电磁影像导航在内镜鼻窦、颅底手术中的应用

目的：探讨电磁影像导航系统在内镜鼻窦、颅底手术中的优缺点。方法：12例患者,其中慢性鼻窦炎、鼻息肉5例,脑脊液鼻漏2例,慢性鼻窦炎合并脑脊液鼻漏1例,筛窦异物1例,垂体瘤1例,额、筛侵袭性丛状神经纤维瘤病1例,鼻咽、斜坡韦格纳肉芽肿1例,均应用Insta Trak电磁导航系统行鼻内镜手术。结果：术前准备平均15min,手术均顺利完成,术中、术后未出现并发症。结论：电磁导航系统能帮助术者确定术区周围重要解剖结构,减少并发症。尤其是在既往手术或病变破坏了鼻腔、鼻窦解剖标志的情况下,导航系统对术者的帮助更大。     

影像导航下鼻内镜手术58例临床分析

目的　探讨影像导航技术在鼻内镜手术中应用的有关问题。方法　回顾性分析 5 8例患者 ,其中慢性鼻窦炎、鼻息肉 39例、孤立性蝶窦炎 6例、坏死性上颌窦炎 3例、蝶窦囊肿 5例、鼻咽纤维血管瘤 2例 ;鼻颅沟通性脑膜瘤、外伤性脑脊液鼻漏、外伤性视神经损伤各 1例。所有病例均采用BrainLab影像导航系统及鼻内镜实施手术。结果　影像导航术前准备时间 (包括配准、头架定位、常规器械注册等 ) 10～ 2 0min ,平均 15min。 5 2例手术区域影像标志与实体解剖标志间的误差≤ 1 5mm ,6例 >3mm。影像导航可准确定位视神经等解剖标志 ,无手术并发症发生。结论　影像导航系统与内镜相驳接 ,不仅可以帮助术者在术中定位鼻腔、鼻窦、颅底的解剖结构 ,并可使手术视野扩展到内镜之外 ,使术者在术野中进行手术操作的同时 ,能顾及到术野周围的重要结构。特别是在复杂的手术中 ,可提高手术的精确性和安全性     

影像导航下的鼻内镜手术

目的　通过影像导航下进行的 5 3例鼻内镜手术分析 ,就不同类型耳鼻咽喉影像导航系统在鼻内镜手术中应用的有关问题进行探讨。方法　慢性鼻窦炎、鼻息肉 2 4例 ,鼻咽纤维血管瘤 4例 ,垂体腺瘤 8例 ,鼻窦骨化纤维瘤 9例 ,鼻咽混合瘤 2例 ,鼻腔平滑肌瘤 1例 ,霉菌性鼻窦炎 3例 ,鼻腔内翻性乳头状瘤 2例 ,分别在 3种类型的影像导航系统导航下进行鼻内镜手术。结果　影像导航术前准备时间 15～ 30min ,平均 2 6min。影像标志与实体指示之间误差 <1mm的范围包括鼻窦、颅底等手术区域。其中 3例患者术中出现较明显误差 ,均及时发现。 5 3例均手术过程顺利 ,无术中、术后并发症。手术时间与传统的鼻内镜手术相比无明显差异。结论　不同类型影像导航系统均能与鼻内镜配合 ,但各有优缺点。鼻腔、鼻窦及颅底解剖变异 ,肿物伴眶、颅底侵犯 ,有鼻科手术史解剖标志缺失的患者 ,是进行影像导航手术的指征。导航技术可以帮助医师在手术中确认鼻及颅底的局部及相邻解剖标志 ,提高手术的精确性 ,增加医师的信心 ,在未来鼻 颅底微创外科中有良好应用前景     

