Laparoscopic cholecystectomy

In recent months, the technique of Laparoscopic Laser Cholecystectomy (LLC) was introduced at our institution. A small series is presented here involving 14 patients, seven of whom underwent LLC and seven in which a "mini-lap" cholecystectomy was performed. Symptomatic cholelithiasis was the indication for surgery in all cases, and operative cholangiograms were employed in 12 patients. Comparisons are made regarding length of hospitalization, recovery time and operative time. An improved recovery period is indeed demonstrated with LLC allowing return to normal activities and employment much sooner than with an open cholecystectomy. We suggest that, though some prudence and caution is advised, this appears to be a safe and feasible adjunct in the treatment of cholelithiasis.     

Patient recovery following cholecystectomy through a 6 cm or 15 cm transverse subcostal incision: a prospective randomized clinical trial.

The effect of incision length on patient recovery following cholecystectomy has not been investigated previously. In this study, 30 patients with symptomatic gallstones were randomized to cholecystectomy through a 6 cm or 15 cm transverse subcostal incision. Postoperative hospital stay was significantly shorter in the 6 cm incision group (median 3 days vs 5 days; P = 0.0069 Mann-Whitney U-test). In the 6 cm group analgesic requirements were reduced (median 2.5 vs 4.5 intramuscular opiate injections per patient) and recovery of depressed postoperative pulmonary function (FVC and FEV1) was faster (3% difference between groups on day 1 and 7% on day 3), although these differences did not achieve statistical significance. These results suggest that the length of incision may influence patient recovery following elective cholecystectomy. This has important implications as surgery carried out through shorter and less traumatic incisions may offer a cost-effective alternative to laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Moreover, some surgeons may find mini-laparotomy cholecystectomy easier to adopt than laparoscopic techniques.     

胆囊切除术后残余胆囊结石56例诊治及预防

目的:探讨胆囊切除术后残余胆囊结石的诊治和预防方法,减低此并发症的发生率。方法:对56例残余胆囊结石再次手术的病例进行回顾性分析。56例中初次手术行经典胆囊切除术18例,小切口胆囊切除术16例,腹腔镜胆囊切除术22例;急诊手术30例,择期手术26例;初次手术在三级以下医院施行42例,在三级以上医院施行14例。结果:除1例因粘连严重并发门脉高压症,分离时引起大出血被迫终止手术外,55例再次手术成功,切除残留胆囊及结石后,症状均消失,疗效满意。结论:合理掌握胆囊切除术的手术时机、和术式,在术中解剖清楚胆囊管、肝总管、胆总管三管关系,然后距胆总管0.3~0.5cm切断结扎胆囊管,是预防残余胆囊结石的关键。     

改良后外侧开胸技术在胸部肿瘤手术中的应用

目的：探索保护胸肌的改良后外侧小切口开胸技术在胸部肿瘤手术中的临床应用价值.方法：应用改良后外侧小切口开胸技术有选择性地对62例胸部肿瘤患者施行胸科手术.其中行肺楔形切除术7例,肺叶切除术29例,一侧全肺切除术6例,胸腺瘤摘除术3例、纵隔肿瘤摘除术9例、食管平滑肌瘤摘除术2例、食管下段癌根治性切除手术6例.结果：全组均顺利地完成了手术治疗, 无并发症发生,手术损伤小,开胸出血量少,疼痛不明显,术后住院时间短,肺功能及肩关节活动影响小,术后康复加快,明显减轻了患者的心理负担.结论：在严格掌握适应证的前提下,有选择地采用保护胸肌的改良后外侧小切口可使患者受益.     

Limited incision cholecystectomy.

