关爱服务对女性流产后避孕方法选择的影响

目的 研究流产后关爱服务(PAC)对患者流产后避孕方法选择的影响.方法 采用方便抽样法抽取2015年4月至2016年2月于西安交通大学第一附属医院接受人工流产的患者154例,对进行人工流产的患者按来院顺序编号并按奇偶数分为干预组和对照组各77例.在流产前,对干预组患者提供流产后关爱服务,为对照组患者实施常规健康教育;两组患者接受人工流产后,通过返院咨询和电话咨询等形式,对其避孕方法和是否再次意外妊娠情况于流产后1、3、6、9个月共进行4次随访.结果 干预前,两组患者采用的避孕方法主要是不安全避孕法(干预组占71.4%,对照组占61.0%)及常规避孕法(干预组占27.3%,对照组占39.0%),差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05).干预后1、3、6、9个月时,干预组患者的常规避孕率由干预前的27.3%迅速降低到2.6%,并在之后的随访中逐渐提高;而对照组患者的常规避孕率由干预前的39.0%增加到81.8%,并维持较高水平.干预组患者的高效避孕率由干预前的1.3%显著增长到97.4%,并保持较高水平;对照组患者的高效避孕率缓慢增长到5.2%.干预组患者的不安全避孕率由干预前的71.4%显著降低到1.3%,并保持较低水平,而对照组患者的不安全避孕率由干预前的61.0%缓慢降低到15.6%.两组患者的3种避孕方法在1、3、6、9个月随访时差异均有统计学意义(χ2=12.48~138.45,均P<0.05).结论 流产后关爱服务能提高患者的高效避孕率.经过流产后关爱服务咨询,在后续的随访中,需要巩固女性的科学避孕知识和强化其意识,维持避孕效果.     

流产后关爱服务在城市女性高效避孕措施落实中的作用

目的:通过对比接受传统人工流产服务和流产后关爱(PAC)服务的城市户籍女性的高效避孕措施落实情况,探讨PAC效果。方法:选取上海市普陀区妇幼保健院计划生育科门诊人工流产女性787例,其中接受人工流产的同时给予PAC服务女性400例为观察组,接受传统人工流产服务的女性387例为对照组,对比两组女性高效避孕措施术后立即使用情况和6个月后续用情况。结果:女性高效避孕措施术后立即使用情况观察组高于对照组(P0.05);两组第6个月COC使用率均低于术后COC立即使用率(P0.01),而术后IUD使用率无差异(P0.05)。结论:PAC可有效提高女性流产后高效避孕措施使用率,但随着时间推移,使用COC的女性明显减少,应加强COC的宣传,探索更有效的PAC措施。     

流产后关爱对人工流产患者术后有效避孕分析研究

目的:探讨临床上对人工流产患者予以流产关爱后(PAC)后有效避孕的实际影响.方法:我们对2015年4月-2016年6月期间来我院进行人工流产手术的600例患者的临床资料进行回顾性研究.我们按照随机分配的原则将这些患者分为观察组和对照组,并保持这两组患者的数量一致,各有300例患者.我们对照组患者术后进行常规指导,对观察组患者进行PAC指导.之后,对患者半年后的有效避孕情况进行对比分析.结果:经过比较,我们发现观察组患者对避孕知识的了解情况、避孕方法的应用情况以及正确避孕的几率明显要优于对照组患者,观察组患者发生意外妊娠的几率也明显低于对照组患者,二者相比差异显著(p<0.05),具有统计学意义.结论:临床上对人工流产手术后患者进行流产后关爱,能够显著提高患者对相关知识的掌握情况,降低患者发生意外妊娠的几率,利于患者的身体健康和预后.     

流产后关爱对门诊人工流产女性立即避孕的影响

目的:探讨流产后关爱对门诊人工流产女性立即避孕的影响。方法:选取2013年9月~2014年3月在该院进行人工流产的育龄女性1 036例为研究对象。对照组接受现有常规人工流产服务,观察组在常规人工流产服务的基础上,根据标准化的人工流产服务流程进行流产后关爱干预。结果:两组人工流产女性流产后"立即避孕"的意识、避孕方法的落实比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),观察组流产后立即要求避孕率为100%高于对照组的85.0%,高效避孕方法立即落实率为99.7%高于对照组的15.9%。结论:流产后关爱可以明显提高门诊人工流产女性"立即避孕"的意识,即时选择和落实避孕措施,促进高效避孕方法的使用,从而减少重复流产,尤其是1年内的"高危流产"。     

