Matrine improves 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis in mice.

Matrine is an alkaloid found in kinds of Sophora plants mainly including Sophora flavescens, Sophora alopecuroides and Sophora subprotrata. The aim of the present study was to evaluate therapeutic effects of matrine on 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis in mice. Two hours following colonic instillation of TNBS, matrine with several doses was given by gastric gavage once daily for 7 days. Comparing with the 0.9% NaCl-treated mice with TNBS-induced colitis, matrine (10 and 20 mg kg(-1))-treated mice with TNBS-induced colitis were shown improvements of weight loss, macroscopic score, histological score, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. Moreover, treatments with matrine (10 and 20 mg kg(-1)) decreased the up-regulated mRNA and protein levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) caused by TNBS. Our findings suggest that matrine improves TNBS-induced colitis in mice and the therapeutic mechanism might be related to the reduction of up-regulated colonic TNF-alpha production caused by TNBS.     

黄芩素对2,4,6-三硝基苯磺酸诱导的小鼠实验性肠炎的作用和机制

目的探讨黄芩素对2,4,6-三硝基苯磺酸(TNBS)诱导的小鼠肠炎实验模型的作用及机制。方法将BALB/c小鼠随机分成3组(n=10):正常对照组、模型组(TNBS)和黄芩素组(TNBS+黄芩素20 mg·kg-1)。黄芩素组于造模前2 d ig给予黄芩素,每天1次,共9 d。测量结肠长度,并取结肠组织进行HE染色,进行组织损伤和炎症细胞浸润评分;ELISA测定结肠组织中肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)含量。体外制备细菌脂多糖(LPS)诱导的RAW264.7炎症细胞模型,黄芩素(10,25和50 mmol·L-1)给药干预,Griess试剂法测定上清中一氧化氮(NO)含量;荧光定量PCR检测炎症介质TNF-α、白细胞介素6(IL-6)、IL-1β、诱导型NO合酶(i NOS)、环氧合酶2(COX-2)和单核细胞趋化蛋白1(MCP-1)m RNA表达;Western蛋白印迹法检测磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/蛋白激酶B/NF-κB(PI3K/AKT/NF-κB)通路磷酸化蛋白(p-PI3K,p-AKT,p-p65和p-IκBa)表达。结果与正常对照组相比,模型组小鼠结肠缩短,组织病理损伤,炎症细胞浸润,组织TNF-α含量增高;黄芩素给药组上述症状得到显著改善(P<0.05)。与细胞对照组相比,LPS模型组细胞NO分泌、炎症介质(TNF-α,IL-6,IL-1β,i NOS,COX-2和MCP-1)m RNA表达及PI3K/AKT/NF-κB通路磷酸化蛋白表达均增高(P<0.05,P<0.01);与模型组比较,黄芩素给药组上述指标均降低(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论黄芩素可减轻TNBS诱导的小鼠实验性肠炎的症状,作用机制可能与抑制PI3K/AKT/NF-κB通路的激活从而抑制炎症介质的表达和减少炎症因子释放有关。     

己酮可可碱对2,4,6-三硝基苯磺酸肠炎模型的影响

目的 :观察己酮可可碱 (PTX)对 2 ,4 ,6 三硝基苯磺酸 (TNBS)肠炎模型影响。方法 :通过直肠给予雄性BALB/c小鼠TNBS诱导结肠炎 ,应用PTX对其进行治疗 ,6d后收集结肠标本评价结肠炎症程度 ;采用半定量RT PCR检测肠黏膜IL 18mRNA表达 ,采用免疫组织化学染色显示IL 18阳性细胞。结果 :直肠内给予BALB/c小鼠TNBS后可造成小鼠结肠炎性改变 ;PTX治疗可使小鼠疾病活动指数、结肠重量和炎症指数均显著下降 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,结肠IL 18mRNA和肠黏膜固有层表达IL 18细胞数显著下降 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :PTX治疗可使TNBS肠炎模型小鼠肠黏膜局部IL 18表达显著下降 ,肠炎得以减轻。     

Regional difference in the healing process of colitis induced by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid in rats

