肾上腺占位病变与高血压及低血钾关系的临床研究

目的：探讨肾上腺占位病变与高血压及低血钾的关系。方法：回顾性分析75例肾上腺占位的住院患者病历,将其分为无高血压及低血钾组（0组）、单纯高血压组（1组）和高血压合并低血钾组（2组）,对三组的病理结果、病变性质以及血钾、尿钾、立卧位肾素、醛固酮水平和晨8点皮质醇、促肾上腺皮质激素（ACTH）水平进行统计分析。结果：1组发生皮质腺瘤、肾上腺结节样增生及嗜铬细胞瘤几率较高,其病变多具有内分泌功能,以原发性醛固酮增多症及嗜铬细胞瘤最为多见;其次为2组,其出现库欣综合症比例较高,0组发生肿瘤几率较高,其病变多无内分泌功能。三组间的立位肾素水平均有显著统计学差异,以2组肾素水平最低,且与其他两组的血钾水平和醛固酮／肾素比值（ARR比值）均有差异,其血钾水平最低,比值最高;三组间的尿钾、卧位肾素、立卧位醛固酮、皮质醇及ACTH水平差异无统计学意义,高血压分级后各级间的以上指标均差异无统计学意义。结论：肾上腺占位伴有高血压或同时合并低血钾时病变多具有内分泌功能,且立位。肾素水平明显降低,其内分泌功能与高血压水平无关;不伴有高血压及低血钾时发生无功能腺瘤可能性较大,病变多无内分泌功能,需注意发生恶性肿瘤的可能。对于肾上腺占位病变,内分泌功能的检测为外科手术治疗提供了有效依据。     

血浆醛固酮/肾素活性比值在原发性醛固酮增多症诊断中的价值

目的:探讨血浆醛固酮/肾素活性比值(ARR)在原发性醛固酮增多症(PA)诊断中的临床价值。方法:选择我院收治的高血压患者460例,空腹采血后采用放射免疫法测定患者醛固酮和肾素水平,并计算血浆醛固酮/肾素活性比值。对其中疑诊为原发性醛固酮增多症的患者再行肾上腺薄层CT扫描,并行血液生化和血清钾检测。结果:460例患者中,ARR>25者56例,经肾上腺薄层CT扫描、血液生化和血清钾检测后确诊为原发性醛固酮增多症者48例。ARR应用于原发性醛固酮增多症的检出率为10.43%,诊断符合率为85.71%。48例患者中合并低血钾者18例,占37.5%。结论:血浆醛固酮/肾素活性比值在临床的应用可使高血压人群中原发性醛固酮增多症的检出率明显增加,具有重要的临床价值,应作为重度高血压和难治性高血压患者的常规检查项目。     

特发性醛固酮增多症与低肾素原发性高血压的关联性

【摘要】 目的 探讨特发性醛固酮增多症与低肾素原发性高血压间的关联性。方法 比较特发性醛固酮增多症（特醛症）（IHA）与低肾素原发性高血压（LREH）患者临床表现的异同。收集119例高血压患者的临床资料,分为特醛组（IHA组）45例、低肾素原发性高血压组（LREH组）25例、正常肾素原发性高血压组（NREH组）49例,比较3组醛固酮等相关指标的差异。结果 LREH组的肾素活性和醛固酮水平均低于NREH组,而醛固酮/肾素比值明显增高（P＜005）;IHA组血钾水平低于LREH组,而前者醛固酮水平高于后者（P＜005）,盐水负荷及卡托普利试验后醛固酮下降率两组间差异无统计学意义（P＞005）。将IHA组按醛固酮/肾素比值递增顺序分为3个亚组进行比较,发现随着醛固酮/肾素比值的增高,肾素活性逐渐降低（P＜005）,而醛固酮水平无明显变化（P＞005）。结论 从低肾素原发性高血压到特发性醛固酮增多症,可能是一个肾素 血管紧张素Ⅱ 醛固酮系统调控异常由轻微到逐渐明显的连续性过程。     

