免疫抑制治疗56例儿童获得性重型再生障碍性贫血的转归

Objective To investigate prognostic factors of immunosuppressive therapy (IST) in children acquired severe aplastic anemia(SAA). Methods Data of 56 consecutive children cases with SAA who had received rabbit anti-thymocyte globulin (R-ATG) [3-5 mg/(kg·d)×5 d] and cyclosporine A (CSA) from January 2000 to June 2006 were retrospectively analyzed. No repeated courses of R-ATG were given for nortresponders. All the patients also received stanozolol or testosterone propionate. The dose of CSA was adjusted to maintain trough drug levels above 100 μg/L and peak drug levels above 300 μg/L. Results The overall response rate to the immtmosuppressive therapy (IST) was 62.5% and the complete remission rate was 37.5%. The 5-year overall survival for IST regimens was 66.27%±6.84%, patients who had infections when using ATG had significandy lower response and higher mortality. Patients whose nucleated erythrocyte population in bone marrow was ≥ 10% had good prognosis. Patients whose granulocytes population in bone marrow was ≥10% had lower mortality. Conclusion Patients who had infections when using ATG had significantly lower response and higher mortality. Patients whose nucleated erythrocyte population in bone marrow was ≥10% had good prognosis.     

免疫抑制疗法治疗儿童再生障碍性贫血疗效分析

目的：探讨免疫抑制疗法(IST)治疗儿童再生障碍性贫血(AA)的疗效、安全性及影响疗效的主要因素。方法：对2007年1月至2010年12月接受IST治疗的55例重型再生障碍性贫血（SAA）及51例慢性再生障碍性贫血（CAA）患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果：① 在CAA患儿中,抗胸腺球蛋白（ATG）联合环孢素A（CsA）治疗组总有效率明显高于CsA单独治疗组(80％ vs 44％,P40%、治疗前无重症感染以及有G-CSF早期治疗反应的患儿治疗效果较好,而治疗效果与AA分型、年龄等指标无关。结论：ATG+CsA联合治疗是治疗儿童AA的一种安全有效的方法;病程长短、有无严重感染、骨髓造血面积及G-CSF早期治疗反应是影响疗效的主要因素。     

Diagnosis and management of childhood aplastic anaemia

Aplastic anaemia (AA) is a rare and heterogeneous disorder. AA results in pancytopenia and a hypocellular bone marrow in the absence of an abnormal infiltrate, major dysplasia or marrow fibrosis. In children, most cases are idiopathic and caused by T lymphocyte-mediated destruction of haemopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC's). Inherited bone marrow failure syndromes (IBMFS) account for around 20% of cases and have to be excluded. This can be challenging but has specific implications for management. Haemopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the only definitive curative treatment for AA. For patients less than 35 years old with severe aplastic anaemia (SAA), a matched sibling donor (MSD) haematopoietic stem cell transplant is the treatment of choice. For those lacking such a donor, immunosuppressive therapy (IST) with antithymocyte globulin (ATG) and ciclosporin has historically been initial treatment. Improved outcomes following matched unrelated donors (MUD) transplantation has led to UK guidelines recommending upfront MUD HSCT in children and young adults where a suitable donor can be quickly identified. Recent advances in the treatment of patients with AA have shown that horse ATG with cyclosporine remains the current standard IST. The thrombopoietin receptor agonist eltrombopag has significant activity as a single agent and in combination with IST as initial treatment and in refractory patients. For patients with IBMFS, transplantation remains the only curative procedure.     

