Milk Consumption and Bladder Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis of Published Epidemiological Studies

Studies investigating the association of milk consumption with bladder cancer risk have reported inconsistent findings. We conducted a meta-analysis of published cohort and case-control studies to pool the risk estimates of the association between milk intake and bladder cancer. We quantified associations with bladder cancer using meta-analysis of odds ratio (OR) associated with the highest vs. the lowest category of milk intake using fixed- or random-effect models depending on the heterogeneity of effects among studies. Nineteen cohort and case-control studies were eligible for inclusion. High milk intake was significantly associated with decreased risk of bladder cancer (OR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.71–0.97) when comparing the highest with the lowest category of milk intake. The inverse association was stronger in Asia (OR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.40–0.81) than North America (OR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.76–1.03), and no association was observed in Europe (OR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.85–1.26). This relationship also varied significantly by specific dairy products. Our results suggest that milk may be related to the reduction of bladder cancer risk. Further studies need to clarify the biological mechanisms.     

Dietary Carbohydrate and Prostate Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis

Carbohydrate intake has been inconsistently associated with risk of prostate cancer. We review and quantitatively summarize the evidence from observational studies in a meta-analysis. We searched the PubMed database for observational studies related to the association of carbohydrate intake and prostate cancer risk up to December 25, 2013. Summary relative risks (RRs) were estimated by the use of a random effects model. We included 13 case-control studies with 4,367 cases and 6,205 controls, and 5 cohort studies with 3,679 cases and 74,115 participants in this meta-analysis. The summary RR of prostate cancer for the highest vs. the lowest carbohydrate intake was 1.06 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.93–1.20, I² = 46.8%] for all included studies. In the subgroup analyses stratified by study design, the summary RRs for the highest vs. the lowest carbohydrate intake were 1.04 (95% CI: 0.87–1.23) for case-control studies and 1.06 (95% CI: 0.88–1.28) for cohort studies. For the 5 studies that reported results for advanced prostate cancer, the summary RR was 0.92 (95% CI: 0.71–1.20). This meta-analysis of observational studies indicates that there is no association between carbohydrate intake and prostate cancer risk. Further studies are needed to confirm our findings.     

Dietary Magnesium Intake and Risk of Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Epidemiologic Studies

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between dietary magnesium and the risk of overall cancer using a meta-analysis. We searched PubMed, SCOPUS, and the Cochrane Review through November 2012. All the articles searched were independently reviewed by 3 authors based on predetermined selection criterion. A total of 13 epidemiologic studies, 6 case-control studies, and 7 prospective cohort studies involving 1,236,004 participants were included in the final analysis. When all studies were pooled, the relative risk (RR) of overall cancer for the highest level of dietary magnesium intake was 0.801 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.664–0.966) compared with the lowest level of dietary magnesium intake. In subgroup meta-analyses by study design, there was a significant inverse association between dietary magnesium and the risk of cancer in case-control studies (RR = 0.663, 95% CI: 0.475–0.925), whereas there was no significant association in prospective cohort studies (RR = 0.888, 95% CI: 0.745–1.060). Furthermore, there was a significant preventive effect of dietary magnesium for colorectal cancer (RR = 0.775, 95% CI: 0.655–0.919), but not for other cancer. Our meta-analysis showed that higher dietary magnesium intake seems to have a protective effect for cancer, especially colorectal cancer and in females.     

Dairy Consumption and Gastric Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis of Epidemiological Studies

Studies investigating the association of dairy consumption with gastric cancer risk have reported inconsistent findings. We conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis to review and summarize the epidemiologic evidence on the relation of total dairy and milk consumption with risk of gastric cancer. We summarized the available literature on this topic using meta-analysis of relative risks (RR) associated with total dairy and milk intake. The total of 17 case-control and 6 cohort studies (3256 cases) were eligible for inclusion. When comparing the highest with the lowest category of total dairy intake, the results of cohort studies indicated that increased consumption of total dairy food was associated with a reduced risk of gastric cancer (RR = 0.76; 95% CI: 0.64–0.91), whereas case-control studies provided no association. In subgroup analysis, significantly inverse associations between total diary food consumption and gastric cancer risk were observed in Europe subgroup (RR = 0.73; 95% CI: 0.54–0.99), U.S. subgroup (RR = 0.78; 95% CI: 0.63–0.98) but not in Asia subgroup. However, milk consumption was not associated with gastric cancer risk no matter in main or subgroup analysis. The results of cohort studies, but not case-control studies, suggested that total dairy might be related to the reduction of gastric cancer risk. Milk consumption was not associated with gastric cancer risk.     

