单孔腹腔镜技术在妇科手术中的应用:优势、并发症与难点探讨

腹腔镜是完成许多妇科手术的首选手术方式。与开腹手术相比,微创手术具有损伤较小、住院时间相对较短、恢复更快的优势。经脐单孔腹腔镜手术为取皮肤小切口来完成腹腔镜操作的手术,可达到“少疤”或“无疤”的目的,再度引起妇科腹腔镜医师的关注。本文对单孔腹腔镜手术在妇科应用中的优势做一综述,并就并发症及手术的难点与策略做一阐述。     

机器人辅助腹腔镜手术在泌尿系统肿瘤治疗中的应用进展

机器人操作系统能将盆腔内精细的高难度操作变得相对简单,在尿流改道的操作中具有明显优势.机器人辅助腹腔镜下前列腺切除术,术中出血更少,术后在勃起功能和排尿功能恢复方面更有优势,正在取代传统开放手术和腹腔镜手术,成为治疗局限性前列腺癌的金标准.机器人辅助膀胱根治性切除术与标准腹腔镜手术相比,具有学习曲线更短,并发症发生率更低和胃肠功能恢复更快等优势.机器人手术相对于传统腹腔镜手术,在肾部分切除手术方面有明显优势,能轻松实现肾脏深层髓质和浅层皮质的双层关闭,缩短安全热缺血时间,能最大限度保护肾功能.此外,对于肾门部的肿瘤行保留肾单位的手术时更有优势,对于血管的暴露更加清晰,提高了手术的安全性,被认为是首选的微创保留肾单位的手术方式.机器人辅助腹腔镜肾肿瘤根治术主要应用于复杂肾根治术,如肾癌伴下腔静脉瘤栓的手术治疗.本文就机器人手术系统在泌尿系统肿瘤治疗中的现状作一综述.     

后腹腔镜和开放性肾囊肿去顶术治疗单纯性肾囊肿疗效观察

目的：探讨后腹腔镜肾囊肿去顸术治疗单纯性肾囊肿的临床价值及优越性。方法：将192例单纯性肾囊肿患者随机分为腹腔镜组和开放手术组,腹腔镜组给予后腹腔镜肾囊肿去项术,开放手术组给予开放性肾囊肿去项术,观察两组术中情况、术后情况及并发症情况,并进行对比分析。结果：两组手术均获得成功,腹腔镜组手术时间、术中出血量及手术切口长度均低于对照组,组间比较有显著差异（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）;腹腔镜组术后下床活动时间、恢复饮食时间、拔出引流管时间及术后住院时间均低于开放手术组,组间比较有显著差异（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）;腹腔镜组术后并发症发生率明显低于开放手术组,组间比较有显著差异（P〈0．05）。结论：后腹腔镜肾囊肿去顶术较开放手术具有手术创伤小、术中出血量少、术后恢复快、并发症少等诸多优点,是目前治疗单纯性肾囊肿的一种较佳术式,值得临床推广应用。     

Expert Consensus on Laparoscopic Hepatectomy （2013 Version）

Background： Laparoscopic hepatectomy has many advantages over open surgery, including minimiza- tion of local injury, reduced systemic reactions, and faster postoperative recovery. The aim of this ＂Consensus＂ is to provide guidance and reference to surgeons who perform, or are interested in per- forming laparoscopic liver surgeries. Methods： The National Hepatic Surgery Group of the Society of Surgery, a professional society of the Chinese Medical Association, gathered 60 expert hepatic surgeons in Wuhan, China in December 2012, and an ＂Expert Consensus on Laparoseopic Hepatectomy＂ was developed. Results： The types of hepatectomy, indications and contraindications, preoperative preparation, anes- thesia, patient position, insuffiation pressure, port position, control of hepatic inflow and outflow, indi- cations for conversion to open surgery, and surgical devices and equipment are reviewed. Techniques and procedures of various laparoscopic hepatectomies are also discussed.     

