy or radiation therapy. Curative intended therapy is frequently associated with substantial side effects, which makes accuracy of preoperative staging important. However, up to 40% of the patients with clinically localized disease turn out to be under-staged and should not have been subjected to curative surgery. The aim of this study was to assess the value of preoperative phased array MRI staging in patients who are candidates for radical prostatectomy.

Ninety-five potential candidates for radical prostatectomy suspected of suffering from clinical prostate cancer underwent pre-diagnostic and pre-operative staging by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The results were compared with the postoperative pathological findings including evidence of extra-capsular extension (ECE) of the tumor. The MRI results were not taken into consideration when staging the patients preoperatively or offering treatment. Radical prostatectomy was performed within a few weeks after MRI.

In 48 patients the diagnostic biopsy did not detect carcinoma but benign hyperplasia of the prostate (BPH), while 9 patients had T3 disease. Thirty-eight patients had clinically localized prostate cancer and underwent radical prostatectomy. In 16 cases (42%) ECE was postoperatively proven by the pathologist, while only 22 (58%) of the patients suffered from true localized prostate cancer. The sensitivity and specificity of MRI detecting ECE were 24% and 86% respectively, while the positive and negative predictive value of MRI with regard to ECE were only 57% and 61% respectively.

Phased array MRI did not in its present form provide the necessary accuracy in preoperative staging in clinically localized prostate cancer patients.     

Inaccuracies in assignment of clinical stage for localized prostate cancer

BACKGROUND:

Recent data have suggested that clinical T stage is not independently associated with biochemical recurrence of localized prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy. One explanation for this lack of predictive power may be the inaccurate application of staging criteria.

METHODS:

Data from men in the Cancer of the Prostate Strategic Urologic Research Endeavor (CaPSURE) database with localized prostate cancer (clinical T1‐T2) were analyzed. Correct stage was determined by digital rectal examination (DRE) and transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) findings and was compared with the clinical stage reported directly by the practitioner. DRE/TRUS findings and biopsy results were evaluated to determine factors influencing staging errors. The ability of corrected stage to predict biochemical disease recurrence after prostatectomy was assessed using multivariable analysis.

RESULTS:

Clinical stage was assigned incorrectly in 1370 of 3875 men (35.4%). Errors more commonly resulted in patient downstaging than upstaging (55.1% vs 44.9%; P < .001). Patients with TRUS lesions were more likely to be staged incorrectly than those with abnormal DRE findings (65.8% vs 38.2%; P < .001). Biopsy laterality was found to strongly influence stage assignment. Even after correction of staging errors, there was no association noted between clinical stage and biochemical disease recurrence after radical prostatectomy.

CONCLUSIONS:

Errors in applying clinical staging criteria for localized prostate cancer are common. TRUS findings are frequently disregarded, and practitioners incorrectly incorporate biopsy results when assigning stage. However, staging errors do not appear to account for the inconsistent reliability of clinical stage in predicting prostate cancer outcomes. These findings further challenge the utility of a DRE‐based and/or TRUS‐based staging system for risk assessment of localized prostate cancer.Cancer 2011. © 2010 American Cancer Society.     

A nomogram to predict Gleason sum upgrading of clinically diagnosed localized prostate cancer among Chinese patients

Although several models have been developed to predict the probability of Gleason sum upgrading between biopsy and radical prostatectomy specimens, most of these models are restricted to prostate- specific antigen screening-detected prostate cancer. This study aimed to build a nomogram for the prediction of Gleason sum upgrading in clinically diagnosed prostate cancer. The study cohort comprised 269 Chinese prostate cancer patients who underwent prostate biopsy with a minimum of 10 cores and were subsequently treated with radical prostatectomy. Of all included patients, 220 （81.8%） were referred with clinical symptoms. The prostate-specific antigen level, primary and secondary biopsy Gleason scores, and clinical T category were used in a multivariate logistic regression model to predict the probability of Gleason sum upgrading. The developed nomogram was validated internally. Gleason sum upgrading was observed in 90 （33.5%） patients. Our nomogram showed a bootstrap-corrected concordance index of 0.789 and good calibration using 4 readily available variables. The nomogram also demonstrated satisfactory statistical performance for predicting significant upgrading. External validation of the nomogram published by Chun et aL in our cohort showed a marked discordance between the observed and predicted probabilities of Gleason sum upgrading. In summary, a new nomogram to predict Gleason sum upgrading in clinically diagnosed prostate cancer was developed, and it demonstrated good statistical performance upon internal validation.     