儿童再生障碍性贫血免疫抑制剂治疗疗效及相关因素分析

目的：探讨免疫抑制疗法（IST）对儿童再生障碍性贫血（AA）的疗效及其影响疗效的相关因素。方法：对2003年2月至2009年11月住院接受IST治疗的、可进行疗效评估的110例AA患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析。110例患儿中,重型AA（SAA）83例,非重型 AA（非SAA）27例。前者采用抗胸腺细胞球蛋白（ATG）联合环孢素（CSA）及泼尼松、雄激素四联治疗,后者采用CSA联合泼尼松、雄激素三联治疗。结果：SAA与非SAA组的总有效率分别为69.9%和70.4%。单因素分析显示病程、骨髓CD34+细胞比例、CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞比例与疾病严重程度相关,但与预后无关。治疗有效组患儿年龄、病程、骨髓CD3+、CD8+细胞比例显著低于治疗无效组（P<0.05）。多因素分析显示年龄＞10岁、骨髓CD8+细胞比例＞25%的患儿治疗失败的风险分别是对应组的3.36倍和3.59倍。结论：IST治疗儿童AA疗效确切。年龄、病程、CD3+、CD8+ T细胞水平与IST的疗效相关。     

ALG为主的免疫抑制剂治疗儿童重型再生障碍性贫血的疗效及相关因素

目的通过回顾性分析临床资料,探讨重型再生障碍性贫血(SAA)患儿以抗淋巴细胞球蛋白(ALG)为主的免疫抑制治疗(IST)疗效及相关因素。方法54例重型再生障碍性贫血、并接受ALG治疗患儿的临床资料进行分析。结果基本治愈24例(44.4%),缓解12例(22.2%),明显进步4例(7.4%),无效14例(25.9%),总有效率(74.1%)。典型的血清病多在治疗后7~14 d内出现。随访的54例患儿中1例出现骨髓增生异常综合征(MDS)样病态造血。结论ALG作为重要免疫抑制剂治疗SAA疗效肯定,治疗前患者外周血ANC计数、骨髓涂片中淋巴细胞的比例以及检测CsA有效浓度可能对疗效判断有提示意义。IST后出现重度感染多为预后不良的重要因素之一。     

Anti-thymocyte globulin therapy in severe aplastic anemia: an alternative to bone marrow transplantation

Eight patients with severe aplastic anemia (SAA) and two patients with congenital hypoplastic anemia (CHA) were treated with absorbed samples of rabbit anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) at a total dose of 50-75 mg/kg body weight intravenously over 5 days. Duration of the disease was 1-14 years. Median age of the ten patients was 11 (4-15) years. Four of the eight patients with SAA were responders and transfusion independent for a follow up of 11 to 50 months. In two cases thrombocytopenia of about 100 000/mm3 is present. Four patients were non-responders three of them died in the meantime by the underlining disease. Two patients with CHA did not respond to ATG treatment. The CFU-C level of all eight patients with SAA before treatment was severely decreased. In co-culture studies with normal bone marrow no growth inhibition of normal bone marrow could be demonstrated. Also 20% patients serum did not inhibit normal bone marrow growth. The results are compared with data from literature and discussed in respect to alternative therapies.     

免疫抑制治疗获得性重型再生障碍性贫血患儿疗效分析

目的 分析免疫抑制治疗儿童获得性重型再生障碍性贫血(severe aplastic anemia,SAA)的近远期疗效.方法 回顾性分析2000年1月至2006年6月在我院应用联合免疫抑制治疗的获得性重型再生障碍性贫血患儿.112例患儿随机分3组:Ⅰ组(26例):单用环孢素A(CSA)组;Ⅱ组(30例):CSA+丙种球蛋白[400 mg/(kg·d)×5 d];Ⅲ组(56例):兔抗胸腺细胞球蛋白(R-ATG)[3～5 mg(kg·d)×5 d]+CSA.所有患儿治疗均同时加用司坦唑醇或丙酸睾丸酬.CSA血药浓度调整到谷浓度100 ug/L以上,峰浓度300 ug/L以上.结果Ⅰ组免疫抑制治疗的总反应率为26.92%;Ⅱ组免疫抑制治疗的总反应率为33.33%;Ⅲ组免疫抑制治疗的总反应率为62.5%,明显高于Ⅰ组(P=0.001);比较Ⅰ组与Ⅱ组的总反应率差异无统计学意义.Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组5年总生存率分别为(20.50±15.41)%、(39.77±9.77)%和(66.27±6.84)%.结论对无HLA匹配同胞供者的重型获得性再生障碍性贫血患儿ATG联合CSA是最理想的治疗方法 .     