规范化流产后关爱服务对女性避孕行为的影响分析

目的探讨规范化流产后关爱(PAC)对女性避孕行为的影响。方法选择2017年9月-2018年9月深圳市宝安区石岩人民医院人工流产患者156例,以随机数表法分为对照组与研究组,每组各78例。对照组采取常规人工流产术服务,研究组在此基础上应用规范化PAC服务。采用焦虑自评量表(SAS)与抑郁自评量表(SDS)评价两组干预前与干预后心理状况的变化。同时,比较两组术后即刻与术后3个月时避孕行为的执行情况。结果干预后研究组SAS与SDS评分均低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。研究组术后即刻与术后3个月时避孕行为执行率均高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论规范化PAC服务可以有效改善人工流产患者的不良心理状况,提高其避孕行为的执行力,保障生殖健康。     

流产后关爱服务对高效避孕方法使用的影响

目的:探讨流产后关爱(PAC)服务对高效避孕方法使用的影响。方法:选取2014年1~6月在郑州大学第一附属医院妇科门诊行人工流产的763名健康妇女,随机分为两组,PAC组375例在接受人工流产服务的同时接受流产后关爱服务,对照组388例接受传统的人工流产服务,比较两组术后即刻及术后3、6、12个月高效避孕方法的使用率、续用率以及术后1年内重复流产率。结果:PAC组术后即刻及术后3、6、12个月高效避孕方法的使用率优于对照组(P0.05),PAC组术后1年内重复流产率明显低于对照组(P0.05)。结论:PAC服务可促进女性术后选择高效避孕方法,提高短期内续用率,降低1年内重复流产率。     

流产后关爱行为对未生育女性避孕和生育影响的研究

目的 探讨流产后关爱行为对未生育女性避孕方式、生育结局的影响,为预防女性重复流产提供理论指导.方法 选择2019年7月—2019年10月温州市人民医院接诊的流产女性患者306例作为研究对象,以随机数表法分为对照组和研究组各153例,对照组患者接受常规人工流产服务,研究组患者在流产后给予关爱行为服务(PAC).比较两组患...     

PAC服务对育龄女性避孕、避孕方式选择及重复流产的影响

目的：分析流产后关爱(PAC)服务对育龄女性避孕方式选择、再次妊娠及重复流产的影响。方法：以2020年5月-2021年4月在本院因意外妊娠自愿要求终止妊娠的育龄女性120例作为研究对象，随机分组原则分为观察组及对照组各60例，观察组人工流产后采取PAC服务，对照组采取常规健康教育。比较两组流产术后避孕措施落实、术后阴道流血时间、术后及时避孕、术后6个月再次妊娠及重复流产情况。结果：两组本次意外妊娠原因无差异(P>0.05);观察组术后阴道流血时间(5.1±1.2 d)低于对照组(9.0±1.1 d),术后及时避孕率(100.0%)高于对照组(91.7%),高效避孕措施落实率(90.0%)高于对照组(75.0%),流产术后6个月内再次妊娠(3.3%)及重复流产(1.7%)比率均低于对照组(15.0%、11.7%)(均P<0.05)。结论：PAC服务可提高育龄女性流产后高效避孕方式选择、避孕措施及时落实率，对降低再次妊娠及重复流产均具有积极意义。     

我国流产后关爱服务研究现状的可视化分析

目的：使用知识图谱软件对我国近10年发表的人工流产后关爱研究论文进行可视化分析，了解目前本领域相关研究进展及探究未来发展趋势。方法：以流产后关爱为研究主题，检索CNKI、万方数据库和PubMed自2010年1月-2021年12月发表的文献，利用VOSviewer和CiteSpace软件，通过合作网络、关键词共现、关键词聚类等方法对文献的发表年份、作者、机构、关键词等进行可视化图谱分析。结果：共纳入中文文献546篇，主要机构有国家卫生健康委科学技术研究所、长沙市妇幼保健院、浙江省立同德医院、郑州市妇幼保健院、广东省妇幼保健院、北京大学深圳医院、上海健康医学院附属嘉定区中心医院等，出现频率较高的关键词有人工流产、人工流产后关爱、重复流产率、效果评价、影响因素、避孕知识和行为、心理健康等。结论：目前人工流产后关爱(PAC)服务开展规范化，且能够有效减少重复流产发生，此外，研究团队间的交流与合作应得到加强，继续探索和制定有效措施，为进一步提高流产后关爱服务质量，提高女性生殖健康水平提供科学依据。     

Contraception after medical abortion

OBJECTIVES: This study's objectives were to examine current evidence on contraception after abortion and to formulate guidelines for the use of different contraceptives after medical abortion based on current evidence. METHODS: This study was based on review of published literature and guidelines on postabortion use of contraception. RESULTS: Contraception needs to be initiated early following a first-trimester abortion. Postabortion family planning is an integral part of comprehensive abortion care. Concurrent contraception with surgical abortion has been found to be practical and effective, with high contraception usage following abortion. Most methods can be safely used following medical abortion and can be initiated either on the day of misoprostol administration (oral pills, condoms and injectable contraceptives) or after the next menstrual cycle (intrauterine device and sterilization). CONCLUSION: With proper precautions, almost all contraceptive methods can be effectively used following medical abortion.     