肾细胞癌治疗单中心临床分析(1995-2009年)

目的总结分析我院15年的肾细胞癌临床数据,探讨技术的引进与改良对肾细胞癌外科治疗的微创率、手术切除率及安全性的影响。方法回顾性分析我院自1995年1月至2009年11月收治的2 052例肾癌病例,按时间顺序分为3组:1995年1月至1999年12月为第1组,2000年1月至2004年12月为第2组,2005年1月至2009年11月为第3组。比较各组的手术方式、手术切除率及安全性。结果 2 052例肾癌病例中,T1期1 516例;T2期以上536例,其中复杂性肾癌(伴淋巴结转移、静脉癌栓、侵犯周围脏器但可切除、肝肺孤立转移)277例,完成根治手术217例、姑息性手术41例、未完成手术19例(包括术中因癌栓脱落死亡3例)。第1组共546例,全部采用开放手术,其中保留肾单位手术42例;复杂性肾癌89例,完成根治手术64例、姑息性手术16例、未完成手术9例(包括术中因癌栓脱落死亡2例)。第2组共673例,采用腹腔镜手术(经腰)117例;开放手术556例,其中保留肾单位手术95例;复杂性肾癌88例,完成根治手术68例、姑息性手术13例、未完成手术7例(包括术中因癌栓脱落死亡1例)。第3组共833例,采用腹腔镜手术585例;开放手术248例,其中保留肾单位手术142例;复杂性肾癌100例,完成根治手术85例、姑息性手术12例、未完成手术3例,无围手术期死亡病例。结论腹腔镜技术的进步使肾细胞癌的手术治疗从开放手术转向微创,微创手术逐渐成为主流手术方式。手术操作技术的改进,使复杂性肾癌的安全性与切除率提高,保留肾单位手术应用越来越多,并逐渐向微创手术方向发展,单孔腹腔镜手术在肾癌外科治疗领域越来越受到重视。     

开放性无张力和腹腔镜疝修补术的临床对比研究

目的:分析比较开放性无张力和腹腔镜疝修补术的有效性、安全性,为临床手术方式的选择提供参考依据。方法:收集腹股沟疝手术186例,其中开放性无张力疝修补99例,腹腔镜疝修补87例。分析不同手术方式的手术时间、术后平均住院日期、恢复正常工作的时间、并发症、复发率、手术费用等指标的差异。结果:与开放性无张力疝修补术相比腹腔镜疝修补术的术后住院时间以及恢复正常工作的时间较短(P<0.05);但院费用较高(P<0.05)。两组手术方式手术时间,并发症和复发率差异无统计学意义。结论:腹腔镜疝修补术手术效果好、术后恢复快,值得在经济基础好的基层医院广泛开展。     

腹腔镜在小儿胃肠道手术中的应用

目的结合病例就腹腔镜在小儿胃肠道手术中的应用进行讨论。方法应用腹腔镜开展巨结肠根治术、小肠部分切除术、幽门肌层切开术和食管胃底折叠术等小儿胃肠道腹腔镜手术189例,年龄最小的仅出生15 d,体质量3 kg。结果189例患儿中,8例中转开腹,手术成功率95.8%(181/189)。181例患儿术后恢复明显早于开放手术;术后并发症少;随访1~60个月,长期效果与开放手术相同。结论腹腔镜应用于某些小儿胃肠道手术具有与开放性手术相同的术后疗效,术后恢复快,疼痛轻,并发症少,瘢痕小,更符合现代外科美容要求。     

The role of laparoscopy in the management of the infertility patient

Laparoscopy has traditionally been used only as a diagnostic step in the evaluation of the infertility patient. With the advent of more sophisticated instrumentation including the use of laser surgery, laparoscopic procedures can now be performed instead of conventional laparotomy. Lysis of pelvic adhesions as well as treatment of endometrial implants and endometriomas are now routine laparoscopic procedures with improvement in pregnancy rates comparable to microsurgery. New advances in instrumentation will increase the pregnancy rate following laparoscopic tubal surgery as well as laparoscopic assisted in Vitro Fertilization, and will also increase the safety of this procedure.     