免疫抑制治疗对儿童重型再生障碍性贫血 细胞因子表达的影响

目的 探讨重型再生障碍性贫血(AA)患儿经免疫抑制治疗（IST）后外周血相关细胞因子表达水平的变化。方法 纳入2017年10月至2018年12月在首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院（我院）住院初诊为获得性重型AA（SAA）/极重型AA（VSAA）且应用IST治疗的患儿为SAA/VSAA组，同期在我院住院初诊为获得性非重型AA（MAA）并给予环孢素A(CsA)口服治疗的患儿为MAA组。采用流式细胞术检测两组患儿初诊时、SAA/VSAA组治疗6个月和12个月、MAA组治疗6个月外周血中IFN-γ、TNF-α、IL-2、IL-4、IL-6和IL-10的表达水平。结果 SAA/VSAA组25例，MAA组37例。①初诊时SAA/VSAA组IFN-γ和IL-6表达较MAA组增加（P<0.05）。②SAA/VSAA组经IST治疗1年后，IFN-γ和IL-6较治疗前明显降低，差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。③截至末次随访，SAA/VSAA组除3例失访外，余22例全部生存，无复发。结论 SAA/VSAA患儿血清细胞因子水平异常，IST可显著改善初治患儿相关造血负向调控因子的表达。     

儿童复发或难治性重型再生障碍性贫血的治疗选择

重型再生障碍性贫血(severe aplastic anemia,SAA)是一种以全血细胞减少为特征的骨髓衰竭性疾病.目前通常推荐缺乏HLA全相合亲缘供者的患儿接受免疫抑制治疗,包括抗胸腺细胞/淋巴细胞球蛋白和环孢菌素等.对于免疫抑制治疗无效或复发的患儿,可以选择重复免疫抑制、异基因造血干细胞移植以及新型药物或临床试验等治疗.由于移植技术的提高以及艾曲泊帕等药物的应用,患儿预后得到明显改善.该文就近年来复发或难治性SAA患者治疗方案的研究进展进行综述,旨在指导临床治疗方式的选择.     

抗胸腺细胞球蛋白联合环孢菌素A治疗儿童再生障碍性贫血疗效及相关因素分析

目的探索采用抗胸腺细胞球蛋白(ATG)联合环孢菌素A(CSA)的免疫抑制疗法(IST)治疗儿童再生障碍性贫血(再障)的疗效及其相关影响因素,为进一步提高临床疗效提供参考依据。方法共40例再障患儿(重型再障28例,依赖成分输血的慢性再障12例)接受ATG联合CSA治疗。统计分析治疗前病程和外周血三系下降程度;ATG治疗后外周血淋巴细胞绝对计数(ALC)下降程度、血清病发生率及不同制剂ATG治疗等临床因素与远期疗效的相关性。结果中位随访时间19(9～44)个月,总有效率和显效率分别为78%和45%。疗效相关统计分析显示:(1)ATG治疗后2周内,ALC下降幅度≥2×109/L者的有效率明显高于下降幅度<2×109/L者,两组总有效率分别为89%和54%(P<0.05)。(2)从确诊再障到接受ATG治疗,病程≤6个月者有效率明显高于病程>6个月者,两组总有效率分别为92%和53%(P<0.05)。(3)采用两种ATG制剂(美国Genzyme或德国Fresenius)各治疗18例和22例,两组疗效差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论 ATG联合CSA的免疫抑制治疗是儿童再障的有效疗法,目前常用的两种ATG制剂,均能获得显著疗效。再障确诊后早期治疗有助于提高疗效。治疗期间密切观察ALC下降程度,对于ALC下降不明显者,是否需要适当增加ATG剂量,有待进一步研究论证。     