计算机辅助导航技术在鼻窦及鼻颅底手术中的应用

目的:探讨计算机辅助导航技术在鼻窦及鼻颅底手术中的应用价值。方法:49例患者(复发性鼻窦炎、鼻息肉25例,鼻腔鼻窦肿瘤9例,脑脊液鼻漏7例,脑膜脑膨出2例,先天性后鼻孔闭锁4例,垂体瘤1例,中颅窝底异物1例)均在计算机辅助导航下行鼻内镜手术。结果:计算机辅助导航术前准备时间为5～13min,平均7min,靶点误差≤1.5mm。49例患者均顺利完成手术,无并发症出现。结论:计算机辅助导航系统有助于术者正确判断鼻窦、颅底及相邻的解剖标志,可提高手术的精确性和安全性,减少术中及术后并发症的发生。     

影像导航引导经鼻内镜在鼻颅底肿瘤切除中的应用

目的:对影像导航引导经鼻内镜在鼻颅底肿瘤切除中作用进行评价。方法:在影像导航技术的引导下,采取鼻内镜手术治疗17例鼻颅底肿瘤患者。结果:术前影像导航配准时间平均25 min,导航提供了误差0.5~2.0mm(平均1.2mm)的准确定位,手术时间1.5~3h。手术均彻底切除肿瘤。1例并发脑脊液漏,2例损伤眶骨膜,2例术后半年复发。结论:影像导航系统结合鼻内镜手术治疗鼻颅底肿瘤具有定位准确、手术创伤小等优点,可有效提高手术疗效和避免并发症的发生。     

影像导航系统在鼻颅底外科手术中的应用

目的　探讨影像导航系统在鼻颅底外科手术中的应用价值。方法　应用ASA - 6 10V神经外科影像导航系统对 2例鼻腔、鼻窦肿瘤侵及眼眶、前颅底、5例蝶鞍区占位病变及 3例外伤性视神经损伤的病人进行手术 ,并复习有关文献资料。结果　该系统平均注册误差 <2 .5mm。在影像导航辅助下 ,10例手术均获较好疗效。术中未损伤海绵窦、颈内动脉及视神经等重要结构。结论　影像导航技术可以帮助手术医师术中对瘤体准确定位 ,正确判断鼻窦、颅底手术区域的解剖标志 ,避免损伤邻近的重要结构 ,减少手术的侵袭性和并发症 ,使颅底手术更为精确、安全     

影像导航引导鼻内镜下切除鼻窦-前颅底骨化纤维瘤

目的:探讨影像导航在经鼻内镜切除鼻窦-前颅底骨化纤维瘤手术中的作用.方法:选择鼻窦-前颅底骨化纤维瘤患者14例,在影像导航引导经鼻内镜下手术切除.术前后均行鼻窦CT连续扫描.CT显示所有病例均累及鼻中隔、眶纸板及筛板.10例累及额隐窝前壁,5例累及眶尖与视神经管,3例累及蝶鞍和斜坡,2例侵犯至翼腭窝.结果:所有患者均彻底切除病灶.平均手术时间280 min,影像导航配准过程平均9 min,重新配准6例.术后复查鼻窦CT均显示病变完整切除.结论:影像导航引导下经鼻内镜手术切除鼻窦-前颅底骨化纤维瘤,有助于彻底切除肿瘤并减少并发症.     

影像导航系统在鼻内窥镜手术中的应用

目的通过28例在影像导航下进行的鼻内窥镜手术,探讨耳鼻咽喉影像导航系统在鼻内窥镜手术中应用的有关问题。方法慢性鼻窦炎、鼻息肉10例,鼻咽血管纤维瘤4例,垂体腺瘤6例,鼻窦骨化纤维瘤3例,鼻咽混合瘤2例,鼻腔平滑肌瘤1例,霉菌性鼻窦炎1例,鼻腔内翻性乳头状瘤1例,均在影像导航系统导航下进行鼻内窥镜手术。结果术前准备时间15～30min,平均26min。配准系数在1.3～2.0之间,平均1.9;影像与实体指示之间误差小于1mm的范围包括鼻窦、颅底等手术区域。28例均手术过程顺利,无术中、术后并发症。手术时间与传统的鼻内窥镜手术相比差异无显著性。结论影像导航系统能与鼻内窥镜配合。鼻腔、鼻窦及颅底解剖变异,肿瘤伴眶、颅底侵犯,有鼻科手术史正常解剖标志缺失的患者,是进行影像导航手术的指征。导航技术可以帮助医师在手术中确认鼻及颅底的局部及相邻解剖,提高手术的精确性,在未来鼻-颅底微创外科中有良好的应用前景。     