Eighty-one consecutive cholecystectomies were retrospectively reviewed; five were dropped because of incomplete data. The remaining 76 were divided into group A, patients who underwent a limited incision cholecystectomy (LIC) defined as less than 10 centimeters, and group B, those who underwent a standard subcostal incision (STD). An STD was used for 18 patients in 1984 and an LIC for subsequent patients unless anatomy dictated extension of the incision for safe surgical exposure. The groups were evaluated for possible benefits and disadvantages of the LIC approach. Multivariate analysis was done to contrast the approaches regarding operative time, operative and postoperative complications, postoperative pain, and hospital stay. The operative time was comparable between the two groups. The LIC approach was superior with less postoperative pain and shorter hospital stay. There were no intraoperative complications or mortality in either group. The postoperative complications were also comparable. No differences were noted in body size, weight, sex, or whether the patient was suffering from acute or chronic disease. The limited incision cholecystectomy can be utilized in the majority of patients with cholecystitis without added operative time or complications when compared to the traditional approach. The benefits of less postoperative pain, shorter hospital stay and better cosmetic results afford a higher degree of patient acceptance. This procedure should be considered when open cholecystectomy is required.     

微创开胸技术在胸部手术中的临床应用

目的：探索微创开胸技术在胸部手术中的临床应用价值。方法：应用微创入胸切口行心胸外科手术72例，其中经腋下小切口施行肺叶切除(包括楔型切除)17例，全肺切除肺癌根治性手术1例，肺大疱切除缝扎23例，脓胸廓清术6例，动脉导管结扎21例(其中经胸膜外径路5例)；经胸腔镜辅助切口施行肺叶切除(包括楔型切除)l例，肺大疱切除缝扎2例，动脉导管结扎1例。结果：全组均顺利地完成了手术治疗，无并发症发生，手术损伤小，围手术期出血减少，手术时间缩短，患者痛苦小，遗留疤痕较小，基本上不影响肌肉和关节功能，术后康复加快，明显减轻了患者的心理负担。结论：微创开胸手术具有损伤小、出血少、并发症少、恢复快、适用性广及住院手术费用减低等优点，同时兼顾美观，疗效满意，符合“微创”外科的新观点，只要适应症选择得当，值得临床推广。     

腹腔镜辅助胆道镜保胆手术

目的:总结分析腹腔镜辅助纤维胆道镜进行保胆手术的临床经验。方法:总结2008年10月至2010年6月以来开展的腹腔镜辅助胆道镜下保胆取石术25例。结果:25例患者手术顺利,无出血及胆漏,1例患者因牵拉胆囊时胆囊床出血而改行开腹胆囊切除,1例术后1a复查发现结石复发。结论:腹腔镜辅助胆道镜下保胆取石术相对小切口保胆取石创伤更小,肋缘下切口的选择更为可靠,术后并发症少,是一种较好的微创保胆方式。     

胸部小切口在肺叶切除手术的临床研究

目的 在保证与传统胸部切口相同手术效果前提下，探索保留胸部肌肉的胸部小切口在肺叶切除手术中的应用价值。方法 2000年1月至2005年1月连续336例肺肿瘤随机分为胸部小切口组（184例）和传统切口组（152例）．胸部小切口长度平均12．7cm，比较两组单肺叶切除手术病人的术中术后资料，包括手术切口长度、手术时间、术中出血量、术后引流量、术后输血量、术后止痛药用量、术后离床时间及住院时间、术后主要并发症等。结果 胸部小切口组的各项指标明显优于传统切口组（P〈0．01），小切口组病人恢复良好，无严重并发症及围术期死亡。结论 胸部小切口对胸部损伤小、出血少、并发症少、恢复快、住院时间缩短、切口美观等优点。该切口能满足肺叶切除手术的需要，可作为肺肿瘤手术的常规切口。     

胸部小切口在肺叶切除手术的临床研究

目的 在保证与传统胸部切口相同手术效果前提下,探索保留胸部肌肉的胸部小切口在肺叶切除手术中的应用价值。方法 2000年1月至2005年1月连续336例肺肿瘤随机分为胸部小切口组(184例)和传统切口组(152例),胸部小切口长度平均12.7cm,比较两组单肺叶切除手术病人的术中术后资料,包括手术切口长度、手术时间、术中出血量、术后引流量、术后输血量、术后止痛药用量、术后离床时间及住院时间、术后主要并发症等。结果 胸部小切口组的各项指标明显优于传统切口组(P<0.01),小切口组病人恢复良好,无严重并发症及围术期死亡。结论 胸部小切口对胸部损伤小、出血少、并发症少、恢复快、住院时间缩短、切口美观等优点。该切口能满足肺叶切除手术的需要,可作为肺肿瘤手术的常规切口。     

