Generation and characterization of a single-chain anti-EphA2 antibody

Abstract

Recombinant antibody phage library technology provides multiple advantages, including that human antibodies can be generated against proteins that are highly conserved between species. We used this technology to isolate and characterize an anti-EphA2 single-chain antibody. We show that the antibody binds the antigen with 1:1 stoichiometry and has high specificity for EphA2. The crystal structure of the complex reveals that the antibody targets the same receptor surface cavity as the ephrin ligand. Specifically, a lengthy CDR-H3 loop protrudes deep into the ligand-binding cavity, with several hydrophobic residues at its tip forming an anchor-like structure buried within the hydrophobic Eph pocket, in a way similar to the ephrin receptor-binding loop in the Eph/ephrin structures. Consequently, the antibody blocks ephrin binding to EphA2. Furthermore, it induces apoptosis and reduces cell proliferation in lymphoma cells lines. Since Ephs are important mediators of tumorigenesis, such antibodies could have applications both in research and therapy.     

抗HEV中和抗体13D8的单链抗体的构建及表达

目的 :降低HEV中和性单抗 (mAb) 13D8的鼠源性 ,表达其单链抗体 (scFv)。方法 :从分泌 13D8鼠mAb的杂交瘤细胞中 ,通过RT PCR克隆mAb的VL、VH 基因 ,并进一步组装成VH linker VL 型的scFv片段。将scFv片段克隆到pTO T7载体中 ,在大肠杆菌中进行表达。用ELISA、Westernblot检测scFv的活性。结果 :SDS PAGE表明 ,13D8的scFv在E .coli中得到高效表达 ,表达量达菌体总蛋白的 2 6 .8%左右 ,表达产物主要以包涵体的形式存在。间接ELISA和Westernblot检测表明 ,表达的 13D8的scFv能与HEVOFR2区中一段重组蛋白(NE2 )特异结合。竞争ELISA表明 ,scFv与原鼠mAb识别的为同一表位。结论 :成功地表达出具有免疫学活性的 13D8的scFv。     

抗人卵巢癌×抗人CD3双特异单链抗体介导的效应细胞在体外对卵巢癌细胞的杀伤作用

目的　研究双特异单链抗体 (scBsAb)介导的Jurkat细胞 (CD3+ )及人外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)在体外对人卵巢癌细胞株SKOV3细胞的杀伤活性 ,从而探讨其用于卵巢癌治疗的可能性。方法以抗人卵巢癌×抗人CD3scBsAb激活效应细胞 ,以SKOV3为靶细胞 ,用MTT法测定不同实验条件下的杀伤活性。结果　 (1)以重组白细胞介素 2 (rIL 2 )、抗CD3单克隆抗体、抗CD2 8重链单域抗体 (VH)预刺激Jurkat及PBMC细胞比单纯用scBsAb激活效应细胞杀伤活性高 ;(2 )以Jurkat细胞或PBMC细胞作为杀伤细胞可得到相似的杀伤活性 ,最高杀伤率均在 75 %左右 ;(3)杀伤活性与scBsAb的浓度、作用时间及效靶比有关。对于Jurkat细胞 ,在抗体终浓度为 2 1μg ml,反应时间为 4 8h ,效靶比为 10∶1时达到最大杀伤率 74 .8% ;对于PBMC细胞 ,在抗体浓度为 2 0 μg ml,反应时间为 72h ,效靶比为 1∶1时达到最大杀伤率73.1%。 (4 )多因子联合应用能有效提高杀伤活性。结论　scBsAb在体外能够有效介导效应细胞杀伤肿瘤细胞 ,有明显的抗癌作用 ,具有潜在的应用前景。     

人源化抗炭疽芽胞杆菌保护性抗原单链抗体的设计和表达

目的:应用抗体"框架区重塑"技术,对鼠单克隆抗体(mAb)框架区进行人源化,制备人源化单链抗体(scFv)并检测其活性。方法:在获得抗炭疽芽胞杆菌保护性抗原鼠mAb(5E1)可变区基因的基础上,保持鼠mAb互补决定区(CDR)不变,选择与框架区同源性最高的人源序列替换鼠mAb的框架区,保留个别关键的鼠源残基。通过融合PCR技术构建人源化的scFv,并在大肠杆菌中进行了表达。表达产物以包涵体形式存在,通过变性、镍柱亲和层析和复性,获得复性后的可溶蛋白。对纯化产物进行了SDS-PAGE、ELISA和抑制炭疽毒素中和活性的检测。结果:人源化后的序列具有与鼠源scFv一致的抗原结合活性和细胞水平的中和炭疽毒素活性。结论:获得了具有功能的人源化的抗体基因序列,为表达具有中和炭疽毒素活性的全分子人源化抗体奠定了基础。     

