Panrefinal Photocoagulation Influence on Vitrectomy Results for Complications of Diabetic Retinopathy

Despite panretinal photocoagulation (PRP), some diabetic eyes develop complications that are correctable with vitrectomy. The results of vitrectomy performed on 80 eyes having previtrectomy PRP are compared with 402 eyes without photocoagulation. The preoperative findings and operative procedures were almost identical, except the PRP cases had a slightly higher incidence of preoperative iris rubeosis and traction macular detachments, and more surgical membrane peeling. Six months after vitrectomy, the PRP eyes had slightly better visual acuities and fewer detached maculas, but were otherwise almost identical to the non-photocoagulated eyes. There was no evidence that pre-vitrectomy PRP prevents postoperative iris rubeosis.     

Postoperative Complications of Pars Plana Vitrectomy for Diabetic Retinal Disease

ABSTRACT

Despite recent advances in the medical management of diabetic retinal disease, there remain established indications for vitreoretinal surgery in the treatment of severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy. These include non-clearing vitreous hemorrhage and tractional retinal detachment. Advances in surgical instrumentation, technique, and experience have led to improved visual outcomes, as well as a corresponding decrease in the incidence of postoperative complications. However, the presence of systemic and ocular factors in diabetic patients increases the risk of adverse events compared to non-diabetic individuals. This review will focus on the most important postoperative complications following pars plana vitrectomy, with specific considerations for the diabetic patient.     

Vitrectomy in the Management of Diabetic Retinopathy

According to the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study, at least 5% of eyes receiving optimal medical treatment will still have progressive retinopathy that requires laser treatment and pars plana vitrectomy. During the past decade, improvements in instrumentation and surgical techniques have allowed more difficult cases of diabetic retinopathy to be candidates for vitrectomy. However, although the thresholds for performing surgery within established indicated situations have been lowered, only a few additional indications have been established. Although vitrectomy improves the prognosis for a favorable visual outcome, preventive measures, such as improved control of glucose levels and timely application of panretinal photocoagulation, produce better results. The authors review the indications, techniques, and results of vitrectomy in the management of diabetic retinopathy.     

增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变的玻璃体手术和光凝治疗

目的评价玻璃体手术联合光凝治疗一组增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变(proliferative diabeticretinopathy,PDR)的效果.方法对1997年2月至2000年5月之间经玻璃体手术和激光治疗的一组PDR连续的病例进行回顾性研究.结果共包括79例(男38,女41)、104只眼(右26,左28;双眼25例).发现糖尿病史0.5-37 a(8.5±6.5 a),发现眼病史15 d-8 a(1.5±1.5 a).30只眼有视网膜光凝史,但其中26只眼仅光凝一次.手术采用玻璃体切除、新生血管膜切除或切碎、眼内电凝及光凝;对有活动性出血、视网膜脱离或严重缺血的眼,术毕注入硅油(59只眼).手术中联合白内障摘除63只眼和人工晶状体植入27只眼.术前视力为光感、手动和指数的分别有15、38和22只眼,≥0.02的29只眼(27.8%).术后视力提高的有84只眼(80.8%),不变和下降的20只眼(19.2%).其中,术后视力≥0.1的41只眼(39.4%).术后2只眼发生新生血管性青光眼.结论本组多数PDR眼在手术前未得到有效的光凝治疗.经玻璃体手术和光凝,大多数患眼避免了失明或改善了视力.对视网膜脱离、严重缺血和手术中活动性出血的眼,注入硅油可在手术后及早补充视网膜光凝,以阻止病情恶化.眼科学报2001;17241～244.     