Folate intake and risk of bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of epidemiological studies

Epidemiological studies have reported conflicting results between folate intake and bladder cancer risk. We conducted a meta-analysis of epidemiological studies published between 1996 and June 2013 on the relationship between folate intake and bladder cancer. We quantified associations with bladder cancer using meta-analysis of risk estimates (REs) associated to the highest versus the lowest category of folate intake using random effect models. Seven cohort and six case-control studies were eligible for inclusion. A significantly decreased risk with bladder cancer was observed in overall folate intake group (RE?=?0.84; 95% CI, 0.72–0.96) and subgroup of case-control studies (RE?=?0.73; 95% CI, 0.57–0.89), but not in cohort studies (RE?=?0.96; 95% CI, 0.81–1.10) when comparing the highest with the lowest category of folate intake. No heterogeneity and publication bias were observed across studies. Although the current evidence, mainly based on data from case-control studies, supports an inverse association between folate intake and bladder cancer, additional large and well-designed cohort studies are needed before definitive conclusions can be drawn.     

Milk consumption and bladder cancer risk: a meta-analysis of published epidemiological studies

Studies investigating the association of milk consumption with bladder cancer risk have reported inconsistent findings. We conducted a meta-analysis of published cohort and case-control studies to pool the risk estimates of the association between milk intake and bladder cancer. We quantified associations with bladder cancer using meta-analysis of odds ratio (OR) associated with the highest vs. the lowest category of milk intake using fixed- or random-effect models depending on the heterogeneity of effects among studies. Nineteen cohort and case-control studies were eligible for inclusion. High milk intake was significantly associated with decreased risk of bladder cancer (OR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.71-0.97) when comparing the highest with the lowest category of milk intake. The inverse association was stronger in Asia (OR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.40-0.81) than North America (OR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.76-1.03), and no association was observed in Europe (OR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.85-1.26). This relationship also varied significantly by specific dairy products. Our results suggest that milk may be related to the reduction of bladder cancer risk. Further studies need to clarify the biological mechanisms.     

Glycemic index, glycemic load and endometrial cancer risk: results from the Australian National Endometrial Cancer study and an updated systematic review and meta-analysis

Purpose

The relationship between habitual consumption of foods with a high glycemic index (GI) and/or a diet with a high glycemic load (GL) and risk of endometrial cancer is uncertain, and relatively few studies have investigated these associations. The objectives of this study were to examine the association between GI/GL and risk of endometrial cancer using data from an Australian population-based case–control study and systematically review all the available evidence to quantify the magnitude of the association using meta-analysis.

Methods

The case–control study included 1,290 women aged 18–79 years with newly diagnosed, histologically confirmed endometrial cancer and 1,436 population controls. Controls were selected to match the expected Australian state of residence and age distribution (in 5-year bands) of cases. For the systematic review, relevant studies were identified by searching PubMed and Embase databases through to July 2011. Random-effects models were used to calculate the summary risk estimates, overall and dose–response.

Results

In our case–control study, we observed a modest positive association between high dietary GI (OR 1.43, 95 % CI 1.11–1.83) and risk of endometrial cancer, but no association with high dietary GL (OR 1.15, 95 % CI 0.90–1.48). For the meta-analysis, we collated information from six cohort and two case–control studies, involving a total of 5,569 cases. The pooled OR for the highest versus the lowest intake category of GI was 1.15 (0.95–1.40); however, there was significant heterogeneity (p 0.004) by study design (RR 1.00 [95 % CI 0.87–1.14] for cohort studies and 1.56 [95 % CI 1.21–2.02] for case–control studies). There was no association in the dose–response meta-analysis of GI (RR per 5 unit/day increment of GI 1.00, 95 % CI 0.97–1.03). GL was positively associated with endometrial cancer. The pooled RR for the highest versus the lowest GL intake was 1.21 (95 % CI 1.09–1.33) and 1.06 (95 % CI 1.01–1.11) per 50 unit/day increment of GL in the dose–response meta-analysis.

Conclusion

The pooled results from observational studies, including our case–control results, provide evidence of a modest positive association between high GL, but not GI, and endometrial cancer risk.     