Value of 18F-FDG PET in Clinical Staging of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the feasibility of 18F-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F-FDG PET) in the staging of non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC).METHODS 105 patients with NSCLC had been examined by 18F-FDG PET before radiotherapy. The results of the 18F-FDG PET examination were compared with those of CT:RESULTS The staging was changed in 38 patients because of 18F-FDG PET findings, with PET resulting in upstaging in 31 patients and downstaging in seven patients. Because of distant metastasis detected by PET, 21 patients received palliative treatment. Six of the seven downstaged patients underwent radical surgery, among which the PET findings were concordant with the pathological findings in five patients. Distant metastasis detected by PET elevated the pre-PET stage: at stage 110.0% (2/20), stage Ⅱ 14.3% (3/21 ) and stage Ⅲ 25.0% (16/64), respectively.CONCLUSION 18F-FDG PET, by changing clinical staging in 36.2% (38/105)of NSCLC patients, has an impact on treatment strategy in NSCLC patients.     

Prostate cancer

Localized prostate cancer is generally treated with radical prostatectomy or radiation therapy (external beam or brathytherapy). However, the primary treatment failure rate is especially high in so-called high-risk patients. Therefore, many clinical trials of neoadjuvant therapy before radiation therapy or prostatectomy have been conducted. We reviewed randomized controlled studies of neoadjuvant therapy combined with surgery or radiotherapy in localized or locally advanced prostate cancer. In some prospective studies, neoadjuvant hormones prior to external beam radiation therapy have been shown to significantly improve disease-free, disease-specific and overall survival as well as to reduce local recurrence or metastases. By contrast, neoadjuvant hormonal therapy prior to prostatectomy did not improve recurrence-free and overall survival, although there was a significant reduction in the positive surgical margin rates and a significant improvement in other pathological variables such as lymph node involvement, pathological staging and organ confined rates. However, the use of neoadjuvant hormones for a longer time, either 6 or 8 months prior to prostatectomy, was associated with a further reduction in positive surgical margins, and might improve the treatment outcome of the patients. More research is needed to guide patient selection, choice, duration and schedule of hormonal therapy prior to radiation therapy or surgery. A large Phase III study of neoadjuvant chemotherapy using docetaxel before prostatectomy is ongoing, and the results of this study are much awaited.     

磁共振成像在子宫内膜癌术前分期及肌层浸润深度判定中的作用（依照新修订的FIGO分期系统）

目的：评价在新修订的FIGO分期系统下,磁共振成像（magnetic resonance imaging,MRI）在子宫内膜癌术前分期及肌层浸润深度判定中的作用。方法：对36例子宫内膜癌进行术前MRI分期和肌层浸润深度判定,并与手术病理分期对照。结果：MRI术前分期诊断准确率为91.7%（33/36）。MRI诊断无肌层侵犯、浅肌层侵犯和深肌层侵犯的敏感性、特异性、准确率分别为50%、85.7%、77.8%;84.4%、76.5%、80.6%;80.0%、100%、94.4%。MRI区分Ⅰa期（无肌层侵犯和浅肌层侵犯）和Ⅰb期（深肌层浸润）的诊断准确率为94.4%（34/36）。结论：MRI对子宫内膜癌术前分期及肌层浸润深度的判断准确率较高,具有很高的应用价值。     

Significance of micrometastases in prostate cancer

Pelvic lymph node metastases have been considered the most potent factor associated with disease recurrence in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy for localized prostate cancer. Routine pathological examination, however, can miss micrometastatic tumor foci in the lymph nodes of patients with prostate cancer, resulting in confused tumor staging and clinical decision-making. Accordingly, intensive efforts have been made to develop a procedure for efficaciously detecting micrometastases in pelvic lymph nodes using several kinds of molecular and histopathological techniques targeting genes specifically expressed in the prostate, such as prostate-specific antigen and prostate-specific membrane antigen. Although some of these techniques have been shown to achieve significantly higher sensitivity for detecting micrometastatic prostate cancer cells in surgically removed pelvic nodes during radical prostatectomy than conventional pathological examination, there have not been any methods introduced into clinical practice. In this review, we attempted to summarize recent advances in the field of "micrometastases" in prostate cancer in order to clarify the clinical significance of micrometastases in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy and to suggest limitations to be overcome before developing a reliable model for clinical application.