The characterization of a black light device: a hazard evaluation process

The results of an occupational hazard evaluation process to assess the potential ultraviolet radiation exposure from broad-band sources of optical radiation are compared with the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) guidelines for occupational exposure to ultraviolet radiation. A black light fluorescent lamp device, evaluated according to these criteria, exceeded the ACGIH-TLV for UVA and UVB. Design modifications resulted in acceptable occupational exposure levels without compromising the performance of the device.     

Evaluation of eye protection filters for use with dental curing and bleaching lamps

Exposure to intense radiation sources in a dental clinic necessitates the use of eye protective filters to avoid blue-light photochemical retinal hazard. We have investigated the filtering quality and assessed whether the filters protect sufficiently against retinal hazards throughout the workday. Visible light transmittance of 18 protective filters was measured. These products consisted of spectacles, stationary lamp shields, and a hand-held shield intended for use in dental clinics. Nine of the 18 tested filters had adequate filtering capacity according to today's lamp technology and exposure limit values. These filters transmitted less than 0.1% of the radiation at any wavelength between 400 nm and 525 nm. Seven of the nine filters showed transmission values below the detection limit (approximately 10(-3)%) in the wavelength band between 400 nm and 500 nm. Filters of inferior quality may prove inadequate if the use and radiation intensity of the lamps further increase. Lack of protection may also occur if a filter is used to protect against emission from a lamp with properties other than the lamp for which the filter has been intended. It is of major importance that the spectacles/shields accommodate the emission from the lamp source. The suppliers of dental radiation sources should be responsible for information on the need for and proper use of eye protectors. In addition, the filters should be marked according to testing procedures appropriate for the specific use.     

Risks of occupational exposure to optical radiation

During the past 40 years a wide body of biomedical research has been conducted to understand the factors which influence injury to optical radiation-particularly with respect to the eye. A primary motivation for much of this research has been the advent of lasers, since focal damage of the retina from a collimated beam exposure is possible at some distance. A wide range of research studies provided the basis for establishing human exposure limits for ultraviolet and infrared radiation as well as for intense visible light. The International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) has published guidelines for human exposure, and these are available at no cost from the ICNIRP website (http://www. icnirp.org). Laser Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE) limits used in international safety standards, such as those of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) are based upon ICNIRP guidelines. Practical laser safety standards and regulations have evolved to promote the safe design and use of laser products. As a result of newer laser applications and increased knowledge of the biological effects, MPEs have been revised a number of times. Despite the existence of safety standards and regulations, accidental eye injuries from lasers still occur. Accidental exposure to welding arcs and intense lights occur more fequently, but the consequential loss of vision is much less, with permanent effects rare. Accidental human exposure information also adds to our understanding of ultraviolet, blue-light and laser induced retinal injury. Accidents are most frequently attributed to the lack of understanding of hazards and a failure to follow established safe work practices.     

Eye exposure to optical radiation in the glassblowing industry: an investigation in southern Ontario

OBJECTIVE: To investigate if the levels of optical radiation hazards in glassblowing are well classified according to the hazard types defined in the Canadian Standards Association (CSA) standard for industrial eye protectors. METHODS: We carried out radiometric measurements, and questionnaire survey in 4 university glassblowing laboratories, and 3 private studios. RESULTS: There is exposure to low levels of UV and IR radiation in all glassblowing operations. A supra-threshold IR radiation level exists in the craft glassblowing. The use of eye protectors is based on past experience regardless of the level of ocular exposure. CONCLUSIONS: Optical radiation hazards exist in both craft and scientific glassblowing. There seems to be an inadequate understanding about radiation types encountered by glassblowers.     