We recently reported an improved method to induce colitis by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid. This method enabled us to induce colitis at appropriate regions. This study aimed to investigate the regional differences on the healing process of colitis in rats. Colitis was induced at the proximal, middle or distal colon. On Day 10, the size of colitis was large in the order of the middle, distal and proximal colon. Colitis of the proximal colon healed more rapidly than that of the middle colon. Prostaglandin E₂ generation in the normal colonic mucosa was measured. Prostaglandin E₂ generation correlated with sizes of colitis among three regions. It was found that there was the regional difference on the healing process of the colitis and prostaglandin E₂ generation may show the different protective integrity of the colonic mucosa from the fact that higher prostaglandin E₂ generation showed larger colitis size. Received 31 July 2006; accepted 21 August 2006     

An improved and reliable method for the induction of colitis in rats using 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid

We performed this study to develop a reliable method for inducing colitis in rats using 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) to reduce the variation in ulcer size. A pair of ring forceps was used to clamp the colon and 0.1 M TNBS in ethanol was injected into the luminal side of the clamped portion. This method resulted in a small coefficient of variation of the ulcer index. A significant linearity was observed by plotting ulcer size against days after ulcer induction in both logarithm scales. These findings show that this technique is simple and reliable and that ulcers heal linearly.     

Sinomenine attenuates 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis in mice

Sinomenine is a pure alkaloid extracted from the Chinese medical plant Sinomenium acutum. It was demonstrated that sinomenine had anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects in the previous studies. The aim of the present study was to evaluate therapeutic effects of sinomenine on 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) induced colitis in mice. Two hours following colonic instillation of TNBS, sinomenine with several doses (30, 100, 200 mg/kg) was given by gastric gavage once daily for 7 days. Comparing with the saline-treated mice with TNBS-induced colitis, sinomenine (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg)-treated mice with TNBS-induced colitis were shown improvements of weight loss, macroscopic score, histological score, and myeloperoxidase activity. Moreover, treatments with sinomenine (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) decreased the up-regulated mRNA and protein levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-alpha) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) caused by TNBS. Our findings suggest that sinomenine attenuates TNBS-induced colitis in mice and the therapeutic mechanism might be related to the reduction of up-regulated colonic TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma production caused by TNBS.     

2,4,6-三硝基苯磺酸与不同浓度乙醇诱导大鼠溃疡性结肠炎模型的建立及其稳定性评价

目的建立2,4,6-三硝基苯磺酸(TNBS)-乙醇混合液诱导大鼠溃疡性结肠炎模型并判断不同浓度的乙醇对模型稳定性的影响。方法将80只雄性SD大鼠,随机分为空白组、模型Ⅰ组、模型Ⅱ组、模型Ⅲ组共4组,每组各20只,模型Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组大鼠分别给予TNBS(100 mg·kg~(-1))-无水乙醇0.25 mL、TNBS(100 mg·kg~(-1))-50%乙醇0.25 mL、TNBS(100 mg·kg~(-1))-25%乙醇0.25 mL混合液灌肠,空白组大鼠给予等量生理盐水灌肠。造模后每日观察大鼠精神状态及死亡情况,计算大鼠的疾病活动指数(DAI),并于2、7、14、21、28 d分批处死相同数量的大鼠,采集结肠组织,计算结肠黏膜损伤指数(CMDI),同时进行HE染色,计算组织学损伤指数(TDI)。结果除空白组外,各模型组造模后均有明显的溃疡性结肠炎临床症状和病理学改变(P<0.05);各模型组的死亡率、DAI、CMDI、TDI评分均在造模后7 d高于其他时间点,且差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);模型Ⅲ组无死亡,与模型Ⅰ组、模型Ⅱ组相比,DAI、CMDI、TDI评分差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论模型Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组均能成功诱导溃疡性结肠炎模型,以模型Ⅲ组死亡率较低、模型稳定性较好。     

Milk whey culture with Propionibacterium freudenreichii ET-3 is effective on the colitis induced by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid in rats

This study aimed to evaluate whether milk whey culture with Propinibacterium freudenreichii ET-3 (milk whey culture), which has been reported to have Bifidogenic activity, is effective on the colitis induced by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) in rats. For the induction of colitis, the colon was clamped and 0.1 M TNBS in 35% ethanol was injected into the luminal side of the clamped portion under pentobarbital anesthesia. From the next day of colitis induction, milk whey culture was administered orally at doses of 1 and 3 g/kg, twice a day for 9 days. On the 10th day, rats were sacrificed and ulcer size was measured. Milk whey culture significantly accelerated the healing of the colitis in a dose-dependent manner, but culture medium did not. To clarify the active substance, the effects of propionic acid and acetic acid contained in milk whey culture was tested. Sodium propionate significantly accelerated the healing of TNBS-induced colitis, but sodium acetate did not. The above results show that milk whey culture may become a useful prebiotic for the therapy of inflammatory bowel disease and that propionic acid may be one of the active substances contained in milk whey culture.     

