Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in the adult patient--a local case report

Patients who require a gastrostomy tube placement have traditionally been subjected to various open surgical methods requiring laparotomy. Since it was first described Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy (PEG) has rapidly become the preferred method for gastrostomy tube placement. We present a case report to illustrate the simplicity and elegance of the technique in a patient with bulbar palsy.     

Tumour seeding following percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy placement in head and neck cancer.

We report the case of a patient with advanced squamous carcinoma of the supraglottic larynx and hypopharynx who developed metastatic gastric deposits occurring at the site of a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube, inserted 10 months previously by the pull technique. We review seven previous reports of tumour deposits occurring at the site of placement of a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in patients with head and neck cancer, and consider alternative methods of enteral feeding in such patients.     

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy — results of an irish single unit series

The technique of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) was first described in 1980, as an alternative to traditional surgical methods. The main indication for PEG is the need for longterm nutritional support. It is reported to have many advantages over surgical gastrostomy, being safer and cheaper. We reviewed our experience with the first 44 patients referred to our unit for PEG. The most common indications for referral were stroke, head injury and post brain surgery. There was a success rate of 97.6% and a complication rate of 13.8%. One patient (2.3%) suffered major complications as a result of early tube displacement. There were no procedure related deaths in our series and no deaths as a result of an underlying disease process within 30 days, reflecting appropriate patient selection. All patients benefited nutritionally from PEG placement. Two patients recovered sufficiently to no longer require a gastrostomy and the tube was easily removed in both cases.     

胃造瘘技术在膀胱全切回肠代膀胱术后胃肠减压中的作用

目的探讨胃造瘘技术在膀胱全切回肠代膀胱手术中的应用及实际效果。方法回顾性分析2007年3月～2010年2月在中南大学湘雅二医院行膀胱全切回肠代膀胱手术的两种胃肠减压方式(胃造瘘组48例和经鼻留置胃管组50例)的患者资料,如胃肠道功能恢复时间、手术相关并发症及住院时间等,通过统计学分析评价两种胃肠减压方式对患者术后恢复及并发症所带来的影响,了解胃造瘘技术在该手术中的作用。结果两种术后胃肠减压方式在胃肠道恢复、胃肠道并发症、切口愈合及住院天数上无明显差别,但术后肺部感染率胃造瘘组较经鼻留置胃管组为低,有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论胃造瘘技术成熟、安全、并发症低;在高龄患者或有潜在术后呼吸系统并发症风险的患者中,可以采用胃造瘘方式来进行胃肠减压来降低肺部并发症的发生。     

经皮胃造瘘在重症胰腺炎治疗中的应用价值研究

目的：探讨经皮胃造瘘技术（PEG）与肠内营养（EN）相结合治疗急性重症胰腺炎（SPA）的作用与价值。方法：16例病人发病早期行PEG,起到胃肠减压作用,肠功能恢复后沿PEG管置入空肠管行EN,20例病人行常规肠外营养（PN）作为对照。结果：两组病人腹痛缓解时间和住院天数差异有统计学意义,分别为P〈0．05和P〈0．01。并发症发生总例数差别明显,分别为91％和12．5％。结论：PEG这项传统技术与现代肠内营养完美结合之后,有望成为治疗SAP的一项全新方法,值得推广。     

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in elderly patients

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) was performed on 28 elderly patients (mean age 82 years) who were dysphagic and intolerant of naso-gastric feeding. Twenty-six patients were recovering from a stroke; the interval between the onset of stroke and PEG averaged 63 days. The procedure was successful and well tolerated by all patients. Nineteen (68%) still had a functioning PEG a median of 14 weeks after placement. One patient whose swallowing recovered had the tube removed 6 months after its insertion. Seven patients (25%) subsequently died from their underlying disease, a mean of 92 days following PEG. There was one procedure-related death from peritonitis. PEG is a useful alternative to surgical gastrostomy in selected elderly patients with dysphagia who are intolerant of naso-gastric feeding.     