连续热镀锌及彩涂带钢簿板建设项目职业病危害因素识别与分析

目的通过对连续热镀锌、彩涂板生产建设项目职业病危害因素分析,探讨职业病危害因素分析识别的方法。方法依据国家职业卫生规范和标准,对本市5个连续热镀锌板、彩涂板项目职业病危害因素识别部分进行对比分析。结果连续热镀锌、彩涂板生产建设项目主要职业病危害因素为噪声、高温及热辐射、锌及氧化锌烟、铬酸、有机溶剂等。结论对建设项目进行细致的工程分析,以提高职业病危害因素的识别技术。     

Manual opthalmoscope OR-2]

An ophthalmoscope of the OP-2 type has been designed and built to investigate the eye fundus in white and "red-free" light and also intended for use with an orange photofilter. The device enables the eye fundus to be examined without restoring to a medicamentous dilatation of the pupil. The illumination produced by the ophthalmoscope is nearly twice as great as the one provided for by the earlier manufactured ophthalmoscope, model sigma0-61. The slit and diaphanoscopic attachments that go with the ophthalmoscope allow it to see the "optical sections" of the cornea, the iris, as well as the crystalline lens and also to make demonstrable sections to the eye with lesser transparency, this enabling one to judge about the presence of tumours and other pathological conditions of the eyeball.     

某光伏玻璃建设项目职业病危害控制效果评价

目的 评价某光伏玻璃建设项目职业病危害控制效果,为卫生行政部门审批建设项目提供依据.方法 收集相关资料,进行职业卫生学调查和职业危害因素检测,采用检查表法和定性、定量分析法进行综合评价.结果 粉尘、噪声、高温、热辐射、化学毒物是光伏玻璃生产的主要职业病危害因素.16个粉尘测定点中7个测定点超标;作业人员接触噪声8 h等...     

Ultraviolet safety assessments of insect light traps

Near-ultraviolet (UV-A: 315–400 nm), “black-light,” electric lamps were invented in 1935 and ultraviolet insect light traps (ILTs) were introduced for use in agriculture around that time. Today ILTs are used indoors in several industries and in food-service as well as in outdoor settings. With recent interest in photobiological lamp safety, safety standards are being developed to test for potentially hazardous ultraviolet emissions. A variety of UV “Black-light” ILTs were measured at a range of distances to assess potential exposures. Realistic time-weighted human exposures are shown to be well below current guidelines for human exposure to ultraviolet radiation. These UV-A exposures would be far less than the typical UV-A exposure in the outdoor environment. Proposals are made for realistic ultraviolet safety standards for ILT products.     

某医院放射治疗中心职业病危害控制效果评价

目的对某医院放射治疗中心进行职业病危害控制效果放射防护评价,以保障放射工作人员和周围公众的健康与安全。方法按国家《建设项目职业病危害放射防护评价报告编制规范》GBZ/T 181-2000进行评价。结果该院放射治疗中心的屏蔽和安全防护措施符合国家相关标准要求。结论该院放射治疗中心在正常运行时,能够保障放射工作人员和周围公众的健康与安全。     

天津市部分医疗机构建设项目放射性职业病危害评价结果分析

目的 了解天津市部分医疗机构建设项目放射性职业病危害评价现状,发现其存在的问题及不足,为放射防护管理提供技术依据.方法 按照相关法规和标准的要求,对天津市81个放射性职业病危害预评价及控制效果评价结果进行综合评价及分析.结果 35个放射性职业病危害预评价建设项目拟采取的防护措施中,符合率最低的为警示标志和个人防护用品....     

深圳市某台式电子计算机附属品项目职业病危害控制效果评价

目的了解深圳市某台式电子计算机附属品项目生产过程中产生的职业病危害因素和采取的职业病危害防护措施,为建设项目职业病防护设施竣工验收提供科学依据。方法采取职业卫生现场调查和职业卫生现场检测等方法进行综合分析、定性和定量评价。结果二氧化锡、甲醇、异丙醇、正庚烷、甲基丙烯酸甲酯、噪声和激光辐射的检测结果均符合国家职业卫生标准,检测点合格率为100%。结论该项目生产过程中产生的主要职业病危害因素有二氧化锡、甲醇、异丙醇、正庚烷、甲基丙烯酸甲酯,该项目的职业危害控制措施有效、可行,该项目属于职业病危害较重的建设项目。     

