Azithromycin retards Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation

Using a flow cell biofilm model, we showed that a sub-MIC of azithromycin (AZM) can delay but not inhibit Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation and results in the development of a stable AZM resistance phenotype. Furthermore, mature biofilms were not affected by AZM.     

铜绿假单胞菌感染豚鼠后生物被膜形成的研究

目的 建立体内铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜模型，研究体内细菌生物被膜的组织学及细菌学特征。方法 通过吸入法使铜绿假单胞菌以气雾剂的形式吸入豚鼠肺内并生长定植，分别观察不同时期肺组织内细菌生物被膜的特征。结果 定植在肺内的铜绿假单胞菌以肉芽肿结节的形式存在，外周包绕类上皮细胞和成纤维细胞。结节内细菌被被膜基质所包绕并彼此连结，中间镶嵌宿主炎性细胞。接种后3周，肺内仍可见结节并培养出铜绿假单胞菌。结论 用吸入法可建立较稳定的铜绿假单胞菌肺感染生物被膜，其以肉芽肿结节的形式存在，宿主的反应细胞参与了生物被膜的形成。     

Motility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa contributes to SOS-inducible biofilm formation

DNA-damaging antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin induce biofilm formation and the SOS response through autocleavage of SOS-repressor LexA in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. However, the biofilm-SOS connection remains poorly understood. It was investigated with 96-well and lipid biofilm assays. The effects of ciprofloxacin were examined on biofilm stimulation of the SOS mutant and wild-type strains. The stimulation observed in the wild-type in which SOS was induced was reduced in the mutant in which LexA was made non-cleavable (LexAN) and thus SOS non-inducible. Therefore, the stimulation appeared to involve SOS. The possible mechanisms of inducible biofilm formation were explored by subproteomic analysis of outer membrane fractions extracted from biofilms. The data predicted an inhibitory role of LexA in flagellum function. This premise was tested first by functional and morphological analyses of flagellum-based motility. The flagellum swimming motility decreased in the LexAN strain treated with ciprofloxacin. Second, the motility-biofilm assay was performed, which tested cell migration and biofilm formation. The results showed that wild-type biofilm increased significantly over the LexAN. These results suggest that LexA repression of motility, which is the initial event in biofilm development, contributes to repression of SOS-inducible biofilm formation.     

Direct evaluation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm mediators in a chronic infection model

Biofilms contribute to Pseudomonas aeruginosa persistence in a variety of diseases, including cystic fibrosis, burn wounds, and chronic suppurative otitis media. However, few studies have directly addressed P. aeruginosa biofilms in vivo. We used a chinchilla model of otitis media, which has previously been used to study persistent Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae infections, to show that structures formed in vivo are biofilms of bacterial and host origin within a matrix that includes Psl, a P. aeruginosa biofilm polysaccharide. We evaluated three biofilm and/or virulence mediators of P. aeruginosa known to affect biofilm formation in vitro and pathogenesis in vivo--bis-(3',5')-cyclic dimeric GMP (c-di-GMP), flagella, and quorum sensing--in a chinchilla model. We show that c-di-GMP overproduction has a positive impact on bacterial persistence, while quorum sensing increases virulence. We found no difference in persistence attributed to flagella. We conclude from these studies that a chinchilla otitis media model provides a means to evaluate pathogenic mediators of P. aeruginosa and that in vitro phenotypes should be examined in multiple infection systems to fully understand their role in disease.     

Enhanced Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm development mediated by human neutrophils

Cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease features persistent neutrophil accumulation to the airways from the time of infancy. CF children are frequently exposed to Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and by adulthood, 80% of CF patients are chronically infected. The formation of biofilms is a particularly important phenotypic characteristic of P. aeruginosa that allows for bacterial survival despite aggressive antibiotic therapy and an exuberant immune response. Here, we show that the presence of neutrophils enhances initial P. aeruginosa biofilm development over a period of 72 h through the formation of polymers comprised of actin and DNA. F-actin was found to be a site of attachment for P. aeruginosa. These actin and DNA polymers are present in CF sputum, and disruption of the polymers dispersed the associated P. aeruginosa cells and reduced biofilm development. These findings demonstrate a potential maladaptation of the primary innate response. When the host fails to eradicate the infection, cellular components from necrotic neutrophils can serve as a biological matrix to facilitate P. aeruginosa biofilm formation.     