Coordination Skills during Vitrectomy in Treatment of Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy

 Purpose: To discuss effective nursing and coordination skills for vitrectomy in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy. Methods: Fifty patients (51 eyes) with diabetic retinopathy required vitrectomy were enrolled in this study. Individual nursing service was delivered by strengthening preoperative preparation, providing psychological nursing, and intraoperative observation of the severity of diseases by circulating nurses; meticulous nursing was given postoperatively. Results: All 50 patients underwent surgery successfully. Intraoperatively, patients had stable physical signs. Five patients had postoperative visual acuity0.3. No complicated infection was seen. Conclusion: For patients diagnosed with proliferative diabetic retinopathy requiring vitrectomy, full preparations should be made and psychological nursing should be delivered preoperatively, the severity of diseases and clinical reactions should be closely observed intraoperatively, and proper processing and nursing measures should be taken postoperatively, which collectively enhance surgical success rate, decrease surgical complications, and attain favorable treatment efficacy.     

Long-Term Survival Rates of Patients Undergoing Vitrectomy for Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy

Purpose: Reported 5-year survival rates in patients undergoing vitreous surgery for proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) range from 68–95%. Studies relating survival rates to medical baseline characteristics predate the millennium. This study aimed to update data on life expectancy of patients undergoing vitrectomy for PDR and identify baseline factors which may influence survival.

Methods: A retrospective cohort study of consecutive patients who underwent their first pars-plana vitrectomy for PDR between April 2004 and May 2005 was performed. Survival status on 1 May 2012 was the primary endpoint. The Kaplan-Meier life table method was used to determine survival rates. Univariate and multiple variable Cox proportional hazards regressions were used to identify risk factors for mortality.

Results: A total of 148 patients were included in the study, with a mean age of 54 years (range 20–80 years) at time of surgery. The 3-, 5- and 7-year survival rates were 94%, 86% and 77%, respectively (95% confidence interval, CI, 88–97%, 79–91% and 68–84%, respectively). Renal failure was the most common cause of death. The presence of limb ulcers at baseline was the most important prognostic indicator for mortality, with a hazard ratio of 3.13 (95% CI 1.46–6.71, p = 0.003) and a survival rate at 5 years reduced to 79%.

Conclusion: The 5-year survival rate remains comparable to those reported 20 years ago despite a lowering in threshold for vitrectomy and increased health awareness. Limb ulcers are strongly associated with increasing mortality. Clinicians should remain mindful of the systemic associations of diabetes particularly in advanced retinal disease.     

Risk Factors for Postoperative Hemorrhage after Vitrectomy for Diabetic Retinopathy

Objective: To identify the potential risk factors for postvitrectomy diabetic vitreous hemorrhage (PDVH). Methods: A matched case-control nested into a retrospective follow-up study was done to review the surgical results in 68 consecutive eyes undergoing primary pars plana vitrectomy for vitreous hemorrhage. The eyes were divided into two groups based on the presence of PDVH (19 cases and 49 controls) and were matched on surgeon and the date of surgery. Twenty-three factors related to the preoperative examination and eight factors related to the operative procedure were analyzed. Statistical analysis was based on conditional logistic regression models with PDVH as the dependent variable. The mean follow-up interval was six months. Results: The factors associated with the incidence of PDVH were iris neovascularization (OR = 9.8, P = 0.03), lower extremity amputations (OR = 8.3, P = 0.02) and the use of antihypertensive agents within three months before vitrectomy (OR = 0.2, P = 0.04). Phakic and aphakic eyes of diabetic patients with lower extremity amputations would have a 70% probability of developing PDVH. This probability would have dropped to 30–40% had they been taking antihypertensive treatment. Conclusions: Iris neovascularization and lower extremity amputations increase the risk of PDVH. Antihypertensive treatment before vitrectomy decreases this risk.     