SINGLE-CENTER EXPERIENCE: Immunosuppressive Therapy as Frontline Treatment for 33 Children with Acquired Severe Aplastic Anemia

The authors retrospectively analyzed the records of 33 children with acquired severe aplastic anemia (SAA) diagnosed from July 1998 to October 2007 and first treated by immunosuppressive therapy (IST). Serial hematologic parameters, complications, transfusion requirements, and time to response were assessed. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) was attempted in 7 patients after failure of IST (n = 6) or relapse following an initial response to IST (n = 1). One child died of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder. Thirty of the 33 patients are alive and well after a median follow-up of 45 months (range, 7–116 months). Overall (transfusion-independent) response to IST was 73% (24/33). The actuarial 5 years survival rate was 89.4%. In this study, all patients with SAA received IST as standard front-line therapy. Approximately three-fourths of patients with SAA have durable recovery and excellent overall survival.     

The use of antithymocyte globulin in the treatment of severe aplastic anemia in children

The benefit of antithymocyte globulin in severe aplastic anemia in the pediatric age group was assessed. Four children received ten alternate-day courses of ATG (horse antihuman thymocyte globulin) as well as antihistamines and corticosteroids to minimize allergic reactions. The outcome of 19 other children with severe aplastic anemia who received ATG was also summarized. Combined data reveal that 12 of 23 have had a complete or partial response with residual thrombocytopenia and a probability of 48% survival one year from the start of ATG therapy as projected by life table analysis. Only one death has been recorded in the responding group. Response rate did not appear to be influenced by age, sex, etiology, initial blood count, interval prior to ATG therapy, or dose of ATG employed. Complications were minimal and included minor urticarial reactions and intermittent fever. Therapy with ATG should be considered in childhood severe aplastic anemia when bone marrow transplantation is not possible.     

ALLOGENEIC HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION IS SUPERIOR TO IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE THERAPY IN INDIAN CHILDREN WITH APLASTIC ANEMIA—A SINGLE-CENTER ANALYSIS OF 100 PATIENTS

The authors compared the outcome in 100 children (61 boys, 39 girls; median age of 10.1 ± 3.4 years) with aplastic anemia who underwent either immunosuppressive therapy (IST; n = 70) or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT; n = 30) between 1998 and 2007. Conditioning regimes for HSCT were a combination of either cyclophosphamide (Cy) with antilymphocyte globulin (ALG) or fludarabine (Flu) with Cy or busulfan (Bu) ± antithymocyte globulin (ATG). Stem cell source was bone marrow in 20 and peripheral blood stem cells (PBSCs) in 10. Patients undergoing IST received either equine ALG or ATG in combination with steroids and cyclosporine. Primary engraftment was seen in 25 children (83.3%), with acute graft-versus-host disease (aGvHD) in 5 (16.6%). The day 100 transplant-related mortality (TRM) was 30% and at a median follow up of 36 months (range: 6–197), the overall and disease-free survival is 70%. Among children who received IST, 60 children received ALG while 10 received ATGAM. Responses were seen in 27 children (43.5%), which was complete (CR) in 12 and partial (PR) in 15. At a median follow up of 38 months (range: 1–84), the overall survival is 37.1%, with 81.4% survival among responders and <10% survival among non-responders. HSCT would be the treatment of choice in children with severe aplastic anemia who have a human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched related donor and is superior to IST in this series from India.     

Stem cell transplantation in 6 children with parvovirus B19- induced severe aplastic anaemia or myelodysplastic syndrome

Parvovirus B19 (PVB19) induced severe aplastic anaemia (SAA) or myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is rare, and haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in this condition has not been reported so far. 6 children with SAA (n=4) or MDS (n=2) caused by acute PVB19 infection underwent HSCT under the protection of intravenous immunoglobulines. The 4 children with SAA received matched HLA bone marrow from a sibling (n=3) or peripheral unrelated blood stem cells (n=1). 1 patient had delayed erythrocyte engraftment, whereas 3 patients had an uneventful transplantation course. HSCT in one of the 2 children with MDS was complicated by poor graft function, the other patient engrafted without complications. In conclusion, HSCT in children with PVB19 induced SAA or MDS is feasible, even though some patients may develop delayed engraftment or prolonged poor graft function.     