Fruit and vegetables consumption and gastric cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies

Fruit and vegetable intake is widely recognized as protective for gastric cancer occurrence but prospective research challenged this belief. To evaluate the influence of design options in such results we did a meta-analysis of relevant published cohort studies identified from inception to 2004 in PubMed, EMBASE, and LILACS. Random-effects meta-analysis, stratification, and meta-regression were used to pool effects and to analyze the association with type of outcome event and length of follow-up independent of other study characteristics. An inverse association was observed between fruit intake and gastric cancer incidence (relative risk, RR = 0.82; 95% confidence interval, CI = 0.73-0.93) and stronger for follow-up periods of > or = 10 yr (RR = 0.66; 95% CI = 0.52-0.83) but not when the study outcome was death (RR = 1.08; 95% CI = 0.86-1.35). For vegetables, the RR was 0.88 (95% CI = 0.69-1.13) using all incidence studies and 0.71 (95% CI = 0.53-0.94) when considering only those with the longer follow-up. The association observed between vegetable intake and gastric cancer mortality was 1.05 (95% CI = 0.89-1.25). Other study characteristics assessed added no significant contribution to explain heterogeneity. This meta-analysis showed that design options might play a key role in the observed magnitude or the direction of the association between fruit and vegetable intake and gastric cancer.     

Coffee Consumption and Prostate Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies

This meta-analysis was conducted to assess the association between coffee consumption and prostate cancer risk. Thirteen cohort studies with 34,105 cases and 539,577 participants were included in the meta-analysis. The summary relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for different coffee intake levels were calculated. Dose-response relationship was assessed using generalized least square trend estimation. The pooled RR for the highest vs. lowest coffee intake was 0.90 (95% CI: 0.85–0.95), with no significant heterogeneity across studies (P = 0.267; I²= 17.5%). The dose-response analysis showed a lower cancer risk decreased by 2.5% (RR = 0.975; 95% CI: 0.957–0.995) for every 2 cups/day increment in coffee consumption. Stratifying by geographic region, there was a statistically significant protective influence of coffee on prostate cancer risk among European populations. In subgroup analysis of prostate cancer grade, the summary RRs were 0.89 (95% CI: 0.83–0.96) for nonadvanced, 0.82 (95% CI: 0.61–1.10) for advanced and 0.76 (95% CI: 0.55–1.06) for fatal diseases. Our findings suggest that coffee consumption may be associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer and it also has an inverse association with nonadvanced prostate cancer. Because of the limited number of studies, more prospective studies with large sample size are needed to confirm this association.     

Citrus fruits intake and prostate cancer risk: a quantitative systematic review

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this systematic review was to investigate the association between dietary intake of citrus fruits and prostate cancer risk. METHODS: Authors searched electronic databases and the reference lists of publications of diet and prostate cancer studies until August 2007. All of the epidemiological studies that obtained individual data on dietary intake of citrus fruits and presented risk estimates of the association between intake of citrus fruits and risk of prostate cancer were identified and included. Using general variance-based methods, study-specific odds ratios (OR)/ relative risk (RR) and associated confidence interval (CI)/ standard error (SE) for highest versus lowest intake of citrus fruits level were extracted from each paper. RESULTS: Eleven articles including six case-control studies, one nested case-control study and four cohort studies, proved eligible. Overall summary OR using random effect model did not show an association in risk of prostate cancer with intake of citrus fruits (summary OR=1.03, 95% CI=0.89-1.19) with large heterogeneity across studies that we were unable to explain (I(2)=67.88%). The summary ORs in case-control studies and cohort studies were 1.10 (95% CI=0.97-1.22) and 1.05 (95% CI=0.96-1.14), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Pooled results from observational studies did not show an association between intake of citrus fruits and the risk of prostate cancer, although results vary substantially across studies.     

Dietary Fat Consumption and Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Risk: A Meta-analysis

Objective: Many studies suggest that high-fat diets are linked to the etiology of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). However, the findings are inconsistent and therefore the association between fat and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma remains unclear. In this study, we aim to quantitatively assess the association between fat consumption and the risk for NHL. Methods: We reviewed 221 published cohort and case-control studies that reported relative risk (RRs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of NHL and fat intake using PubMed, Cochrane, EMBASE, and Google Scholar databases. A random-effects model computed summary risk estimates. Results: Based on our literature search, 10 of 221 studies (two cohort and eight case-control studies) were relevant to this meta-analysis. There was a significant association between total fat consumption and increased risk of NHL (RR = 1.26; 95% CI: 1.12–1.42); in addition, subgroup analysis showed a significant correlation with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (RR = 1.41; 95% CI: 1.08–1.84) but not with follicular lymphoma (RR = 1.21; 95% CI: 0.97–1.52), small lymphocytic lymphoma/chronic lymphocytic leukemia (RR = 0.91; 95% CI: 0.68–1.23), nor with T cell lymphoma (RR = 1.12; 95% CI: 0.60–2.09). The funnel plot revealed no evidence for publication bias. Conclusion: Total fat consumption, particularly animal fat, increases the risk for NHL.     

Coffee Drinking and the Risk of Endometrial Cancer: An Updated Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

Background: Several compounds contained in coffee have been found to suppress carcinogenesis in experimental studies. We conducted a dose–response meta-analysis to assess the impact of coffee consumption on the risk of endometrial cancer. Materials and methods: We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE databases for studies published up to August 2016. Using random effects models, we estimated summary relative risks (RR) for cohort studies and odds ratios (OR) for case-control studies with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Dose–response analyses were conducted by using generalized least square trend estimation. Results: We identified 12 cohort studies and 8 case-control studies eligible for inclusion, contributing with 11,663 and 2,746 endometrial cancer cases, respectively. The summary RR for highest compared with lowest coffee intake was 0.74 (95% CI: 0.68–0.81; p_{heterogeneity} = 0.09, I² = 32%). The corresponding summary RR among cohort studies was 0.78 (95% CI: 0.71–0.85; p_{heterogeneity} = 0.14, I² = 31.9%) and 0.63 (95% CI: 0.53–0.76; p_{heterogeneity} = 0.57, I² = 0%) for case-control studies. One-cup increment per day was associated with 3% risk reduction (95% CI: 2–4%) in cohort studies and 12% (95% CI: 5–18%) in case-control studies. After pooling the results from 5 cohort studies, the association remained significant only in women with body mass index over 30 (RR = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.61–0.81). Conclusion: The results from our meta-analysis strengthen the evidence of a protective effect of coffee consumption on the risk of EC and further suggest that increased coffee intake might be particularly beneficial for women with obesity.     

Physical activity, diabetes, and risk of thyroid cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Thyroid cancer incidence has been increasing more rapidly over time than the occurrence of cancers of other sites, and interest in potential adverse relations of diabetes and lack of physical activity to thyroid cancer risk is accumulating. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of published epidemiologic studies on the relations of physical activity and diabetes to thyroid cancer according to the Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines. Published studies were identified through a search in MEDLINE and EMBASE. Random-effects models were used to summarize thyroid cancer risk estimates comparing high versus low levels of physical activity, and separately, comparing individuals with diabetes versus those without diabetes. Meta-regression analyses were performed to evaluate potential effect modification by study design and thyroid cancer risk factors. Information was extracted from seven studies of physical activity and thyroid cancer and from six studies of diabetes and thyroid cancer. The number of individuals from studies on physical activity was 939,305 (yielding 2,250 incident thyroid cancer cases) and from studies on diabetes it was 960,840 (yielding 1,230 cases). The summary relative risk (RR) estimate from cohort and case–control studies combined indicated no association between physical activity and thyroid cancer (summary RR 1.06, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.79–1.42). Subgroup-analyses revealed a significant positive association between physical activity and thyroid cancer in cohort studies (summary RR 1.28; 95 % CI 1.01–1.63), whereas the relation was suggestively inverse in case–control studies (summary RR 0.70; 95 % CI 0.48–1.03; p for heterogeneity = 0.005). Individuals with diabetes showed a borderline statistically significant increased risk of thyroid cancer compared with those without diabetes (summary RR 1.17; 95 % CI 0.99–1.39). The relations of physical activity and diabetes to thyroid cancer were not modified by sex, number of adjustment factors, and adjustments for adiposity, smoking, and study quality. In this comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis, no significant association between physical activity and thyroid cancer was found. Diabetes showed a suggestive positive relation with risk of thyroid cancer.     