长期肠内营养置管途径：经皮内窥镜引导下胃造口术

自1980年首例报告经皮内窥镜引导下胃造口术(PEG)以来,该方法已在国外广泛应用于吞咽困难、需要长期肠内营养支持的患者。进食困难患者肠内营养置管喂养超过3～4周以上就应考虑PEG,但由于诸多原因该方法在国内使用尚不普遍。本文介绍了PEG的适应证和益处,及可能发生的风险、局限性、禁忌证和并发症,尤其是危重患者。     

耳穴贴压提高肿瘤危重症患者鼻肠管置管成功率临床观察

目的 观察耳穴贴压法对肿瘤重症患者留置鼻肠管成功率的影响。方法 将120例肿瘤危重症患者根据随机数字表法分为耳穴贴压组、甲氧氯普胺组和对照组,每组40例。统计分析3组患者置管成功率、置管时间、2次置管率、置管并发症等,监测患者置管前、置管中、置管后1 h的心率（heart rate,HR）、呼吸频率（respiratory rate,RR）、平均动脉压（mean arterial pressure,MAP）、指端血氧饱和度（percutaneous oxygen saturation,SpO2）变化。结果 耳穴贴压组、甲氧氯普胺组置管成功率均高于对照组（P＜0.05）,两者的二次置管率均明显低于对照组（P＜0.05）。3组患者置管时间比较,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,甲氧氯普胺组与耳穴贴压组置管时间较对照组明显缩短（P＜0.05）;3组患者置管深度比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。与置管前比较,置管中3组患者HR、RR均明显加快（P＜0.05）,MAP明显增高（P＜0.05）,SpO2均无明显变化（P>0.05）;与置管中比较,置管后1 h,3组患者HR、MAP、RR均明显降低（P＜0.05）;与置管前比较,置管后1 h,3组患者HR、MAP、RR、SpO2均无明显变化（P>0.05）。置管中,甲氧氯普胺组和耳穴贴压组患者HR明显低于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论 耳穴贴压法可提高肿瘤危重症患者鼻肠管的置管成功率,无明显并发症发生。     

Undernutrition in children with a neurodevelopmental disability. Nutrition Committee, Canadian Paediatric Society.

OBJECTIVE: To offer guidelines for optimal nutritional care in children with a neurodevelopmental disability and an associated impairment in their ability to eat and drink. OPTIONS: Assessment of nutritional status by skinfold thickness measurement, high-energy nutrition supplementation given orally and feeding by nasogastric tubes, gastrostomy tubes or gastrojejunal tubes. OUTCOMES: Children receiving adequate nourishment are generally calmer and appear more normal than those who are undernourished. Patients with less severe disabilities have an increased functional status with improved nutrition. In patients with gastroesophageal reflux and aspiration of food, the use of gastrojejunal tubes prevents pneumonia and reduces the need for surgery to correct the reflux. Economic benefits of various options were not considered. EVIDENCE: Members of the Nutrition Committee of the Canadian Paediatric Society, most of whom are involved in caring for children with a neurodevelopmental disability, reviewed the literature. Members interpreted the literature and developed the guidelines on the basis of their experience and research activities. VALUES: Improved psychologic, nutritional and functional status were all given a high value. BENEFITS, HARMS AND COSTS: Supplemental tube feeding allows caregivers to devote less time to feeding and more time to stimulating and educating children with this type of disability. The need for surgery to correct reflux, along with the associated risks and costs, has been greatly reduced with the development of percutaneous placement of the gastrostomy and gastrojejunal tubes. RECOMMENDATIONS: It is unacceptable not to treat undernutrition associated with a neurodevelopmental disability. Management of nutrition in patients who require tube feeding is greatly simplified by the use of percutaneous enterostomy. Energy needs in children with this type of disability are lower than in other children, ranging from 2900 to 4600 kJ per day. Because they require less energy, such children should be given a formula designed for children less than 6 years of age that has a high ratio of nutrients to energy. Every effort should be made to improve the oral-motor skills of children with a mild disability. VALIDATION: The guidelines were reviewed and approved by the board of the Canadian Paediatric Society. There are no equivalent guidelines from the Committee on Nutrition of the American Academy of Pediatrics.     