Laparoscopic Management of Ectopic Pregnancies

To compare the laparoscopic approach with laparotomy in the treatment of ectopic pregnancy, a retrospective analysis involving 52 patients with ectopic pregnancies was done. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of laparoscopic surgery for ectopic pregnancies. 30 patients underwent laparoscopic management while 22 patients were managed by conventional laparotomy. In the laparoscopic group, the postoperative morbidity and post-hospital stay were significantly less. Although laparoscopic surgery for ectopic pregnancies is a new approach and it is not widely practised in service hospitals, it has more advantages than open surgery and it has been well accepted by the surgeons and patients. It is a safe and feasible approach.Key Words: Ectopic pregnancy, Laparoscopic surgery     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术与开腹胆囊切除术的比较

目的：比较腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）与开腹胆囊切除术（OC）2种术式的优越性。方法：105例胆囊疾病患者分为两组,53例行LC,52例行OC,比较2种术式手术时间、术中出血量及术后抗生素应用时间、肛门排气时间、进食时间和住院时间。结果：LC组手术时间、术中出血量及术后抗生素应用时间、肛门排气时间、进食时间、住院时间等均较OC组患者减少或降低。结论：LC是一种安全可靠的手术方法,与传统的开腹手术相比具有创伤小、出血少、术野清楚、切口美观、术后恢复快、住院时间短等优点,将成为胆囊切除术的首选术式。     

腹腔镜结直肠癌手术治疗的进展

结直肠癌是最常见的消化道恶性肿瘤之一,发病率在恶性肿瘤中居第3位,主要的治疗方法是手术,以往一直以传统开腹手术为主。近年来腹腔镜结直肠癌手术在国内外各大医院开展,其特有的微创优点以及手术的安全性、可靠性被广大医师和患者所认可。随着微创外科技术的进步和医疗设备的发展,腹腔镜结直肠癌手术将会得到进一步的完善和发展。     

Laparoscopic Simulators : Are They Useful!

Background

Laparoscopic surgery has changed the face of medical care forever. The benefits of laparoscopic open surgery have been demonstrated in virtually all major abdominal surgical procedures. Laparoscopy has introduced a new skill set that must be mastered and requires dedicated training. The teaching of laparoscopic operative skills in the clinical setting is constrained by the complexity of procedures, medicolegal and ethical concerns, fiscal and time limitations. This has created the need for formal training outside the operating room. Simulator-based training holds great promise in enhancing surgical education and providing a safe, cost-effective means for practicing techniques prior to their use in the operating room.

Methods

The surgical residents of two batches were recruited for the study. The residents were randomized to either a group that received training on a simulator or a controlled group that did not receive the training or to a group that received training twice.

Result

The residents who received training on a simulator demonstrated better psychomotor skills in the operation theatre than those who did not. Training in simulator environment can contribute to the development of technical skills relevant to the performance of laparoscopic surgery in vivo. Training at regular intervals will benefit the residents in gaining significant improvement of their psychomotor skills.

Conclusion

Laparoscopic trainer is a promising tool for training in laparoscopic surgery.Key Words: Laparoscopic simulator, Endotrainer, Training, Laparoscopic surgery     

Laparoscopic simulators : Are they useful!

Background: Laparoscopic surgery has changed the face of medical care forever. The benefits of laparoscopic open surgery have been demonstrated in virtually all major abdominal surgical procedures. Laparoscopy has introduced a new skill set that must be mastered and requires dedicated training. The teaching of laparoscopic operative skills in the clinical setting is constrained by the complexity of procedures, medicolegal and ethical concerns, fiscal and time limitations. This has created the need for formal training outside the operating room. Simulator-based training holds great promise in enhancing surgical education and providing a safe, cost-effective means for practicing techniques prior to their use in the operating room.     