影像导航技术在鼻及颅底和鼻眼相关疾病内镜手术中的应用

目的 对影像导航技术在鼻及颅底和鼻眼相关疾病内镜手术中的实际应用进行评价。 方法 回顾性分析使用影像导航系统的751例实施鼻内镜手术的病例,其中565例应用美敦力Stealth Station^TM红外线导航系统,186例应用美敦力Fusion电磁导航系统。对导航系统的精确性、 术前导航准备时间、 术者对使用导航辅助的价值认知度、 导航手术中发生的不良事件,以及术中、 术后的并发症进行详细记录。 结果 红外线导航应用解剖标志法注册可提供0.5~2.0 mm的定位误差,电磁导航应用轮廓(Tracer)注册法均能达到<1 mm的注册误差。应用VAS评分评价术者对导航辅助的价值认知度为(8.3±1.2)分。其中,额窦、视神经管、颈内动脉管被认为是应用导航辅助价值最大的解剖部位。导航手术中发生的不良事件主要为影像漂移、定位器械无法实时定位、注册失败。全部病例均能顺利手术,无颅内和眶内并发症出现。 结论 影像导航与内镜手术的结合,为术者提供了更精确的解剖指引;能辅助提高内镜手术的准确性,消除内镜下可能出现的解剖错觉,尤其是在处理涉及额窦、视神经、颈内动脉的鼻颅底及眼眶手术中。导航手术中不良事件的发生率较低,此时术者的设备操作经验和内镜手术经验尤为重要。     

影像导航系统在鼻内窥镜手术中的应用

目的 通过28例影像导航下进行的鼻内窥镜手术,探讨耳鼻咽喉影像导航系统在鼻内窥镜手术中的应用的有关问题。方法 慢性鼻突炎、鼻息肉10例,鼻咽血管纤维瘤4例,垂体腺瘤6例,鼻窦骨化纤维瘤3例,鼻咽混合瘤2例,鼻腔平滑肌瘤1例,霉菌笥鼻窦炎1例,鼻腔内翻性乳头状瘤1例,均在影像导航系统导航下进行鼻内窥镜手术。结果 术前准备时间15－30min,平均26min。配准系数在1.3-2.0之间,平均1.9;影像与实体指示之间误差小于1mm的范围包括算窦、颅底等手术区域。28例均手术过程顺利,无术中、要后并发症。手术时间与传统的鼻内窥镜手术相比差异无显著性。结论 影像导航系统能与鼻内窥镜配合。鼻腔、鼻窦及颅底解剖变异,肿瘤伴眶、颅底侵犯,有鼻科手术史正常解剖标志缺失的患者,是进行影像导航手术的指征。导航技术可以帮助医师在手术中确认鼻及颅底的局部及相邻解剖,提高手术 的精确性,在未来鼻－颅底微创外科中有良好的应用前景。     

Efficacy of computed tomographic image--guided endoscopic sinus surgery in residency training programs

OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of computed tomographic image-guided endoscopic surgery in the hands of inexperienced surgeons. STUDY DESIGN: Four second-year otolaryngology residents, with no prior experience performing ethmoidectomies, performed endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) on formalin-fixed human cadaveric specimens with and without the aid of computer-assisted surgery (CAS). METHODS: Each resident was asked to identify critical sinus, orbital, and skull base structures while performing a total ethmoidectomy and multiple sinusotomies. Their surgical accuracy (percentage of correctly identified structures), total operative time, and incidence of major complications were recorded for each side. A total of 16 sides were evaluated (8 with and 8 without CAS). Statistical significance between groups was determined by means of Pearson's chi2 analysis. RESULTS: Statistical analysis showed a significant difference (P = .001) in the mean accuracy of identifying critical anatomical landmarks between the CAS (97%) and non-CAS (76.8%) groups. Although not statistically significant, operative time appeared to be longer in the group using CAS (average of 67 vs. 80 min). Three major intracranial complications were documented only in the group not using CAS. CONCLUSIONS: Although, unquestionably, a thorough knowledge of the anatomy remains essential for performing ESS, CAS improves surgical accuracy and reduces the risk of major intracranial or intraorbital complications for residents. In additional, our data suggest that this technology may enhance surgical efficiency and improve the learning curve by reducing operative time (below one's normal baseline) while maintaining a greater than 90% accuracy in identifying critical anatomical landmarks.     