Effects of Internal Limiting Membrane Peeling in Vitrectomy on Diabetic Cystoid Macular Edema Patients

Purpose We evaluated the effects of the peeling of the internal limiting membrane (ILM) during vitrectomy in diabetic cystoid macular edema (CME) patients.Methods Visual outcome and intraoperative and postoperative complications were evaluated retrospectively in 84 CME patients (100 eyes), all of whom had been followed for at least 1 year postoperatively. Before January 2001, we did not perform ILM peeling at our hospitals; 57 patients (66 eyes) treated before 2001 were included in this retrospective study as the non-peeling group. After January 2001, ILM peeling was performed in 27 (34 eyes) CME patients, who were included in this study as the peeling group. In the peeling group, indocyanine green (ICG) staining was performed at the time of ILM peeling.Results Visual acuity improved significantly after vitrectomy regardless of ILM peeling. Visual acuity improved gradually from 6 months to 1 year after the operation, and improved further at the final observation point in both groups. Visual acuity did not differ significantly between the two groups at any time point. There was no difference in the incidence of intraoperative and postoperative complications between the two groups. There were no adverse events associated with ICG-assisted ILM peeling.Conclusions Visual acuity improved with vitrectomy for diabetic cystoid macular edema in both groups. ILM peeling was not found to improve visual acuity postoperatively. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2005;49:297–300 © Japanese Ophthalmological Society 2005     

玻璃体切除治疗增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变

目的:评价玻璃体切除术治疗增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变的效果。方法:93例(139眼)增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变病例均行玻璃体切除术,术后平均随访(16.72±8.53)mo,对视力及手术失败的原因进行回顾性分析。结果:98眼(70.50%)视力得到提高,术后视力明显好于术前(P<0.001);手术失败的主要原因是视网膜脱离和黄斑病变。结论:玻璃体切除术是治疗增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变的有效方法。     

Vitrectomy results in proliferative diabetic retinopathy

To evaluate the effectiveness of vitrectomy on eyes with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). · METHODS: A total of 139 eyes of 93 cases with PDR underwent vitrectomy and were followed up for 3-24 months (16.72±8.53 months; mean±SD). The visual acuity and the factors causing recurrence of operation were analyzed. · RESULTS: The visual acuity was improved in 98 eyes (70.50%) after vitrectomy. The mean postoperative visual acuity was significantly better than the mean preoperative visual acuity. The main reasons for the failure of operation were retinal detachment and maculopathy. · CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that vitrectomy is generally an effective procedure in treating PDR     

Vitrectomy for Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy Associated with Vitreous Hemorrhage

This paper describes experience gained with 663 eyes of patients with diabetic vitreous hemorrhage treated by closed vitrectomy with a follow-up period of six months. Hemorrhages were nearly always associated with proliferative retinopathy (97%) and were thought to be caused always by ruptured proliferative vessels. Membrane removal was performed in 42% of all cases but in 60% when the retina was detached. The most common surgical complication was creation of retinal holes; more common when the posterior retina was detached (32%) than when it was attached (18%). The lens was removed in 73% of the cases. Eighty-two percent of the retained clear lenses remained clear at the six months follow-up period. Therefore, clear lenses should not be removed. Visual improvement could be achieved in 59% of the cases where the posterior retina was attached but only in 25% where it was detached resulting in an overall major visual improvement in 46% of the cases. If one adds to this group the cases that retained reasonable vision of 20/200 or better, the overall success rate was 51%. Posterior retinal detachment and rubeosis of the iris were the main factors for a bad prognosis. Forty-two percent of all eyes had at least some degree of rubeosis iridis. Most of the preoperative rubeotic eyes had rubeosis postoperatively (71%). Twenty-three percent of all eyes ended up with neovascular glaucoma.     

Diabetic retinopathy: An epidemic at home and around the world

Prevention of blindness due to diabetic retinopathy (DR) requires effective screening strategies, for which eye care providers need to know the magnitude of the burden and the risk factors pertinent in their geographical location. It is estimated that around 72 million of the global adult population (around 8.2%) has diabetes and about one-fifth of all adults with diabetes lives in the South-East Asia. In India, around 65 million people have diabetes. As the global prevalence of diabetes increases, so will the number of people with diabetes-related complications, such as DR; nearly one-third of them are likely to develop this complication. This article reviews the present status of diabetes and DR in India, the current situation of DR services and the projections on the load of morbidity associated with retinopathy. The article compiles the Indian studies elucidating the risk factors for DR.     