阿奇霉素对铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜和毒力因子的干预作用

目的 研究阿奇霉素对铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜形成及毒力因子分泌的干预作用.方法 2倍稀释法测定最低抑菌浓度(MIC);结晶紫染色法测定早期黏附;建立PAO1体外生物被膜模型;扫描电镜观察生物被膜形态;连续稀释法进行活菌计数;弹性蛋白-刚果红法测定弹性蛋白酶活性;偶氮酪蛋白法测定蛋白水解酶活性;氯仿萃取法测定绿脓菌素;苔黑酚法测定鼠李糖脂.结果 PAO1阿奇霉素组对载体的黏附低于PAO1空白对照组(P＜0.05);第3、7天PAO1阿奇霉素组生物被膜少于PAO1空白对照组,且载体活菌计数少于PAO1空白对照组(P＜0.05).PAO1阿奇霉素组弹性蛋白酶活性、蛋白水解酶活性、绿脓菌素浓度、鼠李糖脂浓度均明显低于PAO1空白对照组(P＜0.01),弹性蛋白酶活性及绿脓菌素浓度与PA-JP3株组相当(P＞0.05),而蛋白水解酶活性及鼠李糖脂浓度高于PA-JP3株组(P＜0.05).结论 阿奇霉素可以抑制铜绿假单胞菌的黏附及其生物被膜的形成,并可以抑制其毒力因子的释放.     

Pseudomonas aeruginosa ExoT is a Rho GTPase-activating protein

Transient intracellular expression of ExoT in CHO cells stimulated cell rounding and actin reorganization. Biochemical studies showed that ExoT was a GTPase-activating protein for RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42. Together, these data show that ExoT interferes with Rho signal transduction pathways, which regulate actin organization, exocytosis, cell cycle progression, and phagocytosis.     

Synergistic effect of fosfomycin and fluoroquinolones against Pseudomonas aeruginosa growing in a biofilm

Ulifloxacin is the active form of the prodrug prulifloxacin and shows a highly potent antipseudomonal activity. In this study, we examined the combined effect of fosfomycin and ulifloxacin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) growing in a biofilm using a modified Robbins device with artificial urine, and compared it to that of the combination of fosfomycin and ciprofloxacin or levofloxacin. An ATP bioluminescence assay was used to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the agents against sessile cells in a mature biofilm developed on a silicon disk. The total bioactivity of P. aeruginosa growing in a biofilm that had not been fully eradicated by fosfomycin or any of the fluoroquinolones alone at 10 times the MIC decreased after combination treatment with fosfomycin and fluoroquinolones. Morphological changes occurred in a time-dependent fashion; namely, swollen and/or rounding cells emerged within a couple of hours after combination treatment, marking the initial stage in the process leading to the destruction of the biofilms. We could not find any difference among the 3 fluoroquinolones with regard to their synergistic effects when administered with fosfomycin. The combination treatment of fosfomycin and fluoroquinolones with highly potent antipseudomonal activities was effective in eradicating sessile cells of P. aeruginosa in the biofilm and promises to be beneficial against biofilm-associated infectious diseases.     

Roles for flagellar stators in biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa

While Pseudomonas aeruginosa has only a single flagellum, its genome encodes two flagellar stators, called MotAB and MotCD. Here we report that despite no apparent alterations in swimming motility, mutations in either the MotAB or the MotCD stator render the strains defective for biofilm formation in both static and flow cell systems. Our data suggest distinct roles for the stators in early biofilm formation, with both the MotAB and MotCD stators playing a role in initial polar attachment of the bacterial cell to the surface (reversible attachment) and the MotAB stator also participating in the downstream adherence event of irreversible attachment. We also show that the initial polar attachment of P. aeruginosa to two different abiotic surfaces occurs largely at the flagellated end of the cell, a finding that should help develop models for early attachment events. Interestingly, in flowing conditions, a mutation in either stator alone revealed a more severe biofilm defect than mutating both stators or mutating the flagellum. Our data suggest that defects in biofilm formation observed for the stator mutants may be in part due to impacting flagellar reversal rates.     