全人源性肝癌单链抗体的表达、纯化及功能鉴定

目的:在大肠杆菌中表达人源性肝癌单链抗体(scFv),并分析他的结合活性。方法:应用噬菌体表面呈现技术获得人源性肝癌scFv,利用重叠延伸PCR将VL和VH基因以(Gly4ser)3linker连接成单链,插入表达载体pET28a( ),诱导目的蛋白表达,对包涵体进行溶解、复性、纯化,得到可溶性目的蛋白,应用非竞争细胞ELISA检测与肝癌细胞结合的特异性及结合能力。结果:在A600为0.8时开始诱导,持续6h,目的蛋白表达量占菌体总蛋白的26%,包涵体经过复性纯化后,得到纯度达到95%的重组scFv,其亲和常数为:3.6×107mol/L。结论:实现了人源性肝癌scFv的蛋白表达,抗体蛋白与肝癌细胞具有较强的特异性结合能力,为今后进行免疫学检测和开发肿瘤靶向治疗提供了研究手段。     

Generation of panels of anti-idiotypic single-chain variable fragments mimicking Cry2Aa toxin using the chain shuffling technique

Here, we firstly reported to generate panels of anti-idiotypic single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry2Aa toxin by chain shuffling method. Light- and heavy-chain-shuffled libraries based on two parental clones were constructed. The signal of the light-chain-shuffled library was 4.2-fold higher than the heavy one. Solely after one round panning, eight mutants were rapidly isolated from the chain-shuffled libraries. The apparent affinity of the best clones was 2.65?×?10⁶ M^?1, a 2.59-fold improvement over the parental clone. The binding abilities between anti-idiotypic scFvs with brush border membrane vesicle of Plutella xylostella larvae were also determined. This work demonstrated that chain shuffling could rapidly generate panels of antibodies with similar binding abilities but of the distinct idiotypic composition. The serials of mutants can be used to map the binding epitope of the receptors in target insects instead of Cry2Aa toxin.     

RASA, a recombinant single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibody directed against the human sperm surface: implications for novel contraceptives

BACKGROUND: A recombinant single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibody was engineered to a tissue-specific carbohydrate epitope located on human sperm agglutination antigen-1 (SAGA-1), a sperm glycoform of CD52. METHODS AND RESULTS: cDNAs encoding the variable regions of the S19 [IgG(1)kappa] monoclonal antibody (mAb) were identified, linked, and cloned into the pCANTAB 5E vector. The recombinant anti-sperm antibody (RASA) was expressed in E. coli HB2151 cells as a 29 kDa monomer and, remarkably, also formed multimers of approximately 60 and 90 kDa. RASA reacted with the endogenous SAGA-1 antigen by Western blot analysis, labelled the entire human sperm surface by indirect immunofluorescence, and aggregated human spermatozoa in a tangled (head-to-head, head-to-tail, tail-to-tail) pattern of agglutination, as was also observed with the native S19 mAb. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that active recombinant antibodies can be produced to a tissue-specific carbohydrate epitope on the human sperm surface, thereby opening opportunities for novel contraceptive agents.     

Down-regulation of class II major histocompatibility complex molecules on antigen-presenting cells by antibody fragments

Certain HLA class II-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAb) cause up to 90% decrease in the cell surface expression of class II molecules. This down-regulation is isotype-specific, i.e. DR-specific mAb do not affect the expression of DP and DQ molecules. However, antibodies binding to one DR allotype down-regulate both allotypes in heterozygous antigen-presenting cells (APC), indicating that the phenomenon is not a direct consequence of ligation. All down-regulating mAb identified recognize the first (peptide binding) domains of class II heterodimers, and strongly inhibit the activation of class II-restricted human T cells in vitro. Conversely, non-down-regulating mAb fail to inhibit T cell activation, and most of them (four out of five) recognize class II second domains. Down-regulating antibodies are cytotoxic for B lymphoblastoid cell lines and for a small proportion of normal activated B cells. Their F(ab′)₂ fragments mediate both down-regulation and cytotoxicity, whereas the monovalent Fab fragments are not cytotoxic, but retain the down-regulatory and T cell inhibitory properties. These findings raise the possibility of a class II major histocompatibility complex-specific, antibody-based immunosuppressive therapy without cytotoxic side effects.     

