CT冠状动脉成像在冠心病诊断中的应用

目的:研究CT冠状动脉成像在冠心病早期诊断冠状动脉狭窄定性定量判读的作用。方法:对34例临床未发生急性冠脉综合征的冠心病患者,先后进行冠状动脉造影、128排双源CT冠状动脉成像。以冠状动脉造影为"金标准",计算CT冠状动脉成像敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值。结果:①与冠状动脉造影相比,CT冠状动脉成像的敏感性为68%,特异性为97%,阳性预测值为89%,阴性预测值为90%。②CT冠状动脉成像有65个血管段图像质量差,约占12%,造成图像质量差的原因主要为钙化,心跳、呼吸伪影,少部分为管腔显示不良。结论:冠心病早期诊断中,CT冠状动脉成像可用作冠状动脉造影前筛选,CT冠状动脉成像阴性的患者不必行冠状动脉造影检查;CT冠状动脉成像阳性的患者,可行冠状动脉造影进一步确认病变。     

Non-invasive assessment of coronary artery geometry using coronary CTA

AimTo assess the association of coronary artery geometry with the severity of coronary artery disease (CAD).Methods73 asymptomatic individuals at increased risk of CAD due to peripheral vascular disease (18 women, mean age 63.5 ± 8.2 years) underwent coronary computed tomography angiography (coronary CTA) using first generation dual-source CT. Curvature and tortuosity of the coronary arteries were quantified using semi-automatically generated centerlines. Measurements were performed for individual segments and for the entire artery. Coronary segments were labeled according to the presence of significant stenosis, defined as >70% luminal narrowing, and the presence of plaque. Comparisons were made by segment and by artery, using linear mixed models.ResultsOverall, median curvature and tortuosity were, respectively, 0.094 [0.071; 0.120] and 1.080 [1.040; 1.120] on a per-segment level, and 0.096 [0.078; 0.118] and 1.175 [1.090; 1.420] on a per-artery level. Curvature was associated with significant stenosis at a per-segment (p < 0.001) and per-artery level (p = 0.002). Curvature was 16.7% higher for segments with stenosis, and 13.8% higher for arteries with stenosis. Tortuosity was associated with significant stenosis only at the per-segment level (p = 0.002). Curvature was related to the presence of plaque at the per-segment (p < 0.001) and per-artery level (p < 0.001), tortuosity was only related to plaque at the per-segment level (p < 0.001).ConclusionCoronary artery geometry as derived from coronary CTA is related to the presence of plaque and significant stenosis.     

冠心病患者冠状动脉侧支循环形成的形态学特点分析

目的:分析国人冠状动脉侧支循环的形态学特点。方法:将265例冠心病病人的冠状动脉造影结果进行分析,按Levin的方法进行分类,并与之比较。结果:不同狭窄程度两组间侧支循环开放率差别有高度统计学意义(X2=14.43,P<0.001)。三支血管间侧支循环开放率差别均有统计学意义(X2=3.96,X2=4.28,P<0.05)。东、西方组冠状动脉各支病变的侧支分布的比较差别有高度统计学意义(右冠状动脉X2=9.68,P<0.01;左冠状动脉X2=41.73,P<0.001;左冠状动脉旋支X2=8.54,P<0.01。结论:冠状动脉侧支循环的形成与冠状动脉狭窄程度及病变血管有关。中国人的冠状动脉侧支循环具有独特性。     

多层螺旋CT无创性冠状动脉造影对冠状动脉疾病的诊断价值

目的:探讨16层螺旋CT冠状动脉造影对冠状动脉病变的临床诊断价值。方法:57例疑似冠状动脉病变的患者行16排螺旋CT检查和冠状动脉造影,不包括5例为冠状动脉支架置入术后(支架12个)。将冠状动脉分为13个节段,分析所有管腔大于2mm的节段,评价图像是否能满足管腔评价。管腔狭窄大于50%认为有意义,以常规冠状动脉造影作为金标准,比较16层螺旋CT在诊断有意义的冠状动脉狭窄方面的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值。结果:在所有638个节段中,588个节段(占92.16%)能够满足冠状动脉管腔评价。对于16层螺旋CT能够显示有意义冠状动脉狭窄,与ICA相对照,若以动脉节段计数,MSCT显示中度以上狭窄的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和准确度分别为93.61%、91.11%、89.79%、98.12%和94.63%。以动脉主干计数,MSCT显示中度以上狭窄的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和准确度分别为92.82、、91.31%、80.43%、97.37%和82.08%。以患者计数,MSCT显示中度以上狭窄的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和准确度分别为94.73%、90.00%、93.01%、92.99%和82.75%。结论:16层螺旋CT结合回顾性心电门控技术冠状动脉成像无创、简单易行。既能显示管腔情况又能显示冠脉管壁,弥补了ICA的不足;经严格控制影响因素,具有较高的敏感性和特异性,较高的阴性预测值可避免不必要的有创性检查。对支架术后的随访也有较高的应用价值,对血管变异的显示直观确切。可作为一种有效的筛查和随访手段应用于临床。     