Endoscopic transethmoidal sphenoidotomy

The posterior ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses often have significant anatomic variation resulting in operative challenges for the endoscopic surgeon. The hazards of surgery in this region are serious. Complications such as optic nerve and/or orbital trauma, and cerebrospinal fluid leak still occur despite increasing training and experience. Factors that lead to surgical complications include the lack of orientation within the dissection field and/or impaired visualization. Because minimally invasive sinus surgery is now being performed more frequently, surgical techniques designed to reduce the risk of complications are more important than ever. Anatomic landmarks that reliably orient the dissection within the posterior ethmoids and guide the surgeon to the sphenoid sinus could reduce such adverse outcomes. As with any surgical approach, it is better to rely on consistent anatomic landmarks within the operative field to perform the surgery safely, rather than rely on a range of measurements or adjunctive radiographic techniques, as described in many prior reports. The superior meatus and superior turbinate, skull base, and medial orbital wall are relatively reliable landmarks within the dissection field that can orient the surgeon. These anatomic landmarks allow safe dissection within the posterior ethmoid and a reliable approach to the sphenoid sinus, especially in patients undergoing revision surgery or in those with anatomic variations. The authors present their technique for the transethmoidal approach to the sphenoid sinus and discuss its advantages.     

Image-guided endoscopic sinus surgery: a comparison of two navigation systems

We evaluated the effectiveness of two navigation systems with optical tracking in endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). The Signa SP/i Intraoperative navigation system (General Electric Co., Intraoperative NS) is advantageous in acquiring both real time and high-resolution images during surgery, compared to conventional image-guided navigation (Stealth Station TREON, Medtronic Inc., IGNS) that rely entirely on preoperative three-dimensional images. We studied the following in 14 patients treated with intraoperative NS and 19 treated with IGNS: 1) additional time for navigation system implementation, 2) available instrumentations in ESS, and 3) navigation system accuracy. Navigation systems required additional time to prepare ESS. The time lapse from admittance to the operating room to ESS onset was measured in patients under both systems and controls undergoing ESS without any image guidance. Preparation of the intraoperative NS required an additional 52 min and IGNS required 17 min compared to the control group. Based on operative instruments, the intraoperative NS has some limitations arising from the application of a high magnetic field. Surgical instruments must not be attracted by the magnetic field in the operating room. So those used in our study were thoroughly examined and some remanufactured using MR safe materials. All instruments in ESS could be used in surgical guidance during surgery in the IGNS. Anatomic landmarks were accurately visualized using intraoperative NS and IGNS. Intraoperative NS renews the image during surgery, so surgeons could confirm the surgical outcome during ESS. Since the average distant error in both systems was between 1 mm and 2.5 mm, we confirmed that accuracy obtained with both navigation system was suitable for ESS completion. The intraoperative NS renewed the image during navigation. In conclusion, both navigation systems are sufficient for accurate image navigation in ESS, but navigation systems must be selected based on the individual case.     