抗人纤维蛋白单链抗体的人源化

目的：人源化抗人纤维蛋白单莲抗体,降低人抗鼠抗体反应。方法：从人免疫球蛋白基因数据库中挑选到与鼠源抗人纤维蛋白单链抗体ｓｃＦｖ－８Ｅ５重链（ＶＨ－８Ｅ５）同源性最高的序列,作为人源化改造的框架,其中植入ｓｃＦｖ－８Ｅ５的互补决定区。人工合成其ＤＮＡ连接酶连接成完整的人源化ＶＨ－８Ｅ５和ＶＬ－８Ｅ５,构建表达载体,转化ＪＭ１０９后用ＩＰＴＧ诱导表达,ＥＬＩＳＡ测定其抗原结合活性。结果：表达产物分子量     

中和抗肾小球基底膜抗体的单链抗体的筛选与鉴定

目的 制备人抗肾小球基底膜(GBM)抗体的特异性人源化单链可变区抗体.方法 采用噬菌体表面展示技术,获得一个与人抗GBM抗体结合活性较强的单链可变区抗体片段的阳性克隆,并对该克隆进行DNA序列测定分析.结果 对噬菌体单链可变区抗体库经过3轮筛选后,与第1轮相比富集了137倍.噬菌体抗体与人抗GBM抗体的结合活性其中有35株克隆ELISA的吸光度较高.对这些噬菌体抗体进行交叉反应后,确定其中有10株交叉反应较弱.确定1株(C31)阳性克隆提取质粒,进行DNA序列测定,大小为750 bp,并符合人源化单链可变区抗体的序列结构.结论 应用噬菌体展示技术成功获得人-抗GBM抗体的单链可变区抗体基因,为临床上治疗Goodpasture综合征奠定实验基础.     

Tumour cell binding by a human monoclonal IgM antibody from the spleen of a non-tumour-associated patient is due to somatic mutations in the VH gene

Recently we described the occurrence of B cells producing polyspecific natural IgM with anti-tumour specificity in the spleen of non-tumour-bearing individuals as well as in fetal organisms. Immunoprecipitation and 2-D electrophoresis showed the binding of such antibodies to a 55-kD (pI 60) membrane surface glycoprotein. In vitro cultivation of human cancer cell lines in the presence of the purified IgM antibodies resulted in growth inhibition and complement-mediated cell lysis. Furthermore, the antibodies were shown to be able to induce MHC class I molecule expression on tumour cells. Because of this, a role for naturally occurring antibodies with anti-tumour specificity in preventing neoplasias had been suggested. We have constructed and expressed in Escherichia coli single-chain fragments (scFv: V_H-linker-V_L) derived from a polyspecific human monoclonal IgM autoantibody produced by a human × mouse heterohybridoma which was obtained from the spleen of an autoimmune patient. The mutated complementarity determining region (CDR) gene segments were replaced by the equivalent germ-line sequences and the CDR3 region was swapped for that from another polyspecific human natural antibody with no binding to tumours. Using these four scFv constructs for binding analyses and in vitro cultivation experiments we found: (i) scFv containing the mutated VH region of the original antibody were able to bind to tumour cells, to induce MHC class I molecule expression, and to inhibit tumour growth in a way similar to what had been described for the complete antibody; (ii) replacement of the mutated by the germ-line V_H gene independently of the CDR3 to which it had been recombined, resulted in failure to bind to tumour cells. Nevertheless, other antigens (ssDNA, tetanus toxin) were still recognized, although with lower affinity. We discuss the significance of the replacement mutations in the V_H gene CDRs. selected probably by B cell contact to an (auto)antigen, for generating a tumour binding capacity, not encoded by the germ-line gene.     

大容量噬菌体抗体库的构建及鉴定

目的　构建大容量噬菌体单链抗体库 ,从中筛选人源单链抗体 (ScFv)。方法　从正常成人外周血和新生儿脐血分离淋巴细胞 ,用RT PCR扩增轻链可变区基因 (VL)和重链可变区基因(VH) ,通过重叠PCR法将VH 和VL 拼接形成ScFv基因 ,并克隆入噬菌体表达载体PDF ,得到ScFv初级噬菌体抗体库。以高MOI超感染cre 菌株BS136 5 ,通过loxp cre定位重组系统 ,介导轻重链的组合配对 ,得到大容量抗体库 ,用多种抗原对抗体库进行生物淘筛 ,鉴定抗体库的性能。结果　获得了 6×10 10 的大容量单链噬菌体抗体库。分别用卵清蛋白、胃蛋白酶、铁蛋白、人角蛋白、人TNF α、地高辛等6种抗原进行筛选 ,均得到多样性的特异性噬菌体抗体。结论　经loxp cre定位重组系统在单细胞内重组成功地构建了大容量单链噬菌体抗体库 ,初步尝试对 6种抗原进行筛选均获成功 ,提示该抗体库可用于制备具有应用前景的人源抗体     