非体外循环辅助下冠状动脉旁路移植术术后处理

目的 总结32例非体外循环辅助下冠状动脉旁路移植术(Off-pump coronary artery bypasss grafting,OPCAB)术后处理的临床经验,并对其进行初步探讨。 方法 2000年12月-2003年11月我们共完成OPCAB 32例,其中2支病变5例,3支病变15例,4支病变9例,5支病变3例。采用乳内动脉、桡动脉和/或大隐静脉共移植血管99支,平均每例3.1支。 结果 无手术死亡,无围手术期心肌梗死等严重并发症发生。平均术后辅助呼吸时间10±2.5小时,平均ICU监护治疗时间72小时,术后早期发生心律失常12例,术后切口感染5例,胸骨骨不连2例。术后平均住院17.6±4.5天。术后短期随访显示临床效果满意。 结论 OPCAB可作为冠状动脉旁路移植的手术方法之一,术后早期适时尽早拔出气管内插管,调整血容量,水、电解质平衡,预防和及时处理心律失常等并发症是术后早期处理的关键。     

N末端脑钠肽前体对冠脉搭桥术后情况预测作用

目的探讨N末端脑钠肽前体(NT-pro BNP)水平对冠脉搭桥术术后并发症的预测作用及其预测精确程度。方法选择哈尔滨医科大学附属第四医院自2012年6月至2013年3月行冠脉搭桥术的40例患者为研究对象。于手术当天诱导麻醉前,测量40例行孤立冠脉搭桥术患者的术前血浆NT-pro BNP水平,探讨其与冠脉搭桥术后早期死亡(出院前或出院后30 d内)、引流过多(引流量>850 ml)、输血(新鲜冰冻血浆、浓缩红细胞悬液、冷沉淀凝血因子、去白细胞血小板等)、呼吸衰竭、机械通气时间延长(通气时间>12 h)、心房颤动、心衰综合征、使用主动脉内球囊反搏或者变力性药物支持血流动力学改变、谵妄、急性肾衰或内脏缺血发生情况的相关性。结果纳入研究的冠心病患者术前平均NT-pro BNP血浆水平为380.6 ng/L(92~3 496 ng/L)。心肺转流平均时间157 min(82~213 min),主动脉夹闭平均时间106 min(53~160 min)。术前NT-pro BNP血浆水平可精确诊断(ROC曲线下面积>0.8)机械通气时间延长、呼吸功能衰竭、变力性药物(肾上腺素)应用;NT-pro BNP中度诊断敏感(ROC曲线下面积0.7~0.8)为变力性药物(多巴胺)应用;NT-pro BNP较弱诊断敏感(ROC曲线下面积0.6~0.7)术后引流过多、血小板输入、心房颤动、心衰综合征。结论行孤立冠状动脉旁路移植术的冠心病患者术前血浆NT-pro BNP浓度是预测冠脉搭桥术术后情况的一项有价值的诊断方式。NT-pro BNP术前预测价值尤其适用于机械通气时间延长、呼吸功能衰竭、变力性药物(多巴胺,肾上腺素)应用。     

The behavior of collateral circulation after coronary artery bypass surgery

The changes in coronary collateral circulation after bypass surgery were analyzed in 50 patients with coronary disease. The demonstration of collateral circulation was found to be dependent upon the severity of the coronary heart disease and the patency of the bypass. When the graft was patent, it was usually not possible to visualize the collateral circulation demonstrated preoperatively. When the bypass was occluded, the same collateral circulation as before surgery was frequenctly found.     

Prevalence and morphology of coronary artery ectasia with dual-source CT coronary angiography

To assess the prevalence and morphological characteristics of coronary artery ectasia (CAE) with CT coronary angiography (CTCA) in comparison to conventional catheterangiography (CCA). Dual-source CTCA examinations from 677 consecutive patients (223 women; median age 57 years) were retrospectively evaluated by two blinded observers for the presence of CAE defined as a diameter enlargement ≥1.5 times the diameter of adjacent normal coronary segments. Vessel diameters and contrast attenuation within and proximal to ectatic segments were measured. CCA was used to compare measurements obtained from CTCA with the coronary flow velocity by using the thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) frame count. CTCA identified CAE in 20 of 677 (3%) patients. CCA was performed in ten of these patients. CAE diameter measurements with CTCA (10.0 ± 5.4 mm) correlated significantly (r = 0.92, p < 0.001) with the CCA measurements (8.8 ± 4.9 mm), but had higher diameters (levels of agreement: −1.0 to 3.4 mm). Contrast attenuation was significantly lower in the ectatic (343 ± 63 HU) than in the proximal (394 ± 60 HU) segments (p < 0.01). The attenuation difference significantly correlated with the CAE ratio (r = 0.67, p < 0.01) and the TIMI frame count (r = 0.58, p < 0.05). The prevalence of CAE in a population examined by CTCA is around 3%. Contrast attenuation measurements with CTCA correlate well with the flow alterations assessed with CCA.     