23G玻璃体切割术治疗增生型糖尿病视网膜病变术后早期出血的危险因素分析

目的：探讨增生型糖尿病视网膜病变（PDR）经23G玻璃体切割术后发生早期术后玻璃体积血（PVH）的可能危险因素。方法：回顾性病例对照研究。收集2014 年1 月至2016 年12 月在中国中医科学院眼科医院行23G玻璃体切割术的PDR患者69 例（69 眼）,根据有无术后早期PVH将其分为早期PVH组（19 例）和无早期PVH组（50 例）,分析人口学资料、全身疾病及眼部情况。采用t检验或χ2 检验比较2 组临床特征,采用Logistic回归分析发生早期PVH的可能危险因素。结果：早期PVH的发生率为28%,该组平均年龄（49.6 ± 8.7）岁;无早期PVH组平均年龄（57.3 ± 10.0）岁,早期PVH组年龄较小（t=-2.969,P=0.040）,而其他全身因素差异无统计学意义。早期PVH组和无早期PVH组眼部因素中晶状体状态（χ2=3.933,P=0.047）,术前是否玻璃体腔注射抗血管内皮生长因子药物（χ2=4.784,P=0.029）,眼底是否有纤维血管膜增殖（χ2=8.180,P=0.004）,术中是否发生视盘新生血管出血（χ2=11.147,P=0.001）等差异有统计学意义;其他眼部因素差异无统计学意义。Logistic回归分析显示视盘新生血管出血、纤维血管膜增殖OR值分别为6.249（P=0.012）、4.833（P=0.028）。结论：23G玻璃体切割术后早期PVH主要发生在眼底病变严重的PDR患者,视盘新生血管出血和纤维血管膜增殖会增加术后早期PVH的风险。     

增生型糖尿病视网膜病变的玻璃体手术治疗

目的 回顾性分析玻璃体切割术治疗增生型糖尿病视网膜病变(PDR)的疗效。方法 对18例(22眼)PDR患者行常规平部三通道玻璃体切割术，并根据病情分别联合晶状体摘出或超声乳化、剥膜、视网膜复位、眼内光凝、硅油填充、巩膜环扎等附加术式。结果 随访4—22个月，术后矫正视力改善16眼(72．7％)，脱盲率59．1％，脱残率9．1％，解剖复位率86．3％；牵拉性视网膜脱离未累及黄斑但已引起黄斑变形的患眼其术后视力改善好于已累及黄斑的。结论 玻璃体切割术仍是治疗PDR的有效手段，牵拉性视网膜脱离威胁到黄斑或导致黄斑变形时早期手术疗效更好。     