锰超氧化物歧化酶模拟化合物对人胃癌MGC-803细胞增殖和凋亡的影响

目的观察Mn SOD模拟化合物(Mn SODm)对人胃癌MGC-803细胞增殖和凋亡的影响。方法体外培养人胃癌MGC-803细胞,MTT法观察Mn SODm对MGC-803细胞增殖的影响;用Hoechst33258染色观察MGC-803细胞形态学的变化;Annexin V-FITC/PI检测MGC-803细胞凋亡;Western blot法检测p53、cleaved caspase-3、cleaved caspase-9、Bcl-2、Bax蛋白的表达。结果 MTT法检测结果显示1~20μg·m L~(-1)Mn SODm对MGC-803细胞有显著的抑制作用,24、48、72 h的IC50分别为10.18、6.93和5.05μg·m L~(-1);20μg·m L~(-1)Mn SODm作用细胞48 h后,细胞凋亡率为(69.33±4.07)%(P<0.01);Western blot结果显示,用5、10、20μg·m L~(-1) Mn SODm处理细胞48 h后,Bcl-2表达显著降低,同时p53、cleaved caspase-3、cleaved caspase-9和Bax表达显著增加(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论 Mn SODm对人胃癌MGC-803细胞有明显的抑制作用,可能是通过下调Bcl-2表达,增加p53、cleaved caspase-3、cleaved caspase-9和Bax表达来诱导MGC-803细胞凋亡。     

Protective effect of simvastatin and rosuvastatin on trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis in rats

Objective:Statins have anti-inflammatory effects that are not directly related to their cholesterol lowering activity. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of simvastatin or rosuvastatin on the extent of colonic mucosal damage and on the inflammatory response in trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced ulcerative colitis.Result:Disease activity index score in TNBS-treated rats, as determined by weight loss, stool consistency, fecal occult blood, were significantly lowers in simvastatin or rosuvastatin-treated rats than TNBS-treated animals. Simvastatin or rosuvastatin counteracted the reduction in colon length, decreased colon weight, neutrophil accumulation, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha level in TNBS-induced colitis. Simvastatin and rosuvastatin also inhibited the increase in oxidative stress levels after TNBS administration.Conclusions:These results suggest that simvastatin and rosuvastatin significantly ameliorate experimental colitis in rats, and these effects could be explained by their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity.KEY WORDS: Rosuvastatin, simvastatin, trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid, tumor necrosis factor-α, ulcerative colitis     

Role of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor in experimental colitis induced by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid in rats

1. The present study was designed to investigate the role of nitric oxide (NO) in modulating 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis in rats. 2. Damage scores and NO synthase (NOS) activity were measured. 3. The damage scores and NOS activity reached a peak on the 4th day after administration of TNBS solution (day 0), thereafter gradually decreasing, and were significantly higher than in the group treated with saline throughout the experimental period. 4. Subsequently, we divided the stage of colitis into two groups, one from day 0 to day 3 after induction of colitis, and the other from day 4 onwards. We evaluated the effects of the NOS inhibitor N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA), on TNBS-hapten-induced colitis and colonic mucosal blood flow. Two different methods of L-NMMA administration, from day 0 to day 3, and from day 4 onwards, were undertaken. 5. The damage score in the early L-NMMA treatment group was significantly higher than in the group without L-NMMA on day 14. In contrast, the damage score in the late L-NMMA treatment group was not significantly different from the group without L-NMMA. Colonic mucosal blood flow in the early L-NMMA treatment group was not significantly different from that in the late L-NMMA treatment group. 6. These data suggest that NO is important for inhibiting inflammation during the early stages.     

Effect of a new alpha 2 delta ligand PD-217014 on visceral hypersensitivity induced by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid in rats

PD-217014, a new GABA analog (1 alpha,3 alpha,5 alpha-3-aminomethyl-bicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-3-acetic acid), inhibited [(3)H]-gabapentin binding to alpha(2)delta subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels in a concentration-dependent manner (K(i) = 18 nmol/l). Oral treatment with PD-217014 significantly inhibited the visceral hypersensitivity induced by an intra-colonic injection of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid in rats. The anti-hyperalgesic effect of PD-217014 increased in a dose-dependent manner, and reached a plateau level at 60 mg/kg p.o. The visceral analgesia produced by PD-217014 at 30 and 60 mg/kg p.o. correlated with blood concentrations within 4 h after dosing, and maximal efficacy was obtained 2 h after dosing when the maximal blood concentration was achieved at either dose. These results indicate that PD-217014 is a potent alpha(2)delta ligand and possesses visceral analgesic activity.     