Outcome of children with aplastic anemia treated with immunosuppressive therapy

Background

Immunosuppressive therapy (IST) is the alternative treatment in children with aplastic anemia (AA) who do not have an HLA‐matched sibling. The aim of this study is to evaluate the outcome of children with AA treated with IST.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the hospital records of children with AA from 1984 to 2004, treated at our institution with antithymocyte globulin (ATG), cyclosporine (CS), and short course of prednisone.

Result

Forty‐two patients were treated with IST (24 boys, 18 girls); of whom 26% received G‐CSF. The median age at diagnosis was 8.5 years. Sixty‐nine, 19, and 12% were diagnosed with severe, very severe, and moderate AA, respectively. Twenty‐one percent had hepatitis‐associated AA. Median follow‐up time was 53.3 months. Sixty‐two percent had complete response; 19% had partial response. Two patients relapsed and received a second course of ATG; both had a partial response. The actuarial 5 years survival rate was 67.5%. Two patients developed myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS); both received long‐term G‐CSF and had partial response after two courses of IST. Fifteen percent of survivors had significant hypertension which persisted after CS was discontinued.

Conclusions

This study shows promising response in children with AA treated with IST; however, the outcome was inferior to our institutional results with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation from a sibling donor. Hypertension and MDS are late complications. Longer follow‐up, larger cohorts, and prospective studies are warranted to evaluate late complications and risk factors. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:52–57. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Immunosuppressive treatment of aplastic anemia in Chinese children with antithymocyte globulin and cyclosporine

Fifty-one children with aplastic anemia (AA) from 1993 to 2004 in the authors' institution were treated by 3 therapies: 11 patients in group 1 received the SSL-6 protocol; 16 patients in group 2 had CsA alone, where the dose of CsA began from 9-12 mg/kg in the initial 2 weeks and tapered off to 5 mg/kg later; 24 patients in group 3 were treated combining rabbit ATG (Pasteur, Merieux) 2.5 mg/kg for 5 days with CsA, which was the same dose as in group 2. The response was 27, 50, and 79%, respectively. The statistical analysis showed that the protocol of intensive immunosuppressive treatment (IST) was the most effective one and CsA was better than that of SSL-6. None of our patients developed clone diseases although the follow-up was as long as more than to 9 years. The data suggest that children with AA should receive IST as first-line therapy in developing countries.

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is effective treatment for patients with aplastic anemia (AA). However, HSCT is not widely used in China for economic reasons and lack of donors. Immunosuppressive therapy (IST) is now the mainstay treatment for AA. To evaluate the effect of immunosuppressive therapy, combining antithymocyte globulin (ATG) with cyclosporine (CsA), a retrospective study on 51 children with AA from January 1993 to December 2004 treated in the authors' department was performed.     

Successful engraftment of haploidentical bone marrow with post‐transplantation cyclophosphamide in patients with aplastic anemia

Patients with severe aplastic anemia (SAA) may benefit from hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, but many of them lack a matched donor. Haploidentical transplantation is increasingly utilized for the treatment of nonmalignant disease where patients lack a matched donor. We report patients with aplastic anemia who experienced successful engraftments of haploidentical stem cells with post‐transplantation cyclophosphamide (PTCy). Case series and review of the literature. We present two cases of pediatric patients with severe aplastic anemia who experienced successful engraftment of haploidentical related bone marrow. Both patients received conditioning consisting of rabbit ATG, cyclophosphamide, fludarabine, and total body irradiation pretransplant, with PTCy. The conditioning regimen was well tolerated by both patients, and they achieved full donor engraftment and were weaned off all immunosuppressants. Haploidentical stem cell transplantation in patients with severe aplastic anemia may be an effective alternative when fully matched donors are not available. PTCy can facilitate successful engraftment and therefore expand the pool of eligible donors for patients with aplastic anemia.     