大鼠铜绿假单胞菌慢性肺部感染生物被膜的致病作用研究

目的 建立慢性铜绿假单胞菌（P.aeruginosa,Pa）生物被膜（biofilm,BF）肺部感染的大鼠模型,探讨Pa生物被膜的致病作用特点.方法 体外测定左旋氧氟沙星（levofloxacin,LFX）及头孢他啶（ceftazidime,CAZ）对藻酸盐包裹的PAO579及浮游PAO579的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）、最低杀菌浓度（MBC）.从大鼠切开的气管内注入0.1ml 10^9CFU/ml藻酸盐包裹的PAO579或浮游PAO579,术后第3、7、14天观察大鼠肺部的细菌学、病理学特点及TNF-α反应.结果 体外LFX、CAZ对藻酸盐包裹的PAO579的MIC、MBC均高于浮游PAO579.体内藻酸盐珠组的细菌形成单位（CFU）显著高于浮游菌组（P=0.002,P=0.004,P=0.002）;肺大体病理及炎症反应程度均较浮游菌组严重;肺TNF-α水平均高于浮游菌组（P=0.002,P=0.002,P=0.022）.相关分析表明,TNF-α水平与大体病理有明显相关性.结论 Pa生物被膜有保护细菌抵御抗菌药物杀伤的作用,同时有介导肺免疫损伤及保护细菌逃避宿主免疫防御作用.     

Investigation on extracellular slime from Pseudomonas aeruginosa as interferon inducer in mice

The investigation concerns interferon (IFN) production in the sera and spleens of 129/Ao/Boy mice induced with Pseudomonas aeruginosa slime extract. Interferon was present in the serum as early as 2 h after i.v. and i.p. injection of the immunogenic dose of the slime - 100 micrograms/mouse. Likewise, in the spleen the same dose induced interferon production at the second hour after its administration. In the spleen interferon was synthetized longer, even up to 7 days. On the other hand, it disappeared from the serum after 24 h. In vitro investigations on interferon induction in peritoneal cells and spleen revealed that after slime extract stimulation, only non-adherent cells are capable of IFN production; while adherent cells are not. Interferon synthesis in peritoneal cells in vitro was much enchanced if for the experiments, cells isolated 2 - 4 h after i.v. administration of mice with Ps. aeruginosa slime extract, were used. Besides, the stimulatory effect of the extract on interferon production was well marked in the Newcastle virus-induced peritoneal cells. For comparison, interferon obtained after induction with slime extract in vivo (in the serum) and in vitro (in peritoneal cells) was tested for its properties. The interferons although both acidstable, displayed significant differences. IFN obtained in vitro from peritoneal cells culture appeared thermolabile and susceptible for neutralization with gamma-globulin of rabbit serum against interferon from Newcastle virus-induced L929 cells (anti-MuIFN alpha/beta). IFN from serum was thermostabile, undergoing only slight neutralization with anti-MuIFN alpha/beta globulin.     

铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜形成过程中多糖合成相关基因表达的研究

目的 了解铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aerugirtosa,Pa)生物被膜形成过程中多糖生物合成相关基因在生物被膜形成中的表达,探讨其在生物被膜形成中的调控作用.方法 分别收集非黏液型铜绿假单胞菌PAO1的浮游菌及生物被膜菌,用实时荧光定量RT-PCR的方法对基因的表达进行相对定量分析.结果 多糖合成相关基因pslA、algD.pelA的mRNA在生物被膜菌中的相对表达量均高于浮游菌.结论 .pslA、algD,pelA的表达与铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜形成密切相关,在生物被膜形成中具有重要作用.     

铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜形成过程中多糖合成相关基因表达的研究

目的 了解铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aerugirtosa,Pa)生物被膜形成过程中多糖生物合成相关基因在生物被膜形成中的表达,探讨其在生物被膜形成中的调控作用.方法 分别收集非黏液型铜绿假单胞菌PAO1的浮游菌及生物被膜菌,用实时荧光定量RT-PCR的方法对基因的表达进行相对定量分析.结果 多糖合成相关基因pslA、algD.pelA的mRNA在生物被膜菌中的相对表达量均高于浮游菌.结论 .pslA、algD,pelA的表达与铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜形成密切相关,在生物被膜形成中具有重要作用.     

Characterization of phospholipase C from Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a potent inflammatory agent.