Association Between Dietary Inflammation Index and The Risk of Colorectal Cancer: A Meta-Analysis

Objectives: We performed a meta-analysis to assess the association and possible dose–response relationship between dietary inflammation index (DII)? and colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods: A literature search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) database for all relevant studies. The pooled relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated by random effects model. Results: A total of eight studies were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled RRs of CRC, colon and rectal cancer for the highest versus lowest DII categories were 1.43 (95% CI 1.25–1.63), 1.37 (95% CI 1.16–1.62) and 1.44 (95% CI 1.23–1.69), respectively. A significant positive association was observed both in cohort studies (RR = 1.26, 95% CI 1.14–1.38) and case–control studies (RR = 1.81, 95% CI 1.48–2.22). Nonlinear associations between DII scores and the risk of CRC, colon and rectal cancer were found in the dose–response analyses, the results showed that the risks of CRC, colon and rectal cancer increased slowly when the DII score was above 1.30, 2.21, and 1.30, respectively. Conclusion: Higher DII scores might increase CRC risk. Thus, people should adopt more anti-inflammatory diets such as those high in vegetables, fruits, whole grains, herbs, and spices.     

Lycopene Consumption and Risk of Colorectal Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

A number of epidemiological studies have explored the association between lycopene or lycopene-rich food intake and the risk of colorectal cancer, but the results of these studies have not been consistent. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies published in the PubMed and EMBASE databases to quantitatively assess the association between lycopene consumption and the risk of colorectal cancer. A total of 15 studies were included in the meta-analysis, and the summary relative risk (RR) for highest versus lowest category indicated no significant association between lycopene consumption and the risk of colorectal cancer [RR = 0.94, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.80–1.10]. However, a significant inverse association was observed between lycopene consumption and the site of cancer in the colon (RR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.81–0.96). We also found that the incidence of colon cancer and lycopene intake did not exhibit dose-response relationships. The Grades of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) quality in our study was very low. In conclusion, this meta-analysis indicates that lycopene consumption is not associated with the risk of colorectal cancer. Further research will be needed in this area to provide conclusive evidence.     

Flavonol intake and stroke risk: A meta-analysis of cohort studies

ObjectiveEpidemiologic findings are inconsistent regarding the association between flavonol intake and the risk for stroke. The aim of this study was to determine whether an association exists between them in observational studies.MethodsWe searched the PubMed and EMBASE databases for studies conducted from 1966 to August 2013. Prospective cohort studies that provided relative risk (RR) estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between flavonol intake and risk for stroke were included. A random effects model was used to combine study-specific risk estimates.ResultsThe meta-analysis included eight studies, with 5228 stroke cases among 280 174 participants. The summary RR indicated a significant association between highest flavonol intake and reduced risk for stroke (summary RR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.75–0.99). Furthermore, an increase in flavonol intake of 20 mg/d was associated with a 14% decrease in the risk for developing stroke (summary RR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.77–0.96). Subgroup analyses suggested a significant inverse association between highest flavonol intake and stroke risk among men (summary RR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.56–0.97) but not women (summary RR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.85–1.16).ConclusionsHigher dietary flavonol intake is associated with a reduced risk for stroke, especially among men. Our results support recommendations for higher consumption of flavonol-rich foods to prevent stroke.     

Dietary Fat Intake and the Risk of Skin Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

Abstract

We conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the association between fat intake and the risk of three major types of skin cancer including basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM). A comprehensive search of PubMed and EMBASE was performed to identify all relevant observational studies published up to December 1, 2018. Specific odds ratio (OR) or relative risk (RR) estimates for the highest versus the lowest intake of dietary fat and 95% confidence intervals (CI) from the included studies were pooled using random effect model. Three prospective cohort studies (175,675 participants and 30,915 BCC cases, 4,106 SCC cases and 1,638 CMM cases) and nine case-control studies (328 BCC cases, 493 SCC cases, 1,547 CMM cases and 2,660 controls) were identified. The pooled results indicated that dietary consumption of total fat and saturated fat were not associated with three major types of skin cancer. High consumption of monounsaturated fat was significantly associated with a decreased risk of BCC (RR: 0.90, 95% CI: 0.85–0.96) and high level of polyunsaturated fat intake was potentially positively associated with SCC (RR: 1.19, 95% CI: 1.06–1.33). Our findings should be confirmed by further evidence from well-designed and large-scale prospective cohort studies.     