The challenges and solutions of laparoscopic surgical practice in the developing countries

Laparoscopic surgery has become the preferred standard in developed countries. New procedures in laparoscopic surgery are continually being developed. Despite these innovations Nigeria and many other African are yet to fully embrace this surgical approach. Few therapeutic laparoscopic surgery procedures are performed annually in Nigerian teaching hospitals. Appropriate personnel and the initial high cost of acquiring state of the art equipments are some of the challenges in laparoscopic surgery in developing countries. A few centres have developed ways of solving these challenges. We discuss the envisaged problems with laparoscopic surgery in Nigeria and some other African countries and suggest solutions to these problems.     

开腹右半结肠癌根治术与腹腔镜辅助右半结肠癌根治术的效果比较分析

目的比较开腹右半结肠癌根治术和腹腔镜辅助右半结肠癌根治术的手术安全性及临床疗效。方法选取2013年5月～2015年5月我院收治的83例右半结肠癌患者,按随机数字表法分为两组,腹腔镜组40例采用腹腔镜辅助右半结肠癌根治术,传统组43例行开腹右半结肠癌根治术。比较两组的手术情况、术后恢复程度、手术安全性、住院费用及随访情况。结果腹腔镜组术后排气时间、手术中出血量、切口直径、住院时间、首次下床时间及切口感染明显低于传统组(P0.05);腹腔镜组与传统组的手术时间、切除淋巴结数量、肠梗阻、吻合口瘘、吻合口狭窄、住院费用、转移率及存活率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论与开腹右半结肠癌根治术比较,腹腔镜辅助右半结肠癌根治术术后并发症少,预后效果良好,是一种安全有效并能达到肿瘤根治效果的手术方式。     

腹腔镜联合手术在县级医院的临床应用分析

目的评估腹腔镜联合手术在县级医院应用的安全性和可行性。方法收集本院收治的153例经腹腔镜联合手术患者的临床资料。结果 153例患者均成功完成手术,无中转开腹,术后均未出现并发症。结论腹腔镜联合手术完全可行,疗效确切,值得在基层医院推广。     

机器人辅助腹腔镜、传统腹腔镜和开放手术3种膀胱癌根治性全膀胱切除加回肠膀胱术的围手术期疗效比较

 目的 对比机器人辅助腹腔镜、传统腹腔镜以及开放根治性全膀胱切除加回肠膀胱术的围手术期情况。方法 回顾性分析2009年1月至2018年12月复旦大学附属中山医院泌尿外科单手术组开展的根治性全膀胱切除加回肠膀胱术248例，其中机器人辅助腹腔镜87例、传统腹腔镜32例、开放手术129例。比较3组性别、年龄、体重指数（body mass index，BMI）、合并慢性病、手术时间、术中输血率、术后输血率、入监护室率、术后红细胞下降值、术后血红蛋白下降值、术后白蛋白下降值、术后肌酐升高值、术后住院时间、住院总费用以及肠梗阻、感染等并发症发生率的差异。结果 248例手术均获成功，无中转其他手术方式。3组的年龄、性别、BMI、高血压病史、糖尿病病史、心脏病病史等方面比较，差异均无统计学意义。机器人手术组在手术时间、术后红细胞下降值、血红蛋白下降值、白蛋白下降值方面均显著小于另两组，在术后住院时间、术中输血率方面，机器人手术组也显著小于开放手术组（P<0.05）；传统腹腔镜组在术后红细胞下降值、血红蛋白下降值方面显著小于开放手术组（P<0.05）。在住院总费用方面机器人手术组显著高于另两组（P<0.05）。在术后并发症方面，虽然机器人手术组发生率低于传统腹腔镜组和开放手术组，但差异无统计学意义。结论 围手术期机器人辅助腹腔镜根治性全膀胱切除加回肠膀胱术较传统腹腔镜手术和开放手术具有手术时间短、创伤小和术后恢复快等优势，在经济可行的条件下，是治疗肌层浸润性膀胱癌的首选手术方法。     