人源性抗NS5B单链抗体的制备及鉴定

目的:运用核糖体展示技术制备抗HCV NS5B人源性单链抗体,并进行初步分析。方法:以HCV阳性患者的外周血单个核细胞为材料,扩增全套重链可变区和轻链可变区的基因,构建人单链抗体(scFv)核糖体展示文库;以NS5B蛋白为靶标筛选到scFv基因,并将其连接到pET16b载体并转化至大肠杆菌BL21,诱导表达scFv;对scFv基因测序和特异性分析。结果:成功构建抗HCV scFv库;获得2个具有较强结合活性的scFv;基因分析证实获得预期抗体。结论:成功制备了人源性抗NS5B scFv,为HCV的免疫治疗奠定了基础。     

重组人G—CSF免疫小鼠全套单链抗体噬菌体表面展示文库的构建

利用全套噬菌体抗体表面展示技术,绕过杂交瘤技术,从重组人G-CSF免疫的小鼠脾淋巴细胞中提取总RNA,反转录成cDNA后,用抗体可变区PCR混合引物进行全套抗体重、轻链可变区（VH和VL）基因的扩增。经重叠延伸反应,在体外随机装配成单链抗体（ScFv）。将其克隆至噬菌粒载体pCANTAB5E中,电转化含SupE的E.Coli菌株,以辅助噬菌体M13K07超感染噬菌粒文库,构建成全套ScFv表面展示文库。为利用亲和富集筛选技术,获得具有G-CSF结合活性的完整重组噬菌粒克隆奠定了基础。     

Antibody fragments as tools in crystallography

While antibody-based therapeutics have become firmly established as front-line drugs, the use of antibodies as research tools in small molecule drug discovery is still in its infancy. In this review we focus on the use of antibody fragments as crystallization chaperones to aid the structural determination of otherwise 'uncrystallizable' or 'undruggable' target proteins. We also highlight a potential application for this technology, in which antibody-mediated structures may be used to inform the design of new chemical entities.     

单链二硫键稳定抗体靶向超抗原SEA(D227A)分子的表达、纯化及鉴定

目的:提高抗肝癌靶向超抗原SEA(D227A)的产量和稳定性,构建单链二硫键稳定抗体靶向超抗原分子scdsFv-SEA(D227A)。方法:构建scdsFv SEA(D227A)表达质粒,用IPTG诱导其在大肠杆菌BL21plusS表达。包涵体经洗涤和复性后,用QSepharoseHP和Hiprep26/60SephacrylS-200HR纯化。纯化蛋白经AMS烷化处理并结合PAGE电泳来检测二硫键形成情况,并通过ELISA和MTS分别检测重组蛋白与肝癌细胞的结合活性、稳定性和细胞杀伤活性。结果:重组蛋白以包涵体的形式表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的30%以上。通过复性及QSepharoseHP离子交换柱和Hiprep26/60SephacrylS-200H凝胶过滤两步纯化后,获得目的蛋白,每升诱导菌液的产量高达60mg。活性测定结果表明,相比与单链抗体靶向超抗原和二硫键抗体靶向超抗原SEA,二硫键抗体靶向超抗原在不影响结合活性和杀伤效果的情况下,稳定性有了较大提高。结论:建立了一种新的稳定的免疫毒素和提高其产量的方法,为hscFv25抗体靶向超抗原的临床应用奠定了基础,同时为其他低稳定性或低产量抗体的改造提供了借鉴的方法。     

An improved procedure for the generation of recombinant single-chain Fv antibody fragments reacting with human CD13 on intact cells