两种胆囊切除术手术临床疗效对比研究

目的：探讨小切口胆囊切除术和传统胆囊切除术手术临床疗效,并进行对比分析。方法：将符合条件的84例胆囊疾病患者随机分为两组,A组42例行小切口胆囊切除术,B组42例行传统胆囊切除术,并观察记录两组的术中出血量情况、术后镇痛药的使用情况、术后肛门排气时间（h）、术后离床活动时间（h）、术后进食时间、术后平均住院时间（d）、切口感染情况、并发症等情况。门诊随访半年至1年。结果：A组在术后排气、术后离床活动、术后进食、平均住院时间上与B组相比均较低,差异有统计学意义（t值分别为4.22、4.08、5.14、4.71,P〈0.01或P〈0.05）;在术后使用镇痛药人数及切口感染人数等情况的比较上,A组较B组的明显少,差异有统计学意义（χ2值分别为4.72、5.05,P〈0.01或P〈0.05）;在其他并发症的比较上,两组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论：小切口胆囊切除术以其手术创伤小、术后切口疼痛轻、术后恢复快等优点,值得在临床上推广应用。     

小切口胆囊切除经胆囊管处理继发性胆总管结石

[目的]研究小切口胆囊切除经扩张胆囊管用纤维胆道处理继发性胆总管结石的手术方法。[方法]继发性胆总管结石实验组13例行小切口切除胆囊，扩张胆囊管残端后插入纤维胆道镜，分别采用取石网篮套取、取石钳取石或将结石推入十二指肠。对照组8例行胆囊切除、胆总管切开取石加T管引流。[结果]实验组较对照组平均手术时间短，术中失血量少，术后肠道功能恢复快。两组术后均无胆瘘、腹腔感染等并发症，1年内复查B超未发现结石残留。[结论]小切口胆囊切除经扩张胆囊管用纤维胆道镜处理继发性胆总管结石手术安全有效，具有损伤小、胆总管损伤轻、术后恢复快、住院时间短、住院费用低等优点。     

Small bowel function after aortic surgery.

One cause of post-operative morbidity in the elective repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms is the development of a paralytic or ''adynamic'' ileus. In a series of 20 consecutive patients undergoing such a procedure, the maintenance of small bowel motility and absorptive capacity in the immediate post-operative period was assessed using barium sulphate and xylose passed down a naso-duodenal tube sited at the time of surgery. This simple study demonstrated that small bowel function was preserved in all cases, and hence that patients could be fed enterally via naso-duodenal tube (in particular using very low residue formulae) rather than using costly parenteral regimens, should an ileus persist.     

PLACE OF MINILAP CHOLECYSTECTOMY IN AN ERA OF LAPAROSCOPIC CHOLECYSTECTOMY

In view of surgical and economic factors of our country, minilap cholecystectomy can be performed as an alternative to the laparoscopic cholecystectomy and offers almost similar results as laparoscopic surgery. We compared the operation time, post-operative hospital stay and return to full activity and the results were encouraging. We hope that this article justifies its claim to orthodoxy in the coming years.KEY WORDS: Conventional cholecystectomy, Developing country, Laparoscopic cholecystectomy, Minilap cholecystectomy     

胆囊切除治疗胆囊结石的临床效果

目的：探讨分析胆囊切除治疗胆囊结石的临床治疗效果。方法：选择进行临床治疗的胆囊结石患者96例,分为试验组与对照组,每组48例。试验组进行小切口胆囊切除术,对照组患者采用常规开腹切除胆囊,比较两组的治疗效果以及术后恢复状况。结果：对两组患者在手术需用时间、手术中的出血量、平均住院时间三方面进行对比。发现试验组表现均优于对照组（P〈0.05）。且试验组伴随的并发症发生率为4.2%,显著低于对照组（14.6%）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：小切口胆囊切除术应用于胆囊切除患者临床效果显著优于开腹。使用该种手术方法发生的并发症也要明显减少,具有临床上推广意义。     

IS CLEAN DISSECTION OF CALOT’S TRIANGLE NECESSARY IN CHOLECYSTECTOMIES?