Laparoscopic Assisted Surgery for Crohn''''s Disease an Initial Experience and Results

SurgicaltreatmentisoftenrequiredforpatientswithCrohn'sdiseasewhohaveintestinalstrictureand/orfistula[4.1o.13].Rapidevolutionoflaparoscopicintestinalsurgery,continuousadvancementofinstru-mentation,performanceofmoreextensiveandcom-p1exprocedureshaveledtotheapplicationoflaparo-scopictechniquesinthetreatmentofCrohn'sdis-ease[3'9'12J.Recentreportshavedemonstratedthat,comparedwithtraditional"open"resection,laparo-scopicintestinalsurgeryresultsindecreasedpostoper-ativepain,earlierreturnofintestinalf…     

后腹腔镜与传统开放手术治疗肾上腺肿瘤的随机对照研究

目的：比较后腹腔镜与传统开放手术治疗肾上腺肿瘤的优缺点。方法将2005年1月至2010年12月接受治疗的120例肾上腺肿瘤患者,通过计算机产生随机数学表,按1∶1分配原则随机分为后腹腔镜组与开放手术组,比较2组的手术相关指标、术后恢复指标、术后处理情况、手术成功情况、并发症和随访情况。结果后腹腔镜组1例因拒绝接受腹腔镜手术,2例缺乏随访资料而脱落;开放手术组因2例转院,2例缺乏随访资料而脱落。后腹腔镜组（57例）和开放手术组（56例）的手术时间、术中出血量、输血例数分别为（89.6±177;18.4）min、（70.2±177;17.2）ml、8例和（124.2±177;27.3）min、（205.7±177;51.9）ml、20例;拔管时间、进食时间、下床时间、住院时间分别为（2.8±177;1.3） d、（1.7±177;1.1） d、（2.6±177;1.2） d、（6.2±177;3.1） d和（4.2±177;2.0）d、（2.9±177;1.4）d、（5.1±177;3.1）d、（13.5±177;5.4）d;术后镇痛例数、引流量分别为11例、（15.4±177;4.2）ml和43例、（45.1±177;12.7）ml;以上指标比较差异均具有统计学意义（P＜0.01）,2组的治疗费用比较差异无统计学意义（ P＞0.05）。开放手术组1年内无一例死亡和复发,后腹腔镜组有5例中转开腹,1年内1例死亡、2例复发。后腹腔镜组和开放手术组分别有2例（3.51％）和9例（16.07％）出现并发症,差异具有统计学意义（ P＜0.01）。结论与传统开放手术相比,后腹腔镜治疗肾上腺肿瘤,具有创伤小、并发症少和术后恢复快等优点,但仍存在手术失败和复发的可能,需要进一步提高泌尿外科医生的经验和操作技巧。     

后腹腔镜肾部分切除术治疗肾肿瘤的疗效及安全性分析

目的探讨后腹腔镜肾部分切除术治疗肾肿瘤的临床疗效及安全性。方法选取2010 年1 月-2015 年7 月该院42 例肾肿瘤患者,根据随机数字法,将其分为开放手术组（开放肾部分切除术）和腹腔镜手术组（后腹腔镜肾部分切除术）,每组各21 例,比较两组手术时间、Scr 水平、术后胃肠功能恢复时间、住院时间、根据视觉模拟疼痛评分（VAS）及术后并发症。结果腹腔镜手术组手术时间及手术前后Scr 水平与开放手术组比较,差异无统计学意义（p >0.05）;与开放手术组比较,腹腔镜手术组术后胃肠功能恢复时间、住院时间均缩 短,术中出血量更少,术后1 周VAS 降低;与开放手术组比较,腹腔镜手术组术后并发症发生率降低。结论对于肾肿瘤患者,后腹腔镜肾部分切除术作为一种安全、有效的手术方式,值得临床推广。