锰超氧化物歧化酶模拟物的研究进展

超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)因能催化超氧离子(O*2)的歧化反应,而起到抗炎、抗衰老等作用.近年来,小分子化合物作为超氧化物歧化酶的模拟物越来越受到人们的重视.本文对锰超氧化物歧化酶(MnSOD)的活性部位及其模拟物的研究进展进行综述.     

Effects of trimetazidine on acetic acid-induced colitis in female Swiss rats

Induction of colitis by acetic acid (AA) in the rat is widely used experimental model of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and ulcerations. AA as an irritant induces colitis involving infiltration of colonic mucosa with neutrophils and increased production of inflammatory mediators, such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), nitric oxide (NO), myeloperoxidase activity (MPO), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha). Trimetazidine (TMZ), an antianginal compound, was administered to investigate if its cytoprotective features in cardiac tissue are also effective in AA colitis where ischemic injury contributes to colitis. Administration of TMZ intraperitoneally improved the macroscopic and microscopic score alterations produced by AA. AA administration significantly elevated colonic MPO activity; however, treatment with TMZ significantly lowered this enzyme activity compared to AA. AA administration significantly enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, except for AA + TMZ given rectally. TMZ treatment significantly lowered nitrate levels, but AA increased these levels. AA administration markedly lowered TNF-alpha levels, but TMZ treatment elevated these levels to control. These findings indicate that overproduction of NO may be involved in the immunosuppression observed during acute AA-induced rat colitis. In conclusion, TMZ treatment was more effective via the intraperitoneal than rectal route, and may be beneficial in therapy of colitis.     

Anti-inflammatory effects of sinapic acid on 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid-induced colitis in mice

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of sinapic acid, a cinnamic acid derivative, on inflammatory changes in a mouse model of colitis. Colitis was induced by intracolonic instillation of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS). Sinapic acid (10, 30, and 100 mg/kg) and dexamethasone (2 mg/kg) were orally administered to Balb/c female mice after TNBS instillation. The anti-inflammatory effect of sinapic acid on colonic injury or damage was assessed by clinical, macroscopic, microscopic, and biochemical analyses. Compared with TNBS control, treatment with sinapic acid significantly improved colonic weight and length and decreased the macroscopic and microscopic changes in TNBS-induced colitis. Furthermore, myeloperoxidase activity and the colonic tissue levels of malondialdehyde and tumor necrosis factor alpha were decreased by administration of sinapic acid. The findings of this study suggest that sinapic acid exerts anti-inflammatory effects on intestinal inflammation and can be selected as a novel therapeutic candidate in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.     

D-半乳糖致衰大鼠牙髓组织形态及SOD活性变化的实验研究

目的:观察D-半乳糖对大鼠牙髓组织的形态及超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)活性的影响,探讨其可能机制.方法:采用D-半乳糖(0.075g·kg-1·d-1)连续皮下注射造成大鼠亚急性衰老模型,从形态学角度观察此模型牙髓的组织病理学变化,同时测定SOD的活性来研究D-半乳糖对牙髓组织的影响.结果:与青年对照组相比,模型组牙髓组织中SOD活性明显降低,差异有显著性(P＜0.01).电镜下模型组成牙本质细胞核凹陷,出现大量异染色质,线粒体和粗面内质网水肿、空泡性变;成纤维细胞变成长梭形,细胞器如线粒体、粗面内质网变小,高尔基复合体少见.结论: D-半乳糖致衰大鼠牙髓组织出现了类似衰老时的退行性变,其发生机制可能与自由基代谢变化及抗氧化酶活性降低有关.     