Preoperative Iris Rubeosis and Diabetic Vitrectomy Results

Six hundred and forty-five patients undergoing pars plana vitrectomy for diabetic retinopathy without preoperative iris rubeosis were followed for six months and compared with 69 patients that had preoperative pupillary rubeosis and 30 patients that had preoperative peripheral iris and/or angle rubeosis. Preoperatively, the patients' general characteristics were quite similar, but those cases with peripheral iris rubeosis had poorer visual acuities due to a higher incidence of dense vitreous hemorrhages (70%), as compared with those without rubeosis (56%), and a higher incidence of cataracts and prior cataract surgery. The operative procedures were complicated by retinal holes in 40% of the cases with peripheral rubeosis compared with 24% of those without rubeosis. Postoperatively, elevated intraocular pressures occurred in 67% of the cases with preoperative peripheral rubeosis compared with 58% of those with preoperative pupillary rubeosis and 37% of those without preoperative rubeosis. Postoperative steroids were required more frequently in those eyes with preoperative rubeosis. Six months after vitrectomy, the visual results were much better in those eyes without preoperative rubeosis, but 27% of the cases with preoperative peripheral rubeosis had obtained 6/60 visual acuity or better. As expected, there was a direct correlation between the extent of iris rubeosis at the preoperative examination and at the six-month postoperative examination. Regression of preoperative rubeosis definitely occurred in some eyes during the postoperative period. Phthisis had occurred or was occurring in 23% of the eyes with preoperative peripheral rubeosis compared with 15% of the eyes without preoperative rubeosis or with rubeosis confined to the pupil. Determination of the exact incidence of neovascular glaucoma during the six-month follow-up period was difficult, but was probably 33% for those cases with preoperative peripheral rubeosis, as compared with 17% for those without preoperative rubeosis.Opacities of the anterior segments prevented evaluation of more posterior structures in many cases, especially those with preoperative peripheral rubeosis of which 47% had obscured vitreous cavities, as compared with 20% of those without preoperative rubeosis. Of those that could be visualized, the vitreous cavities were usually clear and the retinas attached.     

Pars Plana Vitrectomy with Removal of Posterior Hyaloid Face in Treatment of Refractory Diabetic Macular Edema Resistant to Triamcinolone Acetonide

Background Triamcinolone acetonide (TA) has recently been used to treat diabetic macular edema (DME) but its effectiveness is limited. Cases Three patients (three eyes) with unresolved diffuse DME who did not respond to a posterior sub-Tenon's injection of TA underwent vitrectomy. Observations Intraoperatively, it was found that all of the eyes had a posterior hyaloid face that was adherent to a large area of the posterior pole retina, although this had not been detected by slit-lamp biomicroscopy or optical coherence tomography. After vitrectomy and removal of the posterior hyaloid face, there was a significant reduction in the central macular thickness of all three eyes and an improvement in the visual acuity of the patients. Conclusions When TA treatment is not effective for DME, vitrectomy with the complete removal of the posterior hyaloid face, including removal of the internal limiting membrane, should be considered.     

Closed Vitrectomy in the Management of Diabetic Traction Retinal Detachment

One hundred and seventy-four instances of diabetic traction retinal detachment in which the patient underwent closed vitrectomy during the period of January 1970 to December 1978 and had adequate follow-up ranging from six months to five years are reported. As a rule, eyes with vision better than 20/200, or with inaccurate light projection, or with no response to electrophysiologic tests were excluded. The surgical technique avoided stripping of vitreous membranes. Closed vitrectomy was combined with scleral buckling in eyes with retinal breaks, and with scleral resection in eyes with incomplete section of traction membranes. Anatomic improvement was noted in 75.3% of the eyes; vision improved in 64.9% of the eyes; new or recurrent vitreous hemorrhage was observed in 43.1%; corneal decompensation in 51.8%, rubeosis iridis in 23.0%, phthisis bulbi in 9.2%, iatrogenic retinal break in 8.6%, postoperative rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in 5.2%, and iatrogenic cataract in 4.6%.     

玻璃体切除联合白内障手术治疗增生性糖尿病视网膜病变的疗效

目的：观察玻璃体切除联合白内障手术治疗增生性糖尿病视网膜病变(proliferative diabetic retinopathy,PDR)的临床效果。

方法：选取我院2013-02/2017-02实施治疗的PDR患者80例83眼,依照治疗方式分为对照组和观察组,其中对照组患者实施玻璃体切除联合晶状体吸出术,观察组患者实施玻璃体切除联合超声乳化吸除术,对比两组患者的临床疗效。

结果：与术前比较,两组患者术后视力均显著改善,且观察组术后视力优于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与对照组比较,观察组术后的虹膜新生血管(iris neovascularization,INV)和囊膜混浊发生率偏低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。

结论：在PDR治疗中,玻璃体切除联合超声乳化吸除术治疗临床效果优于玻璃体切除联合晶状体吸出术。