某机床生产企业职业病危害状况评价

目的识别大连某机床生产企业作业场所存在的职业病危害因素,分析职业病危害因素的危害程度及产生原因,对用人单位职业病危害控制效果做出综合评价。方法本次现状评价采用职业卫生现场调查、职业卫生检测、职业健康检查结果报告分析和检查表分析相结合的方法。结果用人单位职业病危害的风险类别为较重建设项目,该公司的选址、总体布局、设备布局、职业病防护设施、职业卫生管理制度、应急救援措施等符合国家有关规定,但个人防护用品管理、职业健康监护不完全符合国家有关规定。主要职业病危害因素有电焊烟尘、砂轮磨尘、二氧化氮、臭氧、苯、甲苯、二甲苯,乙酸乙酯、噪声、紫外辐射等。5个工作岗位的噪声超过国家职业接触限值,噪声的最高强度为89.2 dB(A);2个岗位的紫外辐射超过国家标准;其余职业病危害因素均未超过国家职业接触限值。结论用人单位职业卫生状况基本达到国家职业卫生标准,该企业的职业病危害控制措施基本有效,但应该加强个别岗位职业病危害因素的控制措施及个人防护用品的管理落实,完善职业健康监护。     

某炼钢企业液面控制系统放射职业病危害评价

目的对某炼钢企业液面控制系统放射职业危害进行评价。方法采用现场调查、环境监测、个体剂量监测、放射工作人员健康状况评价等相结合的方法对该企业的放射职业危害情况进行综合评价。结果企业有放射防护安全组织机构,制定了相关的管理制度和意外情况下的应急预案;具备较完善的放射防护措施,各种工作状态下工作场所及周围环境监测、个体剂量监测结果符合相关标准的要求;放射工作人员的健康状况良好。结论放射源的使用符合放射实践正当性原则;采取的放射安全防护措施在正常运行情况下能有效地控制职业病危害;应急准备工作基本能保证在事故情况下有效控制事态发展;但在制度建设及贯彻实施方面还存在一些问题,需要加以改进。     

应用模糊数学法对某钢铁厂职业病危害的综合评价

目的探讨应用模糊数学方法进行职业病危害综合评价的效果。方法按照国家标准的检测方法对某钢铁厂相应的职业病危害因素进行测定,然后应用模糊数学的方法进行综合评价。结果该钢铁厂职业病危害分别为:原料单元为Ⅰ级(轻微),烧结单元为Ⅲ级(严重),炼铁单元为Ⅲ级(严重),炼钢单元为Ⅰ级(轻微)。结论模糊数学综合评价方法能客观地对职业病危害进行评价。     

Exposure assessment of aluminum arc welding radiation

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the non-ionizing radiation (NIR) exposure, especially optical radiation levels, and potential health hazard from aluminum arc welding processes based on the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) method. The irradiance from the optical radiation emissions can be calculated with various biological effective parameters [i.e., S(lambda), B(lambda), R(lambda)] for NIR hazard assessments. The aluminum arc welding processing scatters bright light with NIR emission including ultraviolet radiation (UVR), visible, and infrared spectra. The UVR effective irradiance (Eeff) has a mean value of 1,100 microW cm at 100 cm distance from the arc spot. The maximum allowance time (tmax) is 2.79 s according to the ACGIH guideline. Blue-light hazard effective irradiance (EBlue) has a mean value of 1840 microW cm (300-700 nm) at 100 cm with a tmax of 5.45 s exposure allowance. Retinal thermal hazard effective calculation shows mean values of 320 mW cm(-2) sr(-1) and 25.4 mW (cm-2) (380-875 nm) for LRetina (spectral radiance) and ERetina (spectral irradiance), respectively. From this study, the NIR measurement from welding optical radiation emissions has been established to evaluate separate types of hazards to the eye and skin simultaneously. The NIR exposure assessment can be applied to other optical emissions from industrial sources. The data from welding assessment strongly suggest employees involved in aluminum welding processing must be fitted with appropriate personal protection devices such as masks and gloves to prevent serious injuries of the skin and eyes upon intense optical exposure.     