A simple and inexpensive method of removal or replacement of gastrostomy tubes

The safety of removal or replacement of gastrostomy tubes by simply cutting the tube and allowing the inner components to be eliminated intestinally was prospectively studied in 64 patients. In only one patient was the internal component lodged at the pylorus; it required endoscopic removal. Abdominal radiographs obtained in 57 patients confirmed complete elimination of internal percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy components in 48 patients (84%) and identified these components in the colon in eight (14%). In two patients, the internal components were identified in the stool, and in one, radiographs were not obtained. Six patients who did not have abdominal radiographs had no problems during a mean follow-up period of 153.3 +/- 37.2 days. This simple method is safe, inexpensive, can be offered to the large majority of patients with percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tubes, and avoids the need for endoscopic removal.     

鼻胆管在三腔营养管置管困难肠内营养患者中的应用

目的 探讨胃镜联合X线下使用Seldinger技术置入鼻胆管行肠内营养支持治疗在三腔营养管置管困难患者中的可行性.方法 对28例常规胃镜下置入三腔营养管困难的患者,在胃镜联合X线下操作置入鼻胆管,通过鼻胆管输注肠内营养液.观察置管操作时间、一次置管成功率、脱管率、患者的耐受性和并发症发生率等.结果 置管操作时间5～15 min,一次置管成功率达100％,脱管率为0,患者耐受性好,术中及术后无并发症发生.结论 在胃镜联合X线下操作置入鼻胆管进行空肠营养的方法,具有很高的安全性和可行性,尤其对解剖结构变异、吻合口或肠段狭窄等胃镜下常规置入三腔营养管困难的患者.     

经鼻空肠营养的临床应用

目的：探讨经鼻空肠营养的临床效果,评价两种内镜辅助置管方法的异同点。方法：对不能完全经口进食且胃肠道功能良好的患者,以改良的胃镜辅助置管法及鼻胃镜辅助置管法置放营养管于空肠,行肠内营养治疗,观察2种方法的一次置管成功率及患者的疗效。结果：共行空肠营养管置放及肠内营养治疗79例次。其中改良的胃镜辅助置放营养管57例次,一次置管成功率87.7%;鼻胃镜辅助置放营养管22例次,一次置管成功率100%。接受肠内营养治疗的患者耐受良好,无因肠内营养后病情加重者。结论：经鼻空肠营养安全有效。鼻胃镜辅助置管操作简单,成功率高,推荐为首选。     

胃癌全胃切除术后不置胃管的可行性和安全性研究

目的探讨胃癌全胃切除术后不置胃管的安全性和可行性。方法120例胃癌患者随机分成置胃管组和不置胃管组，对两组术后肠功能恢复时间、进食时间、下床活动时间、腹胀、呼吸道感染、吻合口漏等进行比较分析。结果不置胃管组肠功能恢复时间短、术后进食时间早，差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；不置胃管组术后咽喉疼痛、恶心呕吐、肺部感染发生率低，差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．01）；两组术后吻合口漏、腹胀发生的差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论胃癌全胃切除术后不置胃管是安全可行的，不置胃管可减少术后并发症，有利于术后恢复。     

床旁盲插鼻肠管在重症患者肠内营养中的应用效果观察

目的:探讨床旁盲插鼻肠管在重症患者肠内营养应用中的效果。方法:选取重症患者40例,其中床旁盲插鼻肠管组20例,鼻胃管组20例。观察2组腹胀、腹泻、呕吐、误吸、呃逆并发症的发生情况。结果:鼻肠管组腹胀、腹泻、呕吐并发症发生率均低于鼻胃管组（P < 0.05）,误吸、呃逆发生率2组差异均无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。结论:床旁盲插鼻肠管较传统的鼻胃管可以有效减少重症患者肠内营养并发症的发生。     

经皮穿刺放置硅胶管心包引流治疗心包积液85例的临床体会

目的探讨经皮穿刺放置硅胶管心包持续引流治疗心包积液的疗效及安全性。方法对85例心包积液患者经皮穿刺放置硅胶管进行心包持续引流的临床资料进行分析。结果全组患者均引流成功，且无并发症发生。结论经皮穿刺放置硅胶管心包持续引流安全有效，能达到彻底引流心包积液的目的。     