原发性醛固酮增多症的实验室检验

目的：探讨原发性醛固酮增多症（原醛）的生化特点。方法：分析64例原醛患者的临床特点和手术前后实验室检验结果的变化。结果：64例中,醛固酮瘤（APA）47例（73.4%）,特发性醛固酮增多症（IHA）15例（23.4%）,原发性肾上腺皮质增生（PAH）2例（3.2%）。56例（87.5%）有不同程度的高血压。术前低血钾56例（87.5%）,APA患者严重低血钾发生率高于IHA（P〈0.01）;血浆醛固酮升高55例（85.9%）,血浆低肾素48例（75.0%）;APA和IHA组高醛固酮和低肾素发生率相似（P〉0.05）。5例高血压、血钾、醛固酮正常的APA患者,血醛固酮/肾素活性比值（PAC/PRA）〉30。术后平均随访20.4个月,APA和IHA患者术后血钾恢复正常率无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;高血压治愈和缓解率APA优于IHA（P〈0.05）;手术有效的患者血醛固酮、血醛固酮/肾素活性比值均恢复正常。术前低肾素患者高血压治愈率高于肾素正常者（P〈0.05）。结论：血钾、血浆肾素、醛固酮测定是诊断原发性醛固酮增多症的主要指标,血醛固酮/肾素活性比值有助于原醛的早期诊断。实验室检验对于术后疗效随访和预后评估有重要意义。     

静脉盐水负荷试验在原发性醛固酮增多症诊断中的应用

目的探讨静脉盐水负荷试验在原发性醛固酮增多症(原醛症)诊断中的应用价值。方法2004~2006年临床确诊原醛症患者65例,其中醛固酮瘤27例,特发性醛固酮增多症(特醛症)26例,原发性肾上腺增生11例,醛固酮癌1例。所有患者检测血电解质,血、尿醛固酮及立位血浆肾素活性等生化指标,同时行静脉盐水负荷试验。以19例原发性高血压患者作为对照组。结果与对照组比较,原醛症组患者的血、尿醛固酮明显升高,而血钾及立位血浆肾素活性则低;原醛症组和对照组静脉盐水负荷后血醛固酮不能抑制者分别为95.4%(62/65)和21.1%(4/19);该试验对原醛症诊断的敏感性和特异性分别为95.4%和93.9%。65例原醛症患者中,醛固酮瘤和原发性肾上腺增生患者的血钾较特醛症患者低,而血、尿醛固酮则高;醛固酮瘤、特醛症、原发性肾上腺增生及醛固酮癌患者的静脉盐水负荷后血醛固酮的抑制率分别为16.1%、28.9%、15.4%和5.2%。结论原发性肾上腺增生患者生化指标改变与醛固酮瘤患者类似,均较特醛症患者更为明显。静脉盐水负荷试验是一项安全且可靠的原醛症确诊方法,其敏感性和特异性均较高。     

原发性醛固酮增多症高血压患者的临床特点分析

目的探讨分析原发性醛固酮增多症致高血压患者的临床特点。方法选取2013年12月-2014年12月我院收治的原发性醛固酮增多症高血压患者45例作为观察组,另选取同期就诊的原发性高血压患者50例作为对照组。通过相应临床检查及实验室检查结果分析原发性醛固酮增多症高血压患者的临床特点及其与原发性高血压的差异性。结果两组患者血钾、血钠指标比较无显著差异,观察组患者收缩压与舒张压略高于对照组,但无显著差异(P0.05);观察组卧位与站立位下肾素活性(PRA)、血醛固酮(PAC)以及醛固酮-肾素比值(ARR)水平与对照组比较差异有显著统计学意义(P0.05)。结论原发性醛固酮增多症高血压患者与原发性高血压临床表现类似,但在PRA、PAC、ARR水平等比较上存在显著差异,可作为原发性醛固酮增多症高血压临床特征及初步诊断依据。     

静脉盐水负荷试验在原发性醛固酮增多症诊断中的应用

目的 探讨静脉盐水负荷试验在原发性醛固酮增多症(原醛症)诊断中的应用价值.方法 2004～2006年临床确诊原醛症患者65例,其中醛固酮瘤27例,特发性醛固酮增多症(特醛症)26例,原发性肾上腺增生11例,醛固酮癌1例.所有患者检测血电解质,血、尿醛固酮及立位血浆肾素活性等生化指标,同时行静脉盐水负荷试验.以19例原发性高血压患者作为对照组.结果 与对照组比较,原醛症组患者的血、尿醛固酮明显升高,而血钾及立位血浆肾素活性则低;原醛症组和对照组静脉盐水负荷后血醛固酮不能抑制者分别为95.4%(62/65)和21.1%(4/19);该试验对原醛症诊断的敏感性和特异性分别为95.4%和93.9%.65例原醛症患者中,醛固酮瘤和原发性肾上腺增生患者的血钾较特醛症患者低,而血、尿醛固酮则高;醛固酮瘤、特醛症、原发性肾上腺增生及醛固酮癌患者的静脉盐水负荷后血醛固酮的抑制率分别为16.1%、28.9%、15.4%和5.2%.结论 原发性肾上腺增生患者生化指标改变与醛固酮瘤患者类似,均较特醛症患者更为明显.静脉盐水负荷试验是一项安全且可靠的原醛症确诊方法,其敏感性和特异性均较高.     

