诗洁手消毒液消毒效果和毒性实验研究

目的 了解醋酸氯己定类洗手消毒液的消毒效果和毒性。方法 按卫生部《消毒技术规范》有关要求，对诗洁手消毒液有效成分含量、实验室和现场应用效果、毒性进行检测评价。结果 经检测，诗洁手消毒液含0.9746％醋酸氯己定，原液pH值7.09，含醋酸氯己定5000mg/L样液作用2min，对布载体大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的杀灭率达到99．90％以上，原液作用2min对布载体白色念珠菌的杀灭率达到99．93％，5min杀灭率达到l00％；30人次的现场试验结果表明，含醋酸氯己定5000mg儿样液作用1min对手上自然菌灭除率达到99．57％，消毒后残留菌落数符合CBl5982规定的I类环境医护人员手消毒要求；毒性检测结果表明属实际无毒类，对皮肤无刺激，无蓄积毒性和致突变性。结论 诗洁手消毒液可用于医疗卫生机构诊疗活动中的卫生洗手和外科洗手消毒。     

一种复方醋酸氯己定-乙醇消毒剂性能的研究

目的研究一种以醋酸氯己定和乙醇复配的消毒剂的消毒性能。方法用理化测定方法、消毒性能检测方法,对该复方消毒剂的性能进行检测。结果含醋酸氯己定600 mg/L、乙醇11.23%的复方消毒液作用2 min;含醋酸氯己定450 mg/L、乙醇8.43%的复方消毒液作用2 min;含醋酸氯己定780 mg/L、乙醇14.60%的复方消毒液作用2 min,分别对悬液内金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌的杀灭对数值5.00;含醋酸氯己定780 mg/L、乙醇14.60%的复方消毒液作用1 min,对悬液内白色念珠菌的杀灭对数值4.00。消毒剂原液作用1 min对手和皮肤的自然菌杀灭对数值1.00。结论该复方消毒剂储存性能稳定,原液和一定浓度的稀释液均对指标菌的细菌繁殖体和真菌有较好的杀菌作用,对皮肤和手上自然菌的杀菌效果均可以达到标准的要求。     

葡萄糖酸氯己定复合乙醇消毒液杀菌效果与毒性研究

目的了解葡萄糖酸氯己定复合乙醇消毒液的杀菌效果及毒性。方法参照卫生部《消毒技术规范》中的实验方法,采用悬液定量杀菌试验和动物毒性试验方法对葡萄糖酸氯己定复合乙醇消毒液（葡萄糖酸氯己定含量为2 000 mg/L、乙醇含量为53.1%）的杀菌效果和毒性进行实验研究。结果该消毒液对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌作用0.5 min杀灭对数值均〉5.00;对白色念珠菌作用0.5 min杀灭对数值〉4.00。该消毒液涂擦双手作用1.0 min,对手表面自然菌的平均杀灭对数值〉2.45,且各次试验杀灭对数值均〉1.00。急性经口毒性试验结果显示,对大鼠和小鼠LD50均〉5 000 mg/kg.BW,属实际无毒级,对家兔皮肤无刺激性;微核毒性试验结果显示,500～5 000 mg/kg.BW剂量对小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验结果为阴性,未发现该受试样品对体细胞有诱变作用;亚急性毒性试验结果显示,各剂量组体重、血常规指标、脏器重、脏体系数与阴性对照组比较,差异均无统计学意义（均P〉0.05）,脏器组织病理学检查未发现异常。结论葡萄糖酸氯己定复合乙醇消毒液毒性较低,对皮肤刺激小,在使用浓度下毒理学是安全的。     

3种消毒剂对金黄色葡萄球菌杀灭效果的比较

[目的]了解新洁尔灭、百毒杀、醋酸氯己定对金黄色葡萄球菌的杀灭效果。[方法]采用悬液定量杀菌实验,对新洁尔灭、百毒杀、醋酸氯己定杀灭金黄色葡萄球菌的效果进行实验室观察。[结果]新洁尔灭200mg/L作用2min、300mg/L作用1.5min、500mg/L作用1min平均杀灭对数值均大于5;百毒杀200mg/L作用1.5min、300mg/L作用1.5min、500mg/L作用0.5min平均杀灭对数值均大于5;醋酸氯己定2000mg/L作用2min、3000mg/L作用1.5min、5000mg/L作用1min平均杀灭对数值均大于5。[结论]3种消毒剂对金黄色葡萄球菌有较好的杀灭效果。季铵盐类消毒剂杀菌作用强于醋酸氯己定。     

常用消毒剂对多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌杀灭效果的试验观察

[目的]研究常用消毒剂对多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌的消毒效果.[方法]采用悬液定量杀菌试验和模拟现场消毒试验,观察苯扎溴铵、聚维酮碘、含氨消毒片、过氧乙酸4种消毒剂对多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌的消毒效果.[结果]含有效碘5 000 mg/L的聚维酮碘作用1min、500 mg/L苯扎溴铵、500 mg/L过氧乙酸作用3 min、含有效氯300 mg/L的含氯消毒液作用5 min对多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌的杀灭对数值＞5.00;4种消毒剂现场模拟杀菌试验的杀灭对数值均＞3.00,达到合格要求.[结论]4种消毒剂在常规浓度下能有效杀灭临床分离的多重酎药鲍曼不动杆菌.     