Dilated coronary arterial obstruction due to coronary artery microfistulae

An 80-year-old asymptomatic man presented with ST-segment elevation in leads V1 to V5. Coronary CT angiography showed that microfistulae arising from multiple arteries may have led to myocardial infarction from intracoronary thromboembolism within the dilated left anterior descending (LAD).     

Role of 320-slice multislice computed tomography coronary angiography in the assessment of coronary artery stenosis

Objective

To evaluate the effectiveness of the multislice CT coronary angiography, as a non-invasive imaging tool in assessment of coronary artery stenosis.

Patients and methods

The study included 50 patients who were referred for MSCT coronary angiography followed by catheter coronary angiography. Patients with previous coronary bypass grafts and those with coronary stents were excluded. History of contrast allergy, renal impairment and severe chest conditions were exclusion criteria. The coronary angiographic CT studies were performed using a 320 CT scanner. The catheter coronary angiographic studies were performed via femoral arterial puncture. The results of CT angiography were compared with the gold standard catheter angiography.

Results

The positive predictive value and negative predictive value of MSCT coronary angiography in detection of coronary artery stenosis were 94% and 100%, respectively.

Conclusion

In conclusion, MSCT coronary angiography is a very helpful and rapid non-invasive coronary imaging modality that was able to detect and grade coronary artery stenosis better than other noninvasive examinations used to detect CAD, such as exercise stress testing. Due to its very high negative predictive value, it may eliminate the need for invasive coronary procedures in the presence of normal coronary imaging.     

多层螺旋CT冠状动脉钙化积分的研究进展

冠状动脉钙化积分对于冠心病的预测有重要的临床价值,随着CT技术发展,多层螺旋CT在冠状动脉钙化检测方面的价值逐渐成为临床研究的热点。本文叙述了多层螺旋CT在冠状动脉钙化积分方面的研究进展。     

Multiple coronary artery-left ventricular fistulas: A pattern of anomalous coronary microvascularization

Fistulas between the coronary artery and the left heart chambers are exceptionally rare, especially those emptying into the left ventricle. We know of 33 cases of coronary artery-left ventricular fistulas reported in the literature, 7 of which had multiple communications. The findings in 6 additional patients with multiple coronary artery-left ventricular fistulas are reported. Three of the 6 patients had fistulas communicating to the left ventricle from all three major coronary arteries. It is important to recognize this anomaly as it may be the source of angina in patients without angiographic evidence of major atherosclerotic coronary artery disease.     

Unusual origin and course of the first septal branch of the left coronary artery: Angiographic recognition

The anatomical variants of the origin and course of the first septal branch (S1) of the left coronary artery system have received little attention in the literature dealing with coronary angiography. We describe here the angiographic features of the ectopic origin of S1 from epicardial branches of the left coronary artery other than the left anterior descending artery as observed in 8 cases from a series of 700 consecutive patients (1.1%). The S1 originated from the left main coronary artery in 1 case, from a diagonal branch in 4, and from an intermediate branch in 3 cases. Previous reported cases are reviewed. Because the S1 may supply up to 15% of the blood to the myocardium, the recognition of this variable origin may have clinical implications and has to be considered as a part of the complete evaluation of coronary arteriograms of patients referred for coronary artery revascularization.     

成人冠状动脉起源异常的分类及其发生率

 目的 探讨成人冠状动脉起源异常(AOCA)类型及其发生率.方法 对2000年10月～2006年10月在我院行冠状动脉造影(1 520例)检出的26例存在AOCA患者资料,以及国内2006年10月以前发表的有关成人AOCA研究的8篇文献资料进行综合分析.结果 9组资料冠状动脉造影总例数48 158例,检出AOCA439例,检出率0.91%.右冠状动脉起源异常发生率0.55%(267例),明显高于左冠状动脉0.36%(174例),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).右冠状动脉起源于左冠窦为最常见类型,占41.5%(182例);其次为前降支和回旋支独立开口,占26.0%(114例).结论 我国成人AOCA多见于右冠状动脉,其中具有潜在临床危险的右冠状动脉起源于左冠窦为最常见类型,提示加强国人AOCA研究具有重要临床意义.     