Tea consumption and lung cancer risk: A meta-analysis of case–control and cohort studies

ObjectiveRecent epidemiologic studies, especially cohort and case–control studies, have yielded inconsistent findings regarding the association between tea consumption and risk for lung cancer. The aim of this study was to assess a potential relationship between tea consumption and the incidence of lung cancer worldwide.MethodsA systematic literature search of PubMed, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, the Chinese Biomedical Database, and Wanfang Database was conducted from 1966 to January 2014 by two investigators. All cohort studies and case–control studies that evaluated the association of tea and lung cancer were included. Summary relative risks (RR) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random-effects model. Quality assessments were performed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. Heterogeneity was assessed using the Q and I² tests, and the source of heterogeneity was detected by meta-regression analysis. Publication bias was evaluated with Egger's regression symmetry test. Subgroup analyses and sensitivity analysis were performed.ResultsThirty-eight lung cancer studies (26 case–control studies and 12 cohort studies) with 59,041 cases and 396,664 controls were included. Overall tea consumption was significantly associated with decreased risk for lung cancer (RR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.70–0.87). Subgroup analyses showed that tea consumption was associated with reduced risk for lung cancer in women (RR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.62–0.93), case–control studies (RR 0.72; 95% CI 0.63–0.83), Western studies (RR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.75–0.97), and studies in China and Japan (RR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.62–0.88). Both green tea (RR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.62–0.91) and black tea (RR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.71–0.94) were significantly associated with reduced lung cancer risk. No significant association was found in men or in cohort studies.ConclusionTea consumption may offer some protection against lung cancer.     

Sweetened Beverages Consumption and Pancreatic Cancer: A Meta-Analysis

No study has summarized earlier findings on the association of sweetened beverages (SBs) consumption and risk of Pancreatic Cancer (PC). This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to systematically review available observational studies that examined the association of SB consumption with risk of PC. Relevant papers published up to December 2017 were searched through PubMed, MEDLINE, SCOPUS, EMBASE, and Google Scholar databases, using relevant keywords. Cohort and case–control studies that examined the association of SB with PC in adults were included. Overall, 5 cohort studies with 2,041,689 participants (58.68% female, 41.32% male) and 4 case–control studies [enrolled 1,496 cases with PC (55.82% male, 44.18% female) and 3,179 controls (53.32% male, 46.68% female)] were included. Combining effect sizes from cohort studies, we found no significant association between SB consumption and risk of PC (RR: 1.06; 95% CI: 0.87–1.29). Although, stratification by the study location, follow-up duration, exposure and outcome assessment method, and adjustment for physical activity and race/ethnicity removed between-study heterogeneity, it did not affect the association. We found that 50?g/d increment in SB consumption was not linearly associated with risk of PC (RR: 1.00, 95% CI: 0.96, 1.04). No significant nonlinear association was also reached (P-nonlinearity = 0.13). In addition, pooling effect sizes from case–control studies, we did not find significant association between SB consumption and risk of PC (RR: 1.11; 95% CI: 0.92–1.35). We did not find any significant association between SB consumption and risk of PC. Additional studies are required to shed light on this issue.     

Dairy Products,Dietary Calcium and Vitamin D Intake as Risk Factors for Prostate Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of 26,769 Cases From 45 Observational Studies

In this study, we examined the available evidence and sources of heterogeneity for studies of dairy products, calcium, and vitamin D intake and the risk of prostate cancer. We pooled data from 45 observational studies using a general variance-based, meta-analytic method employing CIs. Summary relative risks (RRs) were calculated for specific dairy products such as milk and dairy micronutrients. Sensitivity analyses were performed to test the robustness of these summary measures of effect. Cohort studies showed no evidence of an association between dairy [RR = 1.06; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.92–1.22] or milk intake (RR = 1.06; 95% CI = 0.91–1.23) and risk of prostate cancer. This was supported by pooled results of case-control analyses (RR = 1.14; 95% CI = 1.00–1.29), although studies using milk as the exposure of interest were heterogeneous and could not be combined. Calcium data from cohort studies were heterogeneous. Case-control analyses using calcium as the exposure of interest demonstrated no association with increased risk of prostate cancer (RR = 1.04; 95% CI = 0.90–1.15). Dietary intake of vitamin D also was not related to prostate cancer risk (RR = 1.16; 95% CI = 0.98–1.38). The data from observational studies do not support an association between dairy product use and an increased risk of prostate cancer.