A procedure was developed to generate recombinant single chain Fv (scFv) antibody fragments reacting with the extracellular domain of human cell surface antigen CD13 (hCD13; aminopeptidase N) on intact cells. Membrane fractions prepared from a stably transfected hCD13-positive murine NIH/3T3 cell line were used to immunize BALB/c mice, with the intention that hCD13 would be the major immunogenic molecule recognized by the immune system. Spleen RNA from the immunized mice served to generate a combinatorial scFv phage display library. The library was adsorbed against non-transfected NIH/3T3 or Sf21 insect cells to eliminate nonrelevant binders. The supernatant was then used for panning with either hCD13-transfected Sf21 insect cells or a hCD13-expressing human leukemia-derived cell line. Therefore, the key concepts of the procedure were the presentation of hCD13 as the sole human antigen on murine NIH/3T3 cells and a screening strategy where hCD13 was the major common antigen of the material used for immunization and panning. Two different hCD13-reactive phages were isolated and the soluble scFvs were expressed in E. coli and purified. The two scFvs, anti-hCD13-1 and anti-hCD13-3, differed at four amino acid positions in their V(H) regions and both had high affinities for hCD13 as determined by surface plasmon resonance (K(D)=7 and 33x10(-10) M, respectively). Both efficiently recognized hCD13 on intact cells. Therefore, the procedure allowed the production of high affinity scFvs reacting with a desired antigen in its native conformation without requiring extensive purification of the antigen and should be useful for the preparation of scFvs against other conformation-sensitive cell-surface antigens.     

去唾液酸糖蛋白受体特异性单链抗体的优化表达及亲和常数的测定

目的:表达及纯化抗去唾液酸糖蛋白受体(ASG-PR)的单链抗体的可溶性,并测定其亲和常数。方法:用噬菌体C1克隆感染E.coliHB2151,挑取单个菌落接种于2×TY培养基中,于37℃震荡培养过夜。将培养物作1∶100稀释并转种后,用终浓度为0.25、0.5、1.0mmol/L的IPTG,分别在37℃、25℃和20℃下诱导表达过夜。取其培养上清,用饱和硫酸铵沉淀后,以120g/LSDS-PAGE分析。另外,将饱和硫酸铵沉淀物用30mLPBS重新溶解、透析除盐后,用Ni2 螯合柱进行纯化,再以120g/LSDS-PAGE鉴定纯化scFvC1的纯度。用非竞争酶免疫法测定scFv的亲和常数。结果:用0.5mmol/LIPTG在25℃诱导过夜,表达的scFvC1的量较多,其相对分子质量(Mr)约为28000,以可溶性的形式存在于培养基中。通过Ni2 亲和柱纯化后scFvC1的纯度在95%以上,产量约为0.8mg/L。scFv的亲和常数为(2.31±0.36)×10-7mol/L。结论:以筛选的C1噬菌体感染E.coliHB2151后可表达低亲和力的可溶性scFv,对肝癌的基因治疗具有潜在的应用价值。     

双特异性单链抗体介导的T细胞对前列腺癌细胞的杀伤作用

目的 研究并比较两种抗人γ-精浆蛋白/抗CD3双特异性单链抗体介导T细胞杀伤前列腺癌细胞的作用.方法 利用流式细胞仪分析双特异性单链抗体(BsAb)及多价双特异性单链抗体(mBsAb)与LNCaP细胞和Jurkat细胞的亲和力;将LNCaP细胞作为靶细胞,分为抗体浓度固定组和效应细胞/靶细胞比例固定组,利用51Cr释放试验评价两种双特异性单链抗体在体外介导T细胞杀伤靶细胞的能力;将Jurkat细胞种植裸鼠后,建立裸鼠前列腺癌模型,并分为非治疗组、对照组、BsAb组和mBsAb组,进一步评价两种双特异性单链抗体在体内介导T细胞杀伤靶细胞的能力.结果 流式细胞仪结果显示:BsAb和mBsAb均可特异性结合LNCaP细胞和Jurkat细胞,阳性结合率分别为56.3%、55.4%和74%、83%.51Cr释放试验结果显示:在体外,BsAb和mBsAb均可介导T细胞对前列腺癌细胞的杀伤,并且T细胞的杀伤效率与抗体浓度和效应细胞/靶细胞比例呈正相关.与非治疗组和对照组比较,接种前列腺癌细胞的裸鼠在体内注射激活的细胞毒T细胞的同时分别接受两种抗体的治疗后,肿瘤生长均明显受到抑制(P＜0.05).另外,体外介导杀伤作用和体内抑制肿瘤生长等方面,多价双特异性抗体的效果明显优于双特异性抗体.结论 同时识别人γ-精浆蛋白和CD3分子的双特异性单链抗体可有效地介导T细胞对前列腺癌细胞的杀伤作用,并且双特异性单链抗体四聚体的形成可明显改善抗体介导杀伤作用的效率.