Diagnosis and treatment of children with aplastic anemia

BACKGROUND: Long-term survival rates among children diagnosed with severe aplastic anemia (SAA) are excellent due to the success of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-identical related hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), concurrent advances in immunosuppressive treatment (IST), and improved supportive care. The challenge in making treatment recommendations for children with SAA, therefore, is to balance the apparent chronicity and morbidity following IST, with the potential up-front toxicity and complications of HSCT. METHODS: This review provides an update on the diagnosis and a risk-based treatment algorithm for children with acquired SAA. Recent experience using alternative donor HSCT and efforts to extend HSCT eligibility through advances in donor matching, de-escalation of conditioning regimens, and potential marrow graft engineering are highlighted. We discuss IST response rates, risks of relapse, and complications including clonal evolution. CONCLUSIONS: While good treatment options exist for a majority of children diagnosed with SAA, novel non-transplantation treatments for unresponsive and relapsed patients without suitable transplant donors are needed. Further improvements in outcome will ultimately require a more complete understanding of the pathophysiology of aplastic anemia (AA).     

Unrelated donor cord blood transplantation for childhood severe aplastic anemia after a modified conditioning

Treatment of severe aplastic anemia (SAA) patients who lack human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched donors and failed immunosuppressive therapy (IST) is challenging. Recently, umbilical cord blood transplantation (CBT) after non-myeloablative therapy has been reported in adult but not in childhood SAA. However, most cases resulted in mixed donor chimerism and incomplete hematological recovery. We reported an 11-yr-old girl with recurred SAA 5 yr after IST who underwent unrelated donor CBT after a modified regimen. This patient had renal and cardiac dysfunction, and lacked suitable bone marrow donors. The 3.9 x 10(7)/kg CB cells from an HLA one-locus mismatched unrelated donor were infused after conditioning with total body irradiation (5 Gy), melphalan (120 mg/m(2)), and fludarabin (120 mg/m(2)). Hematological recovery was favorable in complete chimerism. A major complication was only skin graft-versus-host disease (grade I). CB could be an alternate stem cell source for childhood SAA after modified preparative regimen.     

Outcome of Pediatric Acquired Aplastic Anemia: A Developing World Experience

Introduction: Outcome data of children with acquired aplastic anemia (AA) are lacking from the developing world. Here, we describe the same from a centre in North India. Methods: Retrospective data regarding medical history, physical examination, complete blood count, bone marrow aspirate, and biopsy were retrieved for all children <18 years, with acquired AA admitted between January 2005 and June 2012. In addition, the outcome data after immunosuppressive therapy (IST) or bone marrow transplant (BMT) was obtained. Results: A total of 61 children were diagnosed with AA (Inherited-18 and acquired-43). Among 43 children with acquired AA, 3 had nonsevere and 40 had severe. One patient with nonsevere AA died of sepsis and 2 recovered spontaneously. Of the 40 remaining children with severe AA, 10 refused therapy and 3 died due to severe sepsis prior to any therapy. Five underwent upfront matched sibling donor BMT and one post-IST failure. Four year overall survival (OS) and event free survival (EFS) for children undergoing BMT was 100% and 80 ± 17.9, respectively. Out of 22 treated with IST, 20 were evaluable for response. Seventeen received one course and 3 received two course of IST. The overall response to IST was seen in 14/20 (70%). Only two achieved complete response while remaining 12 had partial response. The 4-year estimated OS and EFS for children treated with IST was 74.4 ± 12.1% and 65.6 ± 12.2. Conclusion: Outcomes for children with AA are encouraging in the developing world although barriers like sepsis and treatment abandonment remain. BMT offers faster and complete recovery.