重复经颅磁刺激治疗精神分裂症顽固性幻听对照研究

目的研究重复经颅磁刺激治疗精神分裂症幻听的临床疗效和安全性。方法伴顽固性幻听的精神分裂症患者随机分为研究组(n=60)和对照组(n=60)。在维持原抗精神病药物治疗基础上,研究组给予6周左侧颞顶叶的rTMS治疗,对照组给予伪刺激治疗。采用幻听量表(AHRS)、阳性症状和阴性症状量表(PANSS)、幻听量表(AHRS)评定临床疗效,采用不良反应量表(TESS)评估不良反应。结果 6周治疗后,研究组治疗幻听的有效率高于对照组(P<0.01),研究组AHRS、PANSS的总分和分量表评分均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或0.01)。治疗中未见明显不良反应。结论左侧颞顶叶rTMS治疗能减轻精神分裂症患者的顽固性幻听。     

长程心理动力学心理治疗对首发缓解期精神分裂症患者共情能力及社会功能的影响

目的:观察长程心理动力学心理治疗对首发缓解期精神分裂症患者共情能力及社会功能的影响。方法:15例首发缓解期精神分裂症患者(研究组)在抗精神病药治疗基础上联合长程心理动力学心理治疗,每周1次,持续24周;15例首发缓解期精神分裂症患者(对照组)在抗精神病药治疗基础上辅以每2~4周1次、持续24周的健康教育。采用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)、人际反应指针量表(IRI-C)以及个人和社会功能量表(PSP)对两组患者入组前及随访结束时评估并进行比较。结果:随访24周后,研究组(n=7)IRI-C评分(55.79±12.18)较基线值(38.39±5.89)显著改善(P0.001),PSP评分(65.47±6.24)较基线值(53.18±5.26)有显著改善(P0.001)。随访24周后,对照组(n=7)IRI-C评分(45.16±10.29)较基线值(39.18±4.58)无显著改善(P=0.07),PSP评分(59.39±5.86)较基线值(54.21±5.12)有显著改善(P=0.05)。结论:首发缓解期精神分裂症患者联合长程心理动力学心理治疗有助于提高共情能力及社会功能。     

哌罗匹隆联合艾司西酞普兰治疗阴性症状为主的精神分裂症临床观察

目的探讨哌罗匹隆联合艾司西酞普兰治疗以阴性症状为主的精神分裂症临床疗效。方法选取以阴性症状为主的精神分裂症患者60例,随机分为研究组(n=30)与对照组(n=30)。研究组给予哌罗匹隆联合艾司西酞普兰治疗,对照组给予哌罗匹隆治疗。观察8周,于治疗前、治疗后2、4、8周末采用PANSS量表、阴性症状量表(SANS)、不良反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果研究组总有效率76.7%,对照组为53.3%比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。研究组在治疗2周末SANS量表评分下降较显著(P0.01)。与治疗前相比,治疗8周末2组PANSS量表评分均显著下降(P0.05),TESS评分无明显差异(P0.05)。结论哌罗匹隆联合艾司西酞普兰治疗以阴性症状为主的精神分裂症起效快,疗效好。     

奥卡西平治疗原发性三叉神经痛的疗效及不良反应

目的评价奥卡西平治疗原发性三叉神经痛的疗效和不良反应。方法 70例原发性三叉神经痛患者随机分为2组,观察组给予奥卡西平治疗,对照组给予卡马西平。运用视觉模拟评分法(VAS)比较2组治疗前、治疗后2周和4周疼痛程度,比较2组的不良反应。结果观察组和对照组治疗前、治疗2周、4周VAS评分,三者两两比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。但2组在同时间其VAS比较无差异(P>0.05)。4周后治疗组不良反应较对照组少,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论奥卡西平和卡马西平治疗原发性三叉神经痛效果相当,但奥卡西平不良反应少。     