Phospholipase C (PLC) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa induced a marked inflammatory response when injected intraperitoneally in C3H/HeJ mice. This inflammation was characterized by the accumulation of inflammatory cells and plasma protein and the release of arachidonic acid metabolites (6-trans-12-epi-leukotriene B4 [LTB4], 6-trans-LTB4, LTB4, 5-HETE (5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid), LTC4, LTD4, LTE4, prostaglandin E2 [PGE2], PGF2-alpha, and thromboxane B2 [TxB2]) in the peritoneal cavity of the mice. Heat-inactivated PLC did not evoke any of these effects, suggesting that enzyme activity is necessary for PLC-induced inflammation. When human granulocytes were incubated with PLC in vitro, 6-trans-12-epi-LTB4, 6-trans-LTB4, LTB4, 5-HETE, and PGE2 were generated. Mouse peritoneal cells stimulated with PLC released 6-trans-LTB4, LTB4, PGE2, PGF2-alpha, and TxB2. Both human granulocytes and mouse peritoneal cells stimulated with PLC generated significantly increased levels of arachidonic acid metabolites as compared with cells incubated with heat-inactivated PLC. Leukotriene production by both populations of cells was inhibited when the cells were preincubated with nordihydroguaiaretic acid and subsequently stimulated with PLC. Similarly, both cell types released significantly lower amounts of cyclooxygenase pathway products when they were preincubated with indomethacin and subsequently stimulated with PLC.     

铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜形成过程中多糖合成相关基因表达的研究

目的 了解铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aerugirtosa,Pa)生物被膜形成过程中多糖生物合成相关基因在生物被膜形成中的表达,探讨其在生物被膜形成中的调控作用.方法 分别收集非黏液型铜绿假单胞菌PAO1的浮游菌及生物被膜菌,用实时荧光定量RT-PCR的方法对基因的表达进行相对定量分析.结果 多糖合成相关基因pslA、algD.pelA的mRNA在生物被膜菌中的相对表达量均高于浮游菌.结论 .pslA、algD,pelA的表达与铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜形成密切相关,在生物被膜形成中具有重要作用.     

铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜形成过程中多糖合成相关基因表达的研究

目的 了解铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aerugirtosa,Pa)生物被膜形成过程中多糖生物合成相关基因在生物被膜形成中的表达,探讨其在生物被膜形成中的调控作用.方法 分别收集非黏液型铜绿假单胞菌PAO1的浮游菌及生物被膜菌,用实时荧光定量RT-PCR的方法对基因的表达进行相对定量分析.结果 多糖合成相关基因pslA、algD.pelA的mRNA在生物被膜菌中的相对表达量均高于浮游菌.结论 .pslA、algD,pelA的表达与铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜形成密切相关,在生物被膜形成中具有重要作用.     

铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜形成过程中多糖合成相关基因表达的研究

目的 了解铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aerugirtosa,Pa)生物被膜形成过程中多糖生物合成相关基因在生物被膜形成中的表达,探讨其在生物被膜形成中的调控作用.方法 分别收集非黏液型铜绿假单胞菌PAO1的浮游菌及生物被膜菌,用实时荧光定量RT-PCR的方法对基因的表达进行相对定量分析.结果 多糖合成相关基因pslA、algD.pelA的mRNA在生物被膜菌中的相对表达量均高于浮游菌.结论 .pslA、algD,pelA的表达与铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜形成密切相关,在生物被膜形成中具有重要作用.     

铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜形成过程中多糖合成相关基因表达的研究

目的 了解铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aerugirtosa,Pa)生物被膜形成过程中多糖生物合成相关基因在生物被膜形成中的表达,探讨其在生物被膜形成中的调控作用.方法 分别收集非黏液型铜绿假单胞菌PAO1的浮游菌及生物被膜菌,用实时荧光定量RT-PCR的方法对基因的表达进行相对定量分析.结果 多糖合成相关基因pslA、algD.pelA的mRNA在生物被膜菌中的相对表达量均高于浮游菌.结论 .pslA、algD,pelA的表达与铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜形成密切相关,在生物被膜形成中具有重要作用.     

铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜形成过程中多糖合成相关基因表达的研究

目的 了解铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aerugirtosa,Pa)生物被膜形成过程中多糖生物合成相关基因在生物被膜形成中的表达,探讨其在生物被膜形成中的调控作用.方法 分别收集非黏液型铜绿假单胞菌PAO1的浮游菌及生物被膜菌,用实时荧光定量RT-PCR的方法对基因的表达进行相对定量分析.结果 多糖合成相关基因pslA、algD.pelA的mRNA在生物被膜菌中的相对表达量均高于浮游菌.结论 .pslA、algD,pelA的表达与铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜形成密切相关,在生物被膜形成中具有重要作用.