过氧化氢复方消毒液杀菌性能的实验研究

[目的]了解过氧化氢复方消毒液的杀菌效果、稳定性和毒性.[方法]采用悬液定量杀菌试验、稳定性试验和毒性试验进行实验室观察.[结果]含过氧化氢31.31 g/L的过氧化氢复方消毒液对白色念珠菌作用3 min杀灭对数值大于4.00,对金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、大肠杆菌分别作用2 min杀灭对数值均大于5.00.经54℃恒温放置14 d后,消毒液中的过氧化氢下降率为3.74%.毒性实验结果表明,该消毒液急性经口毒性LD50值大予5 000 mg/kg,对家兔皮肤无刺激性,对小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验结果为阴性.[结论]过氧化氢复方消毒液具有良好的杀菌效果,稳定性好,毒性属实际无毒级、对家兔皮肤无刺激性、无致微核作用.     

三氯新与醋酸氯己定复方消毒液杀菌效果及毒性观察

目的了解三氯新与醋酸氯己定复方消毒液杀菌效果及毒性。方法采用载体定量杀菌试验、织物浸泡消毒现场试验、木质表面消毒现场试验和动物试验等方法对消毒液进行实验室观察。结果含0.49g/100ml三氯新和0.52g/100ml醋酸氯己定的复方消毒液作用5min对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌杀灭对数值各次均〉5.00;经30次消毒现场试验,其结果表明该消毒液对织物和木质桌面上自然菌的杀灭对数值均〉1.00;对昆明种雌雄小鼠急性经口毒性实验,属实际无毒级;小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验结果为阴性,未发现该受试样品对体细胞有诱变作用。结论以三氯新和醋酸氯己定为主要抗菌成分的复方消毒液对金葡球菌和大肠杆菌有较好的杀灭效果,且储存稳定性较好,毒性较低,可用于织物及物表的消毒。     

葡萄糖酸氯己定复合乙醇消毒液杀菌效果与毒性研究

目的 了解葡萄糖酸氯己定复合乙醇消毒液的杀菌效果及毒性.方法 参照卫生部<消毒技术规范>中的实验方法,采用悬液定量杀菌试验和动物毒性试验方法对葡萄糖酸氯己定复合乙醇消毒液(葡萄糖酸氯己定含量为2 000 mg/L、乙醇含量为53.1%)的杀菌效果和毒性进行实验研究.结果 该消毒液对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希茵作用0.5 ...     

过硫酸氢钾消毒粉的杀菌效果观察

[目的]了解过硫酸氢钾消毒粉的杀菌效果.[方法]用悬液定量杀菌试验进行实验研究.[结果]分别以含过硫酸氢钾70 ms/L的消毒液作用大肠杆菌,金黄色葡萄球菌5 min,杀灭对数值>5.00,含过硫酸氢钾70 ms/L的消毒液作用白色念珠菌5 min,杀灭对数值>4.00,含3 700 ms/L过硫酸氢钾消毒液作用枯草杆菌黑色变种芽孢5 min,杀灭对数值>5.00.在约60 m3实验室内,用含过硫酸氢钾4 000 mg/L消毒液喷雾作用60 min,对空气中自然菌的平均消亡率为95.74%.[结论]过硫酸氢钾消毒粉对细菌繁殖体和真菌有很好的杀菌效果,对细菌芽孢也有一定的杀灭作用.     

保康灵皮肤消毒液部分性能试验观察

目的为了解保康灵皮肤消毒液对细菌、真菌的杀灭效果及实际应用效果。方法采用载体定量杀菌试验，现场消毒试验。结果保康灵皮肤消毒液原液分别对金黄色葡萄球菌（ATCC6538）、大肠杆菌（8099）作用1min、对白色念珠菌（ATCC10231）作用3min，杀灭率均达到99．9％以上；使用含醋酸氯己定1555mg／L的保康灵皮肤消毒液作用10min，25％有机物存在对保康灵皮肤消毒液杀菌效果无影响，50％有机物存在对该消毒液杀菌效果有轻度影响；使用原液对医务人员手消毒，作用1min对手表面上自然菌的平均杀灭率为94．34％。结论保康灵皮肤消毒液杀菌效果迅速，使用方便、安全。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.