某家俱制造项目职业病危害控制效果评价

目的了解某家俱制造公司建设项目中的职业病危害因素，为制定防护措施提供依据。方法采用现场职业卫生学调查法、检测检验法进行定性和定量评价。结果该建设项目生产过程中存在木粉尘、甲醛、丙烯酸甲酯、噪声、高频辐射等职业病危害因素。结论该建没项目采用毒性较小的原料和先进的生产工艺和设备及合理的防护设施，有效地降低了职业病危害因素对劳动者健康影响。基本符合国家相关法律、法规、规范和标准的要求。     

某铅酸蓄电池装配企业职业病危害现状调查

目的了解某铅酸蓄电池装配企业职业病危害现状,确保工人的生产安全和身体健康。方法通过职业卫生现场调查、职业卫生检测等方法收集数据和资料,并结合职业病防护设施、个人职业病防护水平和定量分级结果,对试运行期间的作业人员的职业病危害因素接触水平及职业健康影响进行评价。结果本企业存在的职业病危害因素有二氧化锡、砷及其无机化合物、铅烟、锑及其化合物、铜烟、硫酸、苯、苯乙烯、甲苯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯、乙酸丁酯、噪声等。检测结果表明,部分工种铅烟(CTWA0.15～0.41 mg/m3)、二氧化锡(CTWA2.52～3.80 mg/m3)超过国家卫生标准。对其防护设施进行改造后,各工种接触职业病危害因素的浓度均符合国家卫生标准的要求。结论本项目职业病防护设施改造前职业病危害严重,对职业病防护设施进行改造后,作业场所作业人员接触职业病危害因素的浓(强)度均符合国家卫生标准。     

某电子细纱建设项目职业病危害预评价

目的对某电子细纱拟建项目可能产生的职业病危害因素进行分析、识别,提出合理可行的职业病防护对策。方法选择与该项目类似的工程进行类比调查,采取检查表法、类比法、定量分析法进行定性和定量评价。结果类比检测结果显示噪声有3个点超标,合格率为81.3%,粉尘和化学毒物均符合要求。结论拟建项目属于职业病危害严重的建设项目,拟采取的职业病危害防护设施基本符合国家职业卫生标准要求。     

某小型煤矿开采项目职业病危害评价分析

目的识别、评价某新建小型煤矿开采项目可能存在的职业病危害因素,探讨其预防与控制对策。方法依据国家相关标准,采用类比法、职业卫生学调查等方法进行定性、定量评价。结果该项目在正常生产过程中可能产生的职业病危害因素为粉尘类(煤尘、矽尘、水泥尘)、化学物质类(甲烷、一氧化碳、二氧化碳、硫化氢、二氧化硫、一氧化氮、二氧化氮)和物理因素(噪声、振动、高温及热辐射、不良气象条件、工频电场)等;除部分噪声、粉尘作业岗位可能存在超标外,其他危害因素基本符合国家卫生标准要求。结论该项目属职业病危害严重的建设项目,其选址与总体布局、生产设备布局等基本符合国家有关规定,在各项职业病危害防护措施落实到位的情况下,从职业卫生角度分析该项目是可行的。     

Application of the new ISO 2631-5 to health hazard assessment of repeated shocks in U.S. Army vehicles

The U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory conducted a research program to develop a new methodology for health hazard assessment of tactical ground vehicle rides. This paper describes the new method and compares the health risk prediction using the new multiple shocks standard International Standards Organization (ISO 2631-5) to predictions by the current whole-body vibration (WBV) standard (ISO 2631-1). This article also describes the software tool developed to implement both parts of ISO 2631, as well as Army Regulation 40-10. The comparison shows the new standard to be more sensitive to cross-country terrain than other standards. Data analysis demonstrates the applicability of the new ISO 2631-5 standard to tactical ground vehicles, especially in the vertical axis.