心肌灌注显像联合冠状动脉钙化积分诊断冠心病的价值及最新进展

心肌灌注显像（MPI）在冠心病的诊断、危险度分层及预后评价中扮演着越来越重要的角色，冠状动脉钙化积分（CACS）可协助对冠心病患者进行进一步的危险度分层，但两者有各自的局限性和不足。将两者联合应用可以相互弥补不足，为临床提供更多的信息。行SPECT/CT心肌灌注显像时，需进行衰减矫正CT（CTAC）扫描，若采用心电门控的呼气末屏气螺旋CT扫描，则在用于MPI衰减矫正的同时又可用于CACS测定，实现一站式检查，在减少患者辐射剂量的同时又可为临床提供更多的信息。笔者综述了CACS、MPI及两者联合应用的临床价值，并对一站式采集MPI与CACS的最新进展进行了综述。     

双源CT诊断冠脉狭窄的价值—与冠状动脉造影对照分析

目的:探讨双源CT冠脉成像评价冠脉中度及中度以上狭窄的准确性及可行性。方法:入选60例临床高度怀疑或已确诊冠脉疾病的患者,行双源CT扫描,扫描过程中患者心率平稳,未出现心率不齐及心律失常。患者于1周内行经皮选择性冠状动脉造影,并以冠状动脉造影作为标准,从冠脉节段及冠脉分支角度分别评价双源CT诊断冠脉中度及中度以上狭窄的准确性、敏感性、特异性、阳性预测率及阴性预测率。结果:以冠脉节段为基础分析,双源CT诊断冠脉明显狭窄的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测率、阴性预测率、准确性分别为81.14%、97.57%、85.34%、96.74%、95.13%;以冠脉分支为基础分析,双源CT诊断冠脉明显狭窄的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测率、阴性预测率、准确性分别为84.21%、93.79%、89.88%、90.06%、90.0%。双源CT与选择性冠脉造影对发现冠脉狭窄节段及检查冠脉分支病变的能力进行卡方检验,χ2分别0.625、1.041;P0.05,双源CT与选择性冠脉造影比较在发现冠脉明显狭窄差异上无统计学意义。结论:双源CT在诊断冠脉明显狭窄时有很高的准确性,可作为无创性评价冠脉狭窄及疾病的手段。     

An unusual case of coronary artery fistula to the pulmonary artery,diagnosed with 64-MDCT coronary angiography

This report describes a case of complex coronary–pulmonary artery fistula with one feeding vessel from the proximal part of the right coronary. The complex anatomy of the fistula was shown in detail by multidetector computed tomography using multiplanar reconstruction and 3D volume rendering techniques.Traditionally, conventional angiography has been used for the diagnosis of coronary anomalies. With more frequent use of 64-row multi-detector computed tomography (CT) in chest and cardiac imaging, the number of incidentally found coronary artery fistulas has been increasing.     

颈动脉超声、核素心肌显像与冠状动脉造影诊断冠心病的对比研究

 目的 探讨颈动脉超声、核素心肌灌注显像对冠心病的诊断价值.方法 对88例疑有冠心病者,以冠状动脉造影结果 作为诊断标准, 进行颈动脉超声检查和核素心肌灌注断层显像两种检查,并将结果 进行对比分析.结果 颈动脉超声诊断冠心病的敏感性为65.5%,特异性为73.3%.核素心肌灌注显像诊断冠心病的敏感性为86.2%,特异性为66.7%.结论 颈动脉超声结合核素心肌灌注显像诊断冠心病,敏感性与特异性较高,对冠心病的无创性诊断具有重要价值.     

脊神经刺激对冠脉内皮功能及血流储备的影响

目的观察脊神经刺激对冠脉内皮功能及血流储备的影响。方法小型猪10只,用冠脉造影的方法,测量左冠脉主干的内径。同时插入5F塑型后的右冠造影管到冠状静脉窦。在胸椎3～4间隙椎旁2cm,分别进针3．5cm,电麻仪刺激30分钟。刺激后立即做冠脉造影,并同时分别抽取冠状动静脉血各1ml送检,测量其NO、ET含量。结果刺激脊神经可以改善内皮功能,促进内皮细胞释放NOx同时减少ET的释放,增加冠状动脉直径。结论脊神经刺激疗法能改善冠脉内皮功能及血流储备。     

使用5F共用型造影导管经桡动脉途径冠状动脉造影

 目的探讨使用较小口径共用型造影导管经桡动脉途径冠状动脉造影的安全性、可行性和方法学.方法使用5F共用型造影导管经桡动脉途径冠状动脉造影.结果152例接受经桡动脉途径冠状动脉造影的患者,桡动脉穿刺成功145例.失败的7例中,6例肱动脉穿刺成功,1例经股动脉途径.选用5F共用型造影导管进行冠状动脉造影149例,左右冠状动脉造影均成功140例.结论使用较小口径共用型造影导管经桡动脉途径冠状动脉造影安全、可行,术后无须卧床、患者痛苦小、并发症少.