超声检查在输尿管内支架术前后的应用

目的评价超声检查在输尿管内支架术前后临床应用的价值。方法对73例上尿路梗阻肾积水患者行双＂J＂管置入术前进行超声检查了解肾脏输尿管的常规情况、了解梗阻及肾积水状况,协助选择解除梗阻的手术方法和置管方式,置管后用超声检查观察置管所处状况、梗阻解除、肾积水消失、双＂J＂管引流效果。结果经开放手术后双＂J＂管放置成功率100%,切口尿漏2例,拔管后经膀胱再置管治愈;经输尿管镜下碎石后内镜下双＂J＂管放置成功率100%,内支架管自行脱出1例再置管成功;术后超声检查显示全组病例梗阻解除,双＂J＂管位置正常,引流效果良好,肾积水消失。结论输尿管内支架术前后超声检查是一种快速安全有效的检查方法,超声检查具有无损伤,适应症宽,操作简单等特点,值得在临床进一步深入研究和推广     

内镜置入鼻空肠营养管的技术研究及分析

目的：探讨内镜置入鼻空肠营养管的技术研究及分析。方法该文研究整群选取研究对象116例,均为2012年2月—2015年8月该院收治的行空肠营养支持的患者,根据入院先后顺序将所有患者分为2组,一组进行鼻空肠营养管鼻胃镜导丝引导置入(观察组),另一组进行鼻空肠营养管内镜下常规推送式置入(对照组),分析两组措施的有效性。结果观察组患者的平均置管时间(6.25±0.25) min及不良事件发生率(18.97%)明显优于对照组(P﹤0.05)。结论内镜置入鼻空肠营养管具有方便、快速、有效等优点,通过采用鼻胃镜导丝引导置入能够进一步提高置管成功率,降低不良事件发生率。     

CT机监控定位在胸椎椎弓根钉内固定术中的应用

目的：探讨CT机监控定位在胸椎内固定术中的应用及注意事项。方法：18例患，男13例，女5例，均采用CT机监控下椎弓根置管定位，置入胸椎椎弓根钉共74颗。结果：术后CT扫描证实置钉优良率达100％。结果：CT机监控椎弓根置管定位方法，有效解决了胸椎椎弓根钉内固定术这一难题。     

经皮内镜下胃造瘘术治疗脑梗死合并吞咽障碍患者的疗效观察

目的：观察经皮内镜下胃造瘘术（perutaneous endoscopic gastrotomy,PEG）治疗脑梗死合并吞咽障碍患者的临床疗效,并评估其临床应用价值及安全性。方法选取2012年2月-2013年1月湘潭市第三人民医院收治的23例脑梗死合并吞咽障碍患者,对其实施PEG,观察其临床疗效及并发症情况。结果成功实施PEG 23例,平均耗时（15.3±2.6）min。经造瘘管饲后,患者的营养状态明显改善。3例患者造瘘管局部出现红肿和脓性分泌物,1例患者造瘘管周围肉芽组织过度生长。除此之外未出现造瘘管脱出、坏死性筋膜炎、腹膜炎、胃肠穿孔及吸入性肺炎等严重并发症。结论经皮内镜下胃造瘘术对脑梗死合并吞咽障碍患者来说是一种安全有效的肠内营养方法。     

不同途径置胃管洗胃的适应群研究

目的通过回顾一定数量的口服中毒需要洗胃病例,总结出不同途径置胃管洗胃的适应群。方法回顾性调查2012年1月～2016年1月急诊科就诊的336例口服药物中毒成功置管洗胃病例,根据不同途径置管分为两组:经口组、经鼻组。回顾病例书写内容:病史、患者病情、选择洗胃管插管途径、并发症等。结果存在口腔疾病的患者经鼻置管成功例数较多,存在鼻腔病史的经口置管成功例数较多,而经口或鼻置管的患者黏膜均存在不同程度的黏膜破损。根据患者药物中毒后不同就诊时间置管洗胃堵塞率有所差异,经口组组内比较,越近就餐时间堵塞率越高,经鼻组的堵塞率较经口组高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论置胃管前,护士及时评估病史、病情至关重要,根据具体情况不同快速选择不同插管途径,减少插管时间及提高一次插管成功率。