影像导航系统在复杂鼻内镜手术中的作用和评价

目的：对影像导航系统在复杂鼻内镜手术中的作用进行评价。方法：使用影像导航系统对305例行鼻内镜手术的患者进行导航。对导航系统的精确性,总的手术时间,术者的满意程度,以及术中、术后的并发症进行详细记录分析。结果：305例患者中有301例（98．7％）影像导航系统提供了误差0.5～2．0mm（平均1．2mm）的解剖定位。术者增强了自信心,提高了手术的安全因素。未见术中及术后并发症发生。总的手术时间和常规鼻内镜手术时间基本相同。结论：影像导航系统是处理复杂鼻内镜手术很有价值的工具。     

A stepwise surgical technique using the medial orbital floor as the key landmark in performing endoscopic sinus surgery

HYPOTHESIS: The medial orbital floor (MOF) and adjacent bony ridge of the antrostomy, when combined with columellar measurements, are easily identifiable and consistent anatomic reference points from which critical orbital and skull base structures can be found during endoscopic sinus surgery. METHODS: Two examiners, with varying endoscopic sinus surgery experience, performed endoscopic and direct measurements from the columnella and medial orbital floor to critical orbital and skull base structures on 11 human cadaver heads (18 sides). The distances to four critical skull base or orbital structures and to the anterior and posterior wall of the sphenoid sinus were measured. The mean, ranges, and standard deviations for all measurements (endoscopic and direct) were calculated and simple regression analysis was performed. RESULTS: The mean and range of values for each of the variables correlated well between examiners, and between endoscopic and direct measurements. There was slightly more variability in measurements when the MOF was used. However, the differences were no more than a few millimeters and did not appear to affect the overall clinical use of these values. CONCLUSIONS: The MOF and adjacent bony ridge of the antrostomy, when combined with columellar measurements, are easily identifiable and consistent anatomic landmarks that are not affected by the presence of significant inflammatory disease or previous surgery. These reference points provide even the most inexperienced surgeon with precise anatomic localization within the paranasal sinuses. They also determine the correct anteroposterior trajectory into the sphenoid sinus, whereby inadvertent intracranial or intraorbital complications may be avoided.     

内镜下经眶外下壁入路颅底手术应用解剖研究初探

目的通过尸头解剖来探索经眶外下壁入路内镜手术所能达到的解剖通道、解剖标志及解剖方法等。方法对5具尸头（10侧）进行内镜下经眶外下壁入路颅底手术的细分解剖,通过逐步解剖来界定该入路所能达到解剖通道、颅内外重要解剖标志、解剖边界等。结果本研究界定了内镜下经眶外下壁入路颅底手术所能达到的5个通道,它们分别是三叉神经通道、破裂孔通道、海绵窦通道、岩锥及后颅窝通道、中颅窝通道,它们的边界、解剖标志、解剖通道、解剖步骤及方法都得以明确的界定。结论内镜下经眶外下壁入路颅底手术可以到达旁中线颅底、中颅窝,甚至是部分侧颅底及后颅窝,而且对于上颌神经、下颌神经颅内外段的暴露能提供很好的视野。当然,这还需要进一步的解剖研究及临床实践加以完善及检验。     

3D技术在鼻内镜手术精准治疗鼻前颅底恶性肿瘤中的应用

目的 探讨3D技术在鼻内镜手术精准治疗鼻前颅底恶性肿瘤及颅底功能重建手术中的作用。 方法 对21例鼻颅底恶性肿瘤患者术前行鼻窦冠状位CT或MRI扫描,并行3D影像重建及模型打印,根据3D成像及模型了解鼻颅底恶性肿瘤侵及范围、颅底及眶壁骨质的缺损大小形状,制定鼻内镜手术术式、肿瘤精准切除范围及颅底功能精准重建方法。 结果 患者肿瘤均一次手术全切除,其中6例行颅底功能精准重建术,无脑脊液鼻漏及颅内感染并发症。术后病理示鳞癌9例,嗅母细胞瘤5例,腺样囊腺癌3例,横纹肌肉瘤4例。术后行正规放疗,横纹肌肉瘤患者加化疗。经平均随访36个月,未发现肿瘤复发及与本肿瘤相关的死亡。 结论 3D成像及打印模型能清楚显示鼻颅底恶性肿瘤范围、颅底及眶壁骨质缺损的大小及形状,并有助于术者选择最佳内镜手术入路及手术方案,有重要临床指导作用。