奥氮平治疗首发儿童青少年精神分裂症的临床疗效与安全性分析

目的探讨奥氮平在首发精神分裂症的儿童青少年患者中的治疗效果和安全性。方法选取儿童青少年首发精神分裂症的患者80例,随机地分为研究组(n=40)和对照组(n=40),对研究组的患者给予奥氮平进行治疗,对照组的患者给予利培酮进行治疗。比较两组患者的治疗有效率。采用阳性和阴性症状量表和副反应量表对两组患者在治疗前和治疗后的第1、2、6、8周进行评定,并且比较两组的评定结果。结果两组的治疗总有效率差异无统计学意义(P0.05),在治疗后的第1、2周,研究组患者的PANSS评分总分显著低于对照组(P0.05),对照组患者的静坐不能和震颤的不良反应发生率显著高于研究组(P0.05),其余不良反应两组之间差异无统计学意义,研究组患者的体重增加值显著高于对照组(P0.05)。结论奥氮平是一种起效快、疗效显著的治疗儿童青少年精神分裂症的药物,具有较好的安全性,但是奥氮平能够增加患者的体重,对于应用于儿童青少年精神分裂症患者需要慎重考虑。     

利培酮治疗首发儿童精神分裂症的临床观察

目的了解利培酮治疗儿童少年期首发精神分裂症或分裂样精神病的临床疗效、安全性和药物剂量。方法用利培酮对62例年龄<14岁的儿童精神分裂症患者治疗8周,采用简明精神病评定量表(BPRS)评定疗效,副反应量表(TESS)及实验室相应检查评定安全性及副反应。结果总有效率85%。不良反应主要为锥体外系反应及失眠,平均治疗剂量(3.26±0.88)mg/d。结论利培酮对于首发儿童少年期精神分裂症或分裂样精神病的治疗,用药安全、疗效可靠、副反应小、依从性高。     

不同频次无抽搐电休克治疗难治性精神分裂症对照观察

目的探讨不同频次无抽搐电休克治疗(MECT)对难治性精神分裂症(TRS)的临床疗效及安全性。方法将80例难治性精神分裂症患者随机分为两组,一组给予1周一次MECT治疗(研究组n=40),另一组给予1周2次MECT治疗(对照组n=40);观察12周,于治疗前及治疗第2周、4周、6周、8周、12周末采用阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定临床疗效,不良反应量表(TESS)评定不良反应。结果两组PANSS总分均较治疗前有下降(P0.05);对照组治疗第2、4周末PANSS评分较研究组低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),但治疗12周末PANSS评分对比无明显差异(P0.05);治疗12周末,研究组有效率76.67%,对照组有效率73.33%,两组无显著性差异(P0.05)。两组不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 MECT对TRS有效,一周两次MECT的疗效和不良反应不优于一周一次。     

丙戊酸钠合并氯丙嗪治疗精神分裂症的对照研究

目的观察丙戊酸钠合用氯丙嗪治疗精神分裂症的疗效与不良反应。方法符合CCMD-3诊断标准的精神分裂症住院患者,丙戊酸钠合用氯丙嗪组(研究组)35例,单用氯丙嗪组(对照组)31例。以PANSS、CGI、TESS量表评定观察12周。结果研究组总体疗效自第2周起明显优于对照组(P<0.05),其中研究组兴奋症状分及攻击因子分自第4周起缓解明显优于对照组(P<0.05)。研究组较对照组副反应较少且程度较轻(P<0.05)。结论丙戊酸钠合并氯丙嗪治疗精神分裂症疗效肯定,安全性与耐受性较好。     

帕利哌酮缓释片与利培酮治疗精神分裂症对照研究

目的探讨帕利哌酮缓释片与利培酮治疗精神分裂症的临床疗效和安全性。方法将60例精神分裂症患者随机分为2组,每组30例,研究组口服帕利哌酮缓释片,对照组口服利培酮,观察8周。于治疗前及治疗2、4、6、8周末采用简明精神病量表(BPRS)和个人与社会功能量表(PSP)评定临床疗效,第8周采用副反应量表(TESS)评定不良反应。结果治疗8周末,研究组有效率90%,对照组为86.7%,差异无统计学意义(P0.5);2组治疗第2周末起,BPRS量表评定总分均较治疗前显著下降(P0.01),同期2组间差异无统计学意义(P0.5)。PSP量表评定,2组治疗前后及组间对比均有显著差异,研究组明显要好于对照组。2组TESS量表评定,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。帕利哌酮缓释片不良反应主要有泌乳素水平升高、心动过速、静坐不能、体质量增加、直立型低血压、锥体外系反应等。结论帕利哌酮缓释片用于治疗精神分裂症效果要优于利培酮。帕利哌酮缓释片对社会功能效果要明显好于利培酮。     

丙戊酸钠辅助治疗精神分裂症兴奋躁动状态的临床分析

目的评价丙戊酸钠辅助治疗精神分裂症兴奋躁动状态的临床疗效及安全性。方法将72例以兴奋躁动为主要表现的精神分裂症随机分为两组,试验组给予利培酮联合丙戊酸钠,对照组单一使用利培酮,共治疗8周。采用BPRS和TESS评定疗效和不良反应。结果两组治疗前后症状均有显著性改善,但试验组比对照组显著（P〈0.05～0.01）。两组不良反应比较,其差异无统计学意义。结论丙戊酸钠可辅助治疗精神分裂症的兴奋躁动状态。     

First-episode schizophreniform disorder: comparisons with first-episode schizophrenia

BACKGROUND: Schizophreniform disorder remains poorly understood and has been reported probably to be a heterogeneous group of psychotic disorders. METHOD: This study compared first-episode schizophreniform disorder (N=12) and schizophrenia (N=18) patients. The authors propose that schizophreniform disorder has a different type of onset and outcome than schizophrenia. Patients were given extensive assessments at initial evaluation, 6 month follow-up, and 24 month follow-up. Comparisons between the two groups were made on type of onset, demographic, clinical ratings and outcome variables. RESULTS: Patients with schizophreniform disorder compared to patients with schizophrenia were more likely to have an acute onset (P=0.003), and have recovered by 6 months (P=0.03). However, there were no differences in outcome at 24 months. Furthermore, all schizophreniform cases except for two were re-diagnosed at 24 months as having schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that the initial differences of schizophreniform disorder compared to schizophrenia were not apparent at 24 months follow-up. Schizophreniform disorder did not emerge as a highly distinctive and stable form of psychosis that merits a diagnostic classification separate from schizophrenia.     

分裂样精神病2年随访研究

目的 探讨分裂样精神病（简称ＳＦＰ）的临床特征及转归。方法 对首次入院诊断ＳＦＰ的８９例患者进行２年随访，分别按照ＣＣＭＤ－２－Ｒ及ＤＳＭ－ＩＶ二种诊断标准作比较。结果 从诊断标准看，根据ＣＣＭＤ－２－Ｒ，改诊ＳＰ的５４例（６０．７％），维持ＳＦＰ的３１例（３４．８％），根据ＤＳＭ－ＩＶ，改诊ＳＰ的４８例（５３．９％），维持ＳＦＰ的３７例（４１．６％），两种标准间无显著差异。从临床特征看，ＳＦＰ患者与改诊ＳＰ患者比较，临床不具思维化声，维持治疗期疗效好，阴性症状改善明显等特点。结论 ＳＦＰ作为一个独立的疾病单元有其存在价值。     

分裂样精神病6年随访研究

目的：探讨分裂样精神病（简称ＳＦＰ）诊断归属及临床特征。方法：对经过６年随访仍维持ＳＦＰ诊断的４３例的临床资料进行分析,并与改诊为精神下（简称ＳＰ）６５例作比较。结果：１１５例患者中维持ＳＦＰ诊断４３例（３７．４％）,改诊为ＳＰ６５例（５６．５％）,改诊为情感性精神障碍７例（６．１％）。ＳＦＰ患者与改诊为ＳＰ患者比较,具有病前性格多外向,多社会心理因素诱发,检查合作程度高,阳性症状多,阴性症状少,     

Voxelwise evaluation of white matter volumes in first-episode psychosis

The occurrence of white matter (WM) abnormalities in psychotic disorders has been suggested by several studies investigating brain pathology and diffusion tensor measures, but evidence assessing regional WM morphometry is still scarce and conflicting. In the present study, 122 individuals with first-episode psychosis (FEP) (62 fulfilling criteria for schizophrenia/schizophreniform disorder, 26 psychotic bipolar I disorder, and 20 psychotic major depressive disorder) underwent magnetic resonance imaging, as well as 94 epidemiologically recruited controls. Images were processed with the Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM2) package, and voxel-based morphometry was used to compare groups (t-test) and subgroups (ANOVA). Initially, no regional WM abnormalities were observed when both groups (overall FEP group versus controls) and subgroups (i.e., schizophrenia/schizophreniform, psychotic bipolar I disorder, psychotic depression, and controls) were compared. However, when the voxelwise analyses were repeated excluding subjects with comorbid substance abuse or dependence, the resulting statistical maps revealed a focal volumetric reduction in right frontal WM, corresponding to the right middle frontal gyral WM/third subcomponent of the superior longitudinal fasciculus, in subjects with schizophrenia/schizophreniform disorder (n=40) relative to controls (n=89). Our results suggest that schizophrenia/schizophreniform disorder is associated with right frontal WM volume decrease at an early course of the illness.     

Diagnostic specificity of the insular cortex abnormalities in first-episode psychotic disorders

Volume reductions of the insular cortex have been described in schizophrenia, but it remains unclear whether other psychotic disorders such as affective psychosis also exhibit insular cortex abnormalities. In this study, we used magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the gray matter volume of the anterior (short) and posterior (long) insular cortices in 162 first-episode patients with various psychotic disorders (46 schizophrenia, 57 schizophreniform disorder, 34 affective psychosis, and 25 other psychoses) and 62 age- and gender-matched healthy comparison subjects. Patients with schizophrenia showed bilateral volume reduction of the anterior and posterior insular cortices compared with controls, but the remaining first-episode psychosis subgroups had normal insular volumes. The volumes of these insular subregions were significantly smaller in schizophrenia patients than in patients with schizophreniform disorder or affective psychoses. There was no association between the insular cortex volume and daily dosage or type of antipsychotic medication in any patient group. These findings suggest that the widespread volume reduction of the insular cortex is specific to established schizophrenia, implicating its role in the neurobiology of clinical characteristics associated with schizophrenia.     

Long-term neurocognitive effects of olanzapine or low-dose haloperidol in first-episode psychosis.

BACKGROUND: Neurocognitive deficits are severe in first-episode psychosis. METHODS: Patients (N = 263) with first-episode psychosis (schizophrenia, schizoaffective, or schizophreniform disorders) were randomly assigned to double-blind treatment with olanzapine (mean 11.30 mg/day) or haloperidol (mean 4.87 mg/day) for 104 weeks. A neurocognitive battery was administered at baseline (n = 246) and 12 (n = 167), 24 (n = 126), 52 (n = 89), and 104 (n = 46) weeks during treatment. Weighted principal component and unweighted composite scores were derived from individual tests. RESULTS: Both treatment groups demonstrated significant improvement on both composite scores. On the basis of the weighted composite score, olanzapine had greater improvement than haloperidol only at 12 (p = .014) and 24 (p = .029) weeks. For the unweighted composite, olanzapine had significantly better improvement compared with haloperidol only at week 12 (p = .044). At week 12 only, olanzapine improved performance on the Digit Symbol and Continuous Performance Test significantly more than haloperidol. CONCLUSIONS: Both antipsychotic agents appeared to improve neurocognitive functioning among first-episode psychosis patients with schizophrenia. A significantly greater benefit in terms of neurocognitive improvement was found with olanzapine than with haloperidol at weeks 12 and 24.     