原发性醛固酮增多症诊断切点的研究及临床应用

目的 探讨原发性醛固酮增多症(primary aldosteronism,PA)患者立卧位醛固酮、醛固酮/肾素比值(ratio of aldosterone/rennin,ARR)的诊断切点,提高PA诊断的准确率.方法 收集2006-2014年在我院诊断的PA患者45例及年龄相匹配的原发性高血压患者(essential hypertension,EH)50例.PA患者均行病理诊断,其中34例术后病理证实为肾上腺醛固酮腺瘤,11例为肾上腺皮质增生.患者均行血钾、24 h尿钾、立卧位肾素、血管紧张素Ⅱ、醛固酮、皮质醇节律、儿茶酚胺代谢产物等检测,计算ARR,利用受试者工作曲线(ROC)得到诊断PA立卧位醛固酮、ARR的最佳切点,评价不同指标诊断PA的敏感性及特异性.并比较两种不同病理结果间醛固酮及ARR的差异.结果 PA组与EH组间性别、年龄和血压无明显差异,PA组肾素活性、血钾显著低于EH组,而醛固酮、ARR及24 h尿钾均显著高于EH组.诊断PA的立位醛固酮的最佳切点为0.221 ng/mL,敏感性(Sen)=0.561,特异性(Spe)=0.909;卧位醛固酮为0.175 ng/mL,Sen=0.829,Spe=0.795;立位ARR为19.5(ng·dL-1)/(ng·mL-1 ·h-1),Sen=0.878,Spe=0.955;卧位ARR为20.5(ng·dL-1)/(ng·mL-1·h-1),Sen=0.902,Spe=0.841.在PA组中肾上腺醛固酮腺瘤的ARR较肾上腺皮质增生患者高,尤其立位ARR最为明显.结论 立位醛固酮、ARR诊断PA的敏感性较卧位差,但特异性较强,所以临床对高血压患者行上述激素检查时应综合立卧位激素的检查结果,且其水平与病理有关.     

血浆肾素活性在肾上腺占位病变功能评估中的作用

目的 探讨血浆肾素活性在肾上腺占位病变功能评估中的作用.方法 选取解放军总医院2012年5月至2015年4月因肾上腺占位于内分泌科住院后又于泌尿外科行手术治疗的患者329例,其中无功能瘤67例,嗜铬细胞瘤53例,库欣综合征55例,原发性醛固酮增多症136例,神经节细胞瘤18例,比较不同病因患者术前立位肾素水平.结果 嗜铬细胞瘤、神经节细胞瘤的肾素水平明显高于无功能瘤、库欣综合征及原发性醛固酮增多症患者(P＜0.01),原发性醛固酮增多症肾素水平最低(P＜0.01),嗜铬细胞瘤和神经节细胞瘤患者之间的肾素水平,库欣综合征与无功能瘤患者之间的肾素水平无统计学差异(P＞0.05).结论 原发性醛固酮增多症的患者立位肾素活性明显受抑,嗜铬细胞瘤和神经节细胞瘤的立位肾素活性明显升高,而库欣综合征的患者肾素活性与无功能瘤患者无明显差异,因此立位肾素活性在诊断原发性醛固酮增多症、嗜铬细胞瘤及神经节细胞瘤中有一定的临床意义.     

周围血浆肾素活性及血浆醛固酮对原发性醛固酮增多症的诊断价值

为鉴别原发性醛固酮增多症(原醛)及低肾素型原发性高血压,本文测定了34例原发性高血压及12例原醛(腺瘤8例、增生4例)病人在普食卧位(普卧),普食立位(普立)及低钠立位(低立)三种状态下,周围血浆肾素活性(PRA)、血浆醛固酮浓度(PAC)、PAc/PRA比值及PRA、PAC的低立激发增长值。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.