Efficacy and toxicity of Eudragit-coated chitosan-succinyl-prednisolone conjugate microspheres using rats with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid-induced colitis

A targeted delivery system for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Eudragit L100 (EuL)-coated chitosan (Ch)-succinyl-prednisolone (SP) conjugate microspheres (Ch-SP-MS/EuL), were designed and examined in vivo for efficacy and toxicity. Their preparation was conducted in the same manner as previously; that is, by synthesis of the conjugate by carbodiimide coupling of Ch and SP, conversion into microspheres (Ch-SP-MS), and coating of Ch-SP-MS with EuL. Experimental colitis was induced by instillation of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) into the colon in rats. Drugs were administered once or twice a day intragastrically for three consecutive days. Visible colitis severity, colon/body weight ratio and myeloperoxidase activity were measured as inflammatory indices. Toxicity was examined from the decrease in the thymus/body weight ratio. Efficacy was dose-dependent and the greatest in the order Ch-SP-MS/EuL>Ch-SP-MS>prednisolone (PD) alone, and Ch-SP-MS/EuL showed excellent recovery of colitis states. Toxicity was the greatest in the order PD>Ch-SP-MS>Ch-SP-MS/EuL. Ch-SP-MS and Ch-SP-MS/EuL reduced significantly the thymic atrophy caused by PD. It was demonstrated that Ch-SP-MS/EuL enhanced effectiveness of PD and reduced toxic side effects of PD greatly. Also, these results established the prediction by previous in vitro and in vivo studies.     

5-氨基水杨酸治疗结肠炎的抗氧化作用及对细胞因子表达的影响

目的探讨5-氨基水杨酸(5-ASA)灌肠治疗对三硝基苯磺酸(TNBS)诱导大鼠结肠炎的抗氧化作用及对细胞因子表达的影响。方法建立TNBS结肠炎模型,给予5-ASA灌肠治疗,同时设正常对照组和模型组。于治疗后1、2周,评价结肠大体、组织学损伤及髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性,检测超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)水平,逆转录-多聚酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测结肠组织白细胞介素(IL)-1β和肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-αmRNA表达水平。结果5-ASA灌肠治疗能明显降低结肠炎大鼠的大体、组织学评分及MPO活性(P<0.05),升高SOD活性(P<0.05),降低MDA水平(P<0.05),降低IL-1β和TNF-α表达水平(P<0.05)。结论5-ASA灌肠治疗TNBS诱导的大鼠结肠炎疗效显著,其机制与抗氧化作用及抑制IL-1β和TNF-α的表达有关。     

锰超氧化物歧化酶模拟化合物对SKOV3裸鼠移植瘤的影响

目的 探讨锰超氧化物歧化酶的模拟化合物(MnSODm)对人上皮性卵巢癌细胞SKOV3裸鼠异体移植瘤的影响.方法 30只裸鼠建立人卵巢癌皮下移植瘤模型后均分为五组:A组(MnSODm 5 mg/kg)、B组(MnSODm 10 mg/kg)、C组(MnSODm 20 mg/kg)、D组(顺铂10 mg/kg)和E组(生理盐水);均腹腔注射,每天1次.观察不同药物治疗7d后,裸鼠皮下移植瘤生长情况及裸鼠体重变化,并行组织病理学检查.结果 A组、B组、C组、D组肿瘤增殖率(T/C)分别为45％、40％、36％、33％,肿瘤体积减小,肿瘤坏死面积增加;但裸鼠体重没有明显变化.结论 MnSODm对人上皮性卵巢癌细胞SKOV3裸鼠移植瘤有明显抑制作用.     

Tauroursodeoxycholate improves 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid-induced experimental acute ulcerative colitis in mice

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic nonspecific inflammatory disease of unknown cause. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of tauroursodeoxycholate in 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid-induced experimental colitis in mice. After the induction of colitis for 24 h, the mice were administrated orally with tauroursodeoxycholate (20, 40 and 60 mg/kg) and sulfasalazine (500 mg/kg) by gavage for 7 consecutive days. The inhibition effects were evaluated by the body of weight change, survival rate, macroscopical and histological evaluations. Besides, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, interleukin (IL)-1β, interferon (IFN)-γ and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in colon tissue were also determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Treatment with different doses of tauroursodeoxycholate (20, 40 and 60 mg/kg) significantly improved the body weight change, decreased the macroscopic and histopathological scores. Compared with the model group, the accumulation of MPO activity, the colonic tissue levels of IL-1β, IFN-γ and TNF-α were significantly reduced in the tauroursodeoxycholate treated groups. Moreover, tauroursodeoxycholate assuaged the symptoms of colitis. These results suggested that tauroursodeoxycholate has an anti-inflammatory effect in TNBS-induced ulcerative colitis in mice.