Diagnostic stability 18 months after treatment initiation for first-episode psychosis

OBJECTIVES: (1) Assessment of diagnostic stability of psychotic disorders or psychotic mood disorders from 6 weeks to 18 months after initiation of treatment in a representative first-episode psychosis (FEP) sample. (2) Comparison between those patients who shifted from DSM-IV schizophreniform disorder to schizophrenia or schizo-affective disorder and those whose diagnosis of schizophreniform disorder remained stable. METHOD: The Early Psychosis Prevention and Intervention Centre (EPPIC) in Australia admitted 786 FEP patients from January 1998 to December 2000. Data were collected from patients' medical records (MRs) using a standardized questionnaire. Seven hundred four MRs were available, 36 of which were excluded owing to nonpsychotic diagnoses or a psychotic disorder due to a general medical condition. Of the remaining 668 patients, 176 (26.3%) were lost to follow-up. Four hundred ninety-two subjects were analyzed. Strategies to assure validity and reliability of diagnoses were applied. RESULTS: The same diagnosis was made at baseline (< or = 6 weeks after admission into EPPIC) and 18 months for 69.9% of the patients. Among the most consistent diagnoses were schizophrenia (97.3%), schizoaffective disorder (94.1%), and bipolar disorder (83.2%); the least stable, as expected, was schizophreniform disorder (40.0%). In subjects with schizophreniform disorder at baseline, the best predictors of a shift from schizophreniform disorder to schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were a higher baseline Clinical Global Impressions-Severity of Illness scale score and lower premorbid Global Assessment of Functioning score, although the variance accounted for was small (R2 = .07). CONCLUSIONS: A longitudinally based diagnostic process in FEP samples is needed, especially in schizophreniform disorder and bipolar disorder. However, a thorough initial assessment of patient and family by a specialized team of investigators regarding the kind and duration of patient symptoms may lead to high diagnostic stability, especially in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder, even in a FEP sample with a relatively short duration of untreated psychosis.     

分裂样精神病的临床随访

目的探讨分裂样精神病的转归。方法用前瞻性方法收集分裂样精神病病例并进行随访，将随访后维持分裂样精神病（ＳＦＰ）诊断的病人和修正为精神分裂症（ＳＰ）诊断的病人的各种变量进行比较。结果７０７３％病例维持ＳＦＰ诊断，ＳＦＰ与修正为ＳＰ两组病例之间在个性特征、急性期时间、症状的结构、疗效、维持治疗时间和剂量、社会功能等方面均存在差异。结论提示ＳＦＰ和ＳＰ两组疾病存在异源性，并对提高ＳＦＰ诊断的准确性作了一些探讨     

分裂样精神病的事件相关电位P300

目的 探讨分裂样精神病作为一个过渡性诊断，能否成为一个独立的诊断。方法 用事件相关电位N100（N1）、P300（P3）检测分裂样精神病40例，精神分裂症40例与正常人40例。结果 分裂样组、分裂症组与正常组相比，N1、P3潜伏期有显差异（P＜0．05），而分裂样组与分裂症组各项指标无显差异（P＞0．05）。结论 支持分裂样精神病为精神分裂症亚型的分类方法。     

Incorporation of 14C-arachidonic acid into platelet phospholipids of untreated patients with schizophreniform or schizophrenic disorders

The incorporation rate of 14C-labeled arachidonic acid (14C-AA) into membrane phospholipids was measured in a group of untreated (greater than 6 months) psychiatric patients (n = 33) and healthy controls (n = 31). Platelets from controls and from patients with schizophrenia (n = 10), schizophreniform disorder (n = 11), schizoaffective disorder (n = 6), major depression (n = 2), or an atypical psychosis (n = 4), diagnosed according to DSM-III, were incubated with 14C-AA. Platelets from patients with a schizophreniform and a schizoaffective disorder incorporated greater than 50% less 14C-AA than the platelets from controls. The incorporation rates of platelets from schizophrenic patients were slightly (18%), but not significantly, reduced compared to controls. Characterization of variables affecting arachidonic acid and phospholipid metabolism may be helpful in studies focused on the assessment of first-episode psychotic patients and in long-term outcome studies.