北京市计划生育服务机构中重复人工流产妇女避孕意愿调查

目的:了解北京市重复人工流产妇女的避孕意愿及其影响因素。方法:在北京市城、近郊区采用分层整群抽样方法随机抽取2005年1月～2010年9月期间接受过人工流产手术,2010年1月1日～2011年10月31日期间再次接受人工流产手术的育龄妇女问卷调查,采用χ2检验和多因素logistic回归方法进行分析。结果:56.40%被调查妇女本次流产前已有过重复人工流产。本次人工流产90.47%属非意愿妊娠,12.44%本次流产后不避孕或未明确表示避孕。在准备实施避孕的妇女中,80.0%计划采用安全套、口服避孕药等避孕方法,而仍有6.83%的妇女准备采用安全期避孕、体外排精等避孕方法。logistic回归分析结果显示:丈夫(性伴)积极避孕(OR=2.078,P=0.033)以及医生告知妇女流产后应避孕(OR=4.492,P<0.01)是重复流产妇女流产后有避孕意愿的保护因素。结论:开展规范的流产后计划生育服务,增加男性的避孕参与率是落实流产后避孕措施率及使用质量的关键环节。     

屈螺酮炔雌醇用于人工流产术后临床效果的研究

目的:观察在人工流产术后立即口服屈螺酮炔雌醇的临床效果,探讨其应用价值。方法:将400例早孕(10孕周)要求行人工流产的健康妇女分为两组,观察组200例在人工流产术后立即服用屈螺酮炔雌醇,1片/d(含炔雌醇30μg和屈螺酮3mg),连服21d为1个周期,停药7d后开始第2个周期服药,连服3个周期;对照组术后采取除复方短效口服避孕药外的其他方法避孕。两组术后常规使用抗生素及益母草胶囊,比较两组术后出血量、出血持续时间、术后2周子宫内膜厚度、月经恢复情况、术后3个月内盆腔感染发生率及避孕效果,并观察服用屈螺酮炔雌醇后副作用发生情况。结果:观察组术后出血量、出血持续时间、盆腔感染发生率、月经恢复时间及月经量减少发生率均少于对照组(P0.05);术后2周子宫内膜厚度优于对照组(P0.05);避孕效果明显优于对照组(P0.05),无严重副作用发生。结论:人工流产术后立即应用屈螺酮炔雌醇在减少术后出血、促进子宫恢复方面优势明显,避孕效果可靠,适于在流产后服务中推广。     

社区规范开展流产后服务的必要性

目的通过对笔者所在医院325例人工流产后接受随访的育龄妇女进行问卷调查，论证社区规范开展流产后服务的必要性。方法择2008年10月～2009年2月自愿到笔者所在医院接受人工流产并在社区进行术后随访的325名妇女，由专业医生对其进行面对面询问调查，填写自行设计的调查表，并对调查结果进行分析。结果在单因素分析中，与人工流产有关的因素有文化程度、避孕方法等；多因素分析显示，控制文化程度因素后，以前有人丁二流产和引产史（重复流产）、未采用宫内节育器、使用短效避孕药具等因素仍然增加意外妊娠和流产的危险性。结论社区医院妇科医师在社区工作中，要重视计划生育工作的重要性，加强流产后咨询、访视及科普宣传工作，做好规范化流产后服务，从而有效减少重复性流产的发生率，降低人工流产术后的并发症，更好地保障广大育龄妇女的生殖健康，提高妇女的生存质量。     

A review of evidence for safe abortion care

Background

The provision of safe abortion services to women who need them has the potential to drastically reduce or eliminate maternal deaths due to unsafe abortion. The World Health Organization recently updated its evidence-based guidance for safe and effective clinical practices using data from systematic reviews of the literature.

Materials and Methods

Systematic reviews pertaining to the evidence for safe abortion services, from pre-abortion care, medical and surgical methods of abortion and post-abortion care were evaluated for relevant outcomes, primarily those relating to safety, effectiveness and women's preference.

Results

Sixteen systematic reviews were identified and evaluated. The available evidence does not support the use of pre-abortion ultrasound to increase safety. Routine use of cervical preparation with osmotic dilators, mifepristone or misoprostol after 14 weeks gestation reduces complications; at early gestational ages, surgical abortions have very few complications. Prophylactic antibiotics result in lower rates of post-surgical abortion infection. Pain medication such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatories should be offered to women undergoing abortion procedures; acetaminophen, however, is not effective in reducing pain. Women who are eligible should be offered a choice between surgical (vacuum aspiration or dilation and evacuation) and medical methods (mifepristone and misoprostol) of abortion when possible. Modern methods of contraception can be safely initiated immediately following abortion procedures.

Conclusions

Evidence-based guidelines assist health care providers and policymakers to utilize the best data available to provide safe abortion care and prevent the millions of deaths and disabilities that result from unsafe abortion.     

Putting abortion pills into women's hands: realizing the full potential of medical abortion

The promise of medical abortion to both reduce maternal mortality and morbidity from unsafe abortion and to expand the reproductive rights of women can only be realized if information and reliable medicines are available to all women, regardless of their location or the restrictions of their legal system. Activist strategies to actualize the full potential of abortion pills are highlighted.     

Clinical guidelines. Labor induction abortion in the second trimester

Labor induction abortion is effective throughout the second trimester. Patterns of use and gestational age limits vary by locality. Earlier gestations (typically 12 to 20 weeks) have shorter abortion times than later gestational ages, but differences in complication rates within the second trimester according to gestational age have not been demonstrated. The combination of mifepristone and misoprostol is the most effective and fastest regimen. Typically, mifepristone 200 mg is followed by use of misoprostol 24–48 h later. Ninety-five percent of abortions are complete within 24 h of misoprostol administration. Compared with misoprostol alone, the combined regimen results in a clinically significant reduction of 40% to 50% in time to abortion and can be used at all gestational ages. However, mifepristone is not widely available. Accordingly, prostaglandin analogues without mifepristone (most commonly misoprostol or gemeprost) or high-dose oxytocin are used. Misoprostol is more widely used because it is inexpensive and stable at room temperature. Misoprostol alone is best used vaginally or sublingually, and doses of 400 mcg are generally superior to 200 mcg or less. Dosing every 3 h is superior to less frequent dosing, although intervals of up to 12 h are effective when using higher doses (600 or 800 mcg) of misoprostol. Abortion rates at 24 h are approximately 80%–85%. Although gemeprost has similar outcomes as compared to misoprostol, it has higher cost, requires refrigeration, and can only be used vaginally. High-dose oxytocin can be used in circumstances when prostaglandins are not available or are contraindicated. Osmotic dilators do not shorten induction times when inserted at the same time as misoprostol; however, their use prior to induction using misoprostol has not been studied. Preprocedure-induced fetal demise has not been studied systematically for possible effects on time to abortion. While isolated case reports and retrospective reviews document uterine rupture during second-trimester induction with misoprostol, the magnitude of the risk is not known. The relationship of individual uterotonic agents to uterine rupture is not clear. Based on existing evidence, the Society of Family Planning recommends that, when labor induction abortion is performed in the second trimester, combined use of mifepristone and misoprostol is the ideal regimen to effect abortion quickly and completely. The Society of Family Planning further recommends that alternative regimens, primarily misoprostol alone, should only be used when mifepristone is not available.     

传统和无痛人工流产术式选择对重复流产的影响

目的:研究无痛人工流产和传统人工流产术式选择对重复流产的影响。方法:选择2009年1～6月在计划生育研究所门诊部要求行人工流产术妇女共324例(无痛人工流产218例、传统人工流产106例)进行跟踪调查一年。调查内容涉及是否有重复流产,重复流产者前次流产后避孕情况及术后恢复性生活时间、两次人工流产间隔、前后两次流产心理状态等。结果:前次行无痛人工流产者重复流产率明显高于传统人工流产组(P<0.05),两组在前次人工流产后避孕情况、术后不足1个月恢复性生活、半年内重复流产及前后两次流产的心理状态上均存在统计学差异。结论:无痛人工流产术虽然解决了术中妇女疼痛问题,但术后存在重复流产率较高的问题,在强调优质流产后计划生育服务时应着重于对无痛人工流产者的术后主动宣教,进行面对面咨询并提供辅助资料、免费药具,以及要求男伴参与,必要时转诊等。     

Acceptance and use of the female condom among women with incomplete abortion in rural Tanzania

BACKGROUND: This study describes the outcome of a postabortion care intervention aimed at introducing the female condom as a means of preventing women from having unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections (STIs)/HIV. METHODS: Postabortion contraceptive counseling and services were offered to 548 women admitted to the Kagera Regional Hospital for incomplete abortion. The counseling included information about STI/HIV and the use male or female condom. In total, 521 (95%) women accepted contraception. RESULTS: Contraceptive use was assessed 3 months after abortion among 475 (91%) women. The female condom was accepted by 201 of 521 (39%) and was used by 158 of 521 (30%). Women who had experienced an unsafe abortion, had attended secondary school or earned an income were more likely to accept the female condom. The women were generally satisfied with the method, and the majority intended to use it again. CONCLUSION: Postabortion care programs provide an excellent entry point for introducing the female condom as a contraceptive method for the prevention of both repeat unwanted pregnancies and STI/HIV infection.