In this study when patients were followed up for post-operative symptoms, it was seen that the incidence of narrowing of lumen of the common bile duct was more in cases where the operation was done by retrograde cholecystectomy with clean dissection of Calot''s triangle. Though this was a coincidental finding, it raises a doubt whether the narrowing is a result of impairment of blood supply to the common bile duct, which may result from clean dissection and display of Calot''s triangle area. The above dissection removes the fascial layer over the common bile duct and is likely to result in damage to end-arteries piercing through it to the common bile duct. This conjecture requires further study in a larger series.KEY WORDS: Cholecystectomy, Calot''s triangle, Surgical technique, Common bile duct stricture     

腹腔镜治疗54例胆囊结石的临床探讨

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy,LC）治疗胆囊结石的临床疗效。方法按照随机数字表法将99例患者分为观察组（54例）和对照组（55例）,观察组患者均行腹腔镜胆囊切除术,对照组患者行小切口胆囊切除术。结果观察组患者术中出血量、手术时间、下床活动时间、住院时间显著少于对照组（P〈0.05）;观察组并发症发生率（3.70%）显著低于对照组（9.09%）。结论胆囊切除治疗应根据患者具体情况选择适当的术式;在治疗胆囊结石时,与小切口胆囊切除术相比,腹腔镜胆囊切除术具有出血量少、患者恢复快、并发生发生率低、安全性高等优势,值得临床借鉴。     

带蒂大网膜填塞胆囊床止血法在肝硬化胆囊切除出血中的运用

目的：探讨肝硬化胆囊切除出血的处理。方法：对18例肝硬化胆囊切除出血病例进行了回顾性分析、结果：18例病人完成了胆囊切除手术，术中大出血5例，平均出血400ml，18例病人应用带蒂大网膜填塞胆囊床止血，效果满意，术后未再出血。结论：带蒂大网膜填塞胆囊床止血法是较好的止血方法。     

腹腔镜胆囊次全切除术（LSC）在困难性胆囊切除中的应用效果

目的探析腹腔镜胆囊次全切除术（LSC）在困难性胆囊切除中的应用效果。方法选取该院2010年12月—2011年12月收治的困难性胆囊切除患者90例,随机分为腹腔镜胆囊次全切除术（LSC）组和腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）组,比较两组患者的临床疗效。结果两组患者术中出血量、手术时间、术后引流情况、胆囊窝积液和并发症比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论 LSC在困难性胆囊切除中的应用效果显著,降低手术难度,减少手术风险。     

Combined needlescopic cholecystectomy and laparoscopic splenectomy for the treatment of thalassaemic splenomegaly and cholelithiasis

Gallstone disease is a common association in patients with haematological splenomegaly. When indicated, simultaneous splenectomy and cholecystectomy should be performed and traditionally this is accomplished by open surgery. We report a 17 year old thalassaemic girl with splenomegaly complicated by gallstone pancreatitis. We treated her with a combination of needlescopic cholecystectomy and laparoscopic splenectomy as well as delivering the huge spleen via a pfannenstiel incision to hide the scar. We believe this technique is an acceptable alternative mainly for rapid delivery of the spleen and to minimize visible scars hence improving cosmesis.     

ENDOSCOPIC RETROGRADE CHOLANGIOGRAPHY AS A PRELUDE TO LAPAROSCOPIC CHOLECYSTECTOMY

Seventy patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy were evaluated with endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) preoperatively, All the ERCs were performed by the laparoscopic surgeon, 1 to 30 days prior to surgery. In all cases including those converted to open cholecystectomy (5 out of 70, 7.1%), ERC helped in clear delineation of the biliary tree, cystic duct and gallbladder, making dissection of the Calot''s triangle safe. Four cases of common bile duct (CBD) stones detected at ERC were managed by papillotomy and basketing. In nine cases (12.8%), anomalies of the biliary tree were detected. Average time taken for ERC was 12 minutes (7–28 minutes); while intraopertaive cholangiogram (one case) took 25 minutes. ERC gives a clear outline of the biliary anatomy and greatly facilitates laparoscopic cholecystectomy, It helps avoid open cholecystectomy because of CBD stones. It also reduces the laparoscopic operating time by the duration normally taken to do intraoperative cholangiography.KEY WORDS: Cholangiography, Endoscopy, Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopy