Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in Enterococcus isolates in Australia, 2005: report from the Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance

Antibiotic resistance in Enterococcus species causing clinical disease was examined in a point-prevalence study in 2005. Twenty-two sites around Australia collected up to 100 consecutive isolates and tested them for susceptibility to ampicillin, vancomycin, high-level gentamicin and/or high-level streptomycin using standardised methods. Results were compared to similar surveys conducted in 1995, 1999 and 2003. In the 2005 survey, Enterococcus faecalis (1,987 strains) and E. faecium (180 strains) made up 98.6% of the 2,197 isolates tested. Ampicillin resistance was common (77%) in E. faecium, but rare still in E. faecalis (0.2%). Resistance to vancomycin was 7.2% in E. faecium and 0.2% in E. faecalis; the vanB gene was detected in all vancomycin-resistant isolates. High-level resistance to gentamicin was 35.8% in E. faecalis and 52.2% in E. faecium; the figures for high-level streptomycin resistance were 10.3% and 60.2% respectively. Compared to previous Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance surveys in 1995, 1999 and 2003, the proportions of vancomycin resistance and high-level gentamicin resistance in enterococci are increasing. It is important to have an understanding of the occurrence of vancomycin resistant enterococci and high level aminoglycoside resistance in Australia to guide infection control practices, antibiotic prescribing policies and drug regulatory decisions.     

肠球菌耐药性及万古霉素耐药基因研究

目的:了解浙一医院2006年临床分离的肠球菌耐药性及万古霉素耐药基因型。方法:采用Kirby-Bauer(KB)法对临床分离的肠球菌进行药敏试验,结果按NCCLS/CLSI 2005年版标准判断及采用WH0NET 5.4软件进行统计分析;PCR法检测万古霉素耐药株耐药基因型。结果:2006年共分离肠球菌309株,屎肠球菌143株(46.3%),粪肠球菌133株(43.0%),鸟肠球菌21株(6.8%),铅黄肠球菌12株(3.9%),主要分离自引流液(胸腹水、胆汁)42.7%,尿液24.6%,血液15.5%;肠球菌对环丙沙星、利福平、红霉素敏感性<20%,粪肠球菌对氨苄西林、呋喃妥因、青霉素敏感率分别为90.9%、92.4%、72.2%,对高浓度庆大霉素的敏感率仅为39.2%;屎肠球菌对氨苄西林、青霉素、高浓度庆大霉素、呋喃妥因耐药率均超过70%,但对氯霉素、四环素敏感率分别为85.9%、78.9%,两者对磷霉素的敏感率比较接近(84.5%,82.4%)。VRE检出率为2.9%,屎肠球菌占90%,为VanA型耐药,粪肠球菌中未检测到万古霉素耐药株。结论:肠球菌耐药性较为严重,特别是首次在浙一医院分离到VanA型VRE,应引起临床和实验室高度重视。     

肠球菌的菌种分布和耐药性分析

目的 为了解深圳市人民医院临床分离的肠球菌的菌种分布和耐药性。方法 用Kirby-Bauer法对全院2001年7月至2003年7月临床分离的206株肠球菌进行药敏试验并对其菌种分布进行分析。结果 206株肠球菌中以粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌分离频率最高,分别占总体的65％和16％。粪肠球菌对替考拉宁、万古霉素、氨苄西林的耐药率低,分别为0、1．5％和4．8％;屎肠球菌对万古霉素和替考拉宁的耐药率均为0,其它肠球菌对万古霉素的耐药率为5．6％;粪肠球菌对氨苄西林的耐药率显著低于屎肠球菌。约30％的肠球菌高耐庆大霉素。结论万古霉素、替考拉宁对肠球菌有较强的抗菌作用,但VRE的出现应引起高度重视。氨苄西林对不同肠球菌的抗菌作用存在显著差异,29．7％的粪肠球菌、50％屎肠球菌和25．7％的其它肠球菌为高耐庆大霉素。     

2004—2014年尿标本分离粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌药物敏感性变迁

目的了解临床尿标本分离粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌药物敏感性状况及变迁,为临床抗感染治疗提供实验室依据。方法分析2004—2014年全国20所三级医院患者尿标本分离的粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌的药物敏感性,采用聚合酶链反应（PCR）检测万古霉素耐药肠球菌（VRE）的耐药基因。结果2004—2014年共分离菌株788株,其中粪肠球菌371株,屎肠球菌417株。粪肠球菌对氨苄西林、呋喃妥因、磷霉素、万古霉素和替考拉宁的敏感率均>90%,对利福平、米诺环素和红霉素的敏感率均<20%,2011年7月—2012年6月与2009年7月—2010年6月粪肠球菌对磷霉素敏感率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.0167)。屎肠球菌对万古霉素和替考拉宁的敏感率分别为96.9%和97.4%,对呋喃妥因、米诺环素和磷霉素的敏感率分别为41.7%、51.8%和78.2%,对氨苄西林、左氧氟沙星、利福平和红霉素的敏感率均<10%;屎肠球菌对呋喃妥因敏感率不同年份有降低趋势（任两组比较均P<0.0167）,2011年7月—2012年6月、2013年7月—2014年6月磷霉素敏感率较2009年7月—2010年6月有所降低（均P<0.0167）,其他药物不同年份药敏情况无显著变化。14株VRE均携带vanA耐药基因。结论尿标本分离的粪肠球菌对氨苄西林、呋喃妥因和磷霉素均较敏感,屎肠球菌对大部分抗菌药物敏感性相对较差;粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌对万古霉素和替考拉宁相对敏感,仅少数菌株耐药。     

Enterococcus in surface waters from the Des Moines River (Iowa) watershed: location, persistence and vancomycin resistance

The object of this study was to quantify vancomycin-resistant enterococci in surface water from Central Iowa obtained from April 2007 to August 2007. Water from established sampling sites in four watersheds was plated on bile-esculin agar. Presumptively identified enterococci were categorized as "above the level of concern" if the sample contained ≥ 107 CFU per 100 ml. Confirmation of isolates as enterococci was based on growth at elevated temperature in high salt and on Enterococcus agar. Isolates that grew on 6 μg/ml vancomycin agar were deemed resistant. PCR analysis of resistant strains characterized vancomycin resistance genes. 77.2% of surface water samples from Central Iowa contained enterococci. Among enterococcal isolates, 10.4% grew on media containing 6 μg/ml vancomycin. PCR analysis of resistance genes showed a preponderance of VanC2/C3 in the area studied and VanB was not detected. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus is present in Central Iowa surface waters but resistance rarely involved VanA genotypes. Nevertheless, the potential for community-acquired infections remains a risk.     

Distribution of aminoglycoside resistance genes in recent clinical isolates of Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus avium

Aminoglycoside modifying enzymes (AMEs) are major factors which confer aminoglycoside resistance on bacteria. Distribution of genes encoding seven AMEs was investigated by multiplex PCR for 279 recent clinical isolates of enterococci derived from a university hospital in Japan. The aac(6')-aph(2"), which is related to high level gentamicin resistance, was detected at higher frequency in Enterococcus faecalis (42.5%) than in Enterococcus faecium (4.3%). Almost half of E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates possessed ant(6)-Ia and aph(3')-IIIa. The profile of AME gene(s) detected most frequently in individual strains of E. faecalis was aac(6')aph(2") + ant(6)-Ia + aph(3')-IIIa, and isolates with this profile showed high level resistance to both gentamicin and streptomycin. In contrast, AME gene profiles of aac(6')-Ii+ ant(6)-Ia+aph(3')-IIIa, followed by aac(6')-Ii alone, were predominant in E. faecium. Only one AME gene profile of ant(6)-Ia+aph(3')-IIIa was found in Enterococcus avium. The ant(4')-Ia and ant(9)-Ia, which have been known to be distributed mostly among Staphylococcus aureus strains, were detected in a few enterococcal strains. An AME gene aph(2")-Ic was not detected in any isolates of the three enterococcal species. These findings indicated a variety of distribution profiles of AME genes among enterococci in our study site.     

某院2004-2005年临床分离细菌耐药性研究

目的 调查某院2004年1月-2005年12月间常见病原菌的分布及其耐药性。方法 常规分离、培养并鉴定细菌，采用纸片扩散（K-B）法对细菌进行药物敏感试验。结果 在2220株细菌中，革兰阴性菌1310株（59．01％），革兰阳性菌910株（40．99％）。在大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中，超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）的检出率分别为39．03％和38．33％。对于肠杆菌科细菌，亚胺培南和美罗培南的抗菌活性最强。非发酵菌中，铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率分别为27．86％和29．66％；嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、复方磺胺甲嗯唑较敏感，耐药率分别为45．15％与17．74％。60．48％金黄色葡萄球菌和44．21％凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌为甲氧西林耐药株，但均对万古霉素敏感。粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌中未发现对万古霉素耐药的菌株。结论 该院常见病原菌耐药性较严重，临床医生应及时掌握细菌耐药情况以合理使用抗菌药物。     

ICU肠球菌属esp基因分布及对万古霉素耐药的相关性研究

目的 了解医院重症监护病房(ICU)来源的肠球菌属的种类、esp基因的分布及其对万古霉素耐药的相关性.方法 用法国生物梅里埃公司全自动细菌分析仪VITEK-32进行肠球菌属鉴定,菌落杂交法检测esp基因的分布,微量稀释法测定细菌对万古霉素和替考拉宁的MIC.结果 113株肠球菌属中以粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌为主,共94株占总数的83.2％,其中粪肠球菌63株占55.8％,屎肠球菌31株占27.4％,esp基因阳性72株占76.6％,esp基因阳性者对万古霉素和替考拉宁的耐药率明显高于esp基因阴性者.结论 ICU感染肠球菌属以粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌为主,而且esp基因阳性较高,与肠球菌属耐万古霉素密切相关,值得重视.     

2019年内蒙古包头市细菌耐药监测

目的 监测2019年包头市11所三级医院所有临床分离菌株的构成及对常用抗菌药物的耐药情况,为临床科室选择抗菌药物提供可靠依据。方法 对上述医院的临床分离菌采用纸片扩散法（KB法）或全自动药敏仪法进行药敏试验,按CLSI 2018年版 M - 100标准判读药敏结果,采用WHONET 2019软件进行数据分析。结果 2019年共收集上述医院非重复临床分离菌8 430株,其中革兰阳性菌2 278株,占比27.0%,革兰阴性菌6 152株,占比73.0%。葡萄球菌属中耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（MRCNS）和耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌 (MRSA）检出率分别为65.5%和12.8%,未检出利奈唑胺、万古霉素和替考拉宁耐药菌株。粪肠球菌（EFA）对多数抗菌药物的耐药率均低于屎肠球菌（EFM）,EFA中检出2株利奈唑胺耐药菌株,EFM中检出1株替考拉宁耐药菌株、2株万古霉素耐药菌株。产超广谱β- 内酰胺酶（ESBLs）大肠埃希菌（ECO）和ESBLs（+）克雷伯菌属菌株的检出率分别为46.0%和16.8%。耐碳青霉烯大肠埃希菌（CREC）和耐碳青霉烯肺炎克雷伯菌（CRKP） 的检出率分别为0.5%和1.1%,CREC对左旋氧氟沙星的耐药率为100%,远高于CRKP的29.4%。结论 本地区ECO对喹诺酮类抗菌药物耐药率较高,应继续做好耐药监测工作,加强抗菌药物的合理使用,预防耐药菌的产生与传播。     

医院肠球菌属分布特征及耐药性变迁

目的了解肠球菌属的分布特征及耐药性的变迁,为临床治疗提供参考。方法回顾性总结2002-2005年医院各类临床标本分离出的99株肠球菌属,对其分布特点、检出率及药敏结果进行统计、分析。结果临床标本分离病原菌中革兰阳性球菌占34.2%,肠球菌属占3.0%,且有逐年上升趋势;肠球菌属中以粪肠球菌比例最高,屎肠球菌次之;肠球菌属在标本中检出率最高,其次为尿液和血液;肠球菌属总体耐药水平较高,仅对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、呋喃妥因、利福平、万古霉素较为敏感;屎肠球菌对青霉素、哌拉西林、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、环丙沙星、万古霉素耐药率显著高于粪肠球菌,而对四环素耐药率却显著低于粪肠球菌;2005年与2002年相比,粪肠球菌对青霉素、庆大霉素、高浓度庆大霉素、四环素、环丙沙星、头孢他啶、万古霉素耐药率显著增高(P<0.05或P<0.01);而屎肠球菌对青霉素、红霉素、环丙沙星、氯霉素、四环素耐药率显著降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),万古霉素耐药率已达32.0%。结论肠球菌属感染以粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌为主;肠球菌属总体耐药率较高,屎肠球菌耐药性高于粪肠球菌;临床治疗应根据病原菌药物敏感试验结果合理应用抗菌药物,同时应采取必要的预防措施。     

Diversity among multidrug-resistant enterococci.

Enterococci are associated with both community- and hospital-acquired infections. Even though they do not cause severe systemic inflammatory responses, such as septic shock, enterococci present a therapeutic challenge because of their resistance to a vast array of antimicrobial drugs, including cell-wall active agents, all commercially available aminoglycosides, penicillin and ampicillin, and vancomycin. The combination of the latter two occurs disproportionately in strains resistant to many other antimicrobial drugs. The propensity of enterococci to acquire resistance may relate to their ability to participate in various forms of conjugation, which can result in the spread of genes as part of conjugative transposons, pheromone-responsive plasmids, or broad host-range plasmids. Enterococcal hardiness likely adds to resistance by facilitating survival in the environment (and thus enhancing potential spread from person to person) of a multidrug-resistant clone. The combination of these attributes within the genus Enterococcus suggests that these bacteria and their resistance to antimicrobial drugs will continue to pose a challenge.     

肠球菌所致泌尿系统感染的耐药性分析

目的 探讨肠球菌在泌尿系统感染中的耐药情况,为临床抗感染治疗提供依据.方法 对2009年1月～2011年12月门诊和住院患者的1 329份尿液标本常规进行病原菌培养与鉴定,药敏试验采用K-B纸片扩散法.结果 肠球菌占泌尿系感染的10.2％,以屎肠球菌和粪肠球菌为主,屎肠球菌(35.3％)所占比例高于粪肠球菌(27.2％).两种肠球菌对万古霉素、替考拉宁、氨苄西林、氯霉素的耐药率均较低,其中粪肠球菌还对青霉素G、呋哺妥因的耐药率较低,分别为21.6％、27.0％.结论 肠球菌属对抗生素呈多重耐药,且不同种的肠球菌耐药性差异较大,临床应根据药敏试验结果,合理选择抗菌药物.     

Molecular typing and antimicrobial susceptibility of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in Brazil.

OBJECTIVES: To characterize vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) isolates and to evaluate the mode of dissemination of this pathogen in Brazil. DESIGN: We collected 22 vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium isolates from 6 medical centers in Sao Paulo, Brazil, and 1 isolate from a medical center in Curitiba, Brazil. PARTICIPANTS: All Brazilian hospitals that had identified vancomycin-resistant E. faecium up to the beginning of this study (late 1999) contributed isolates to the study. METHODS: The isolates were susceptibility tested using the broth microdilution method and the E-test. The presence of vancomycin resistance genes (vanA, vanB, vanC1, vanC2-3, and vanD) was evaluated by polymerase chain reaction; molecular typing was performed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). RESULTS: The vanA gene was demonstrated in all vancomycin-resistant E. faecium, except for 1 isolate. None of the vancomycin resistance genes cited above was detected in the isolate from Curitiba, which was the first vancomycin-resistant E. faecium described in Brazil. All isolates were resistant to ampicillin and teicoplanin. The main clone remains susceptible to doxycycline and chloramphenicol, but intermediate to quinupristin-dalfopristin. PFGE analysis demonstrated 7 major PFGE patterns. A unique PFGE pattern with 4 subtypes was detected in 17 isolates from 4 different hospitals. CONCLUSION: The results of our study indicate the occurrence of intra- and interhospital dissemination of VRE in Sao Paulo, Brazil.     

肠球菌多重耐药性及耐药基因的研究

目的:研究北京妇产医院临床感染患者分离的肠球菌属耐药情况,并对耐药基因进行检测。方法:临床分离出50株肠球菌进行菌株鉴定,采用KB法做药敏试验,PCR检测氨基糖苷类、大环内酯类、四环素类及糖肽类相关基因。结果:50株肠球菌中,共检出aac(6')/aph(2')基因16株,aph(3')-Ⅲ基因46株a,nt(6)-Ⅰ基因31株t,etM基因15株,ermB基因42株,未检出vanA和vanB基因。结论:肠球菌对临床常用的抗生素已经存在多重耐药,临床医生必须重视肠球菌所致感染的治疗,合理使用抗生素,避免耐药菌株造成医院感染的暴发流行。     

抗菌药物对肠球菌属细菌体外抗菌活性

目的了解抗菌药物对某院临床分离肠球菌属细菌的体外抗菌活性。方法对2013年6月—2014年7月该院临床各科室送检标本分离的188株肠球菌属细菌进行细菌鉴定及药物敏感试验。结果 188株肠球菌属细菌其中屎肠球菌119株、粪肠球菌60株、鸟肠球菌9株,主要分布在尿和血标本,分别占34.57%和19.15%。未检出对达托霉素及利奈唑胺耐药的肠球菌属细菌;屎肠球菌对万古霉素的耐药率为1.68%,对青霉素、氨苄西林、高浓度庆大霉素、红霉素、左氧氟沙星的耐药率均70%;除四环素外,粪肠球对其他抗菌药物的耐药率均低于屎肠球菌,粪肠球对青霉素、氨苄西林耐药率较低,分别为16.67%,13.33%。结论达托霉素对该院肠球菌属细菌具有良好的抗菌效果。     

儿童肠球菌感染及耐药性分析

目的 :了解儿童肠球菌的感染及耐药性 ,为临床治疗提供依据。方法 :采集湖北省 15家三级甲等医院 2 0 0 0～ 2 0 0 3年儿科临床分离的不重复的肠球菌 ,按照美国NCCLS推荐的方法和判断标准 ,用纸片扩散法进行药敏试验 ,资料用WHONET5专用软件进行统计分析。结果 :儿科临床分离出肠球菌 3 2 8株 ,粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌、铅黄肠球菌分别占 5 7 3 %、2 8 1%、6 1% ;标本来源依次为尿液 46 3 % ,血液 2 0 7% ,分泌物 11 0 % ,粪便 7 3 % ,痰 6 1% ;肠球菌对万古霉素、替考拉宁、呋喃妥因、氨苄西林和高浓度庆大霉素的耐药率分别为 1 3 %、4 7%、2 6%、5 3 2 %、5 0 7% ;屎肠球菌除对万古霉素、替考拉宁敏感外 ,对其他常用抗菌药的耐药率均比粪肠球菌高 ;耐氨苄西林和氨基糖甙类高水平耐药肠球菌的分离率分别为 5 1 2 %和 2 9 3 % ,两者对万古霉素、替考拉宁、呋喃妥因、左旋氧氟沙星的敏感性较好。结论 :儿科肠球菌感染以泌尿和血液系统感染为主 ,菌株主要为粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌 ,它们对常用抗生素均产生了程度不同的耐药性 ,对万古霉素和替考拉宁的耐药率最低。     

2012 - 2017年开封市粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌耐药性变迁分析

目的 了解粪肠球菌及屎肠球菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药变迁情况,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法 对2012 - 2017年间临床分离的397株粪肠球菌和497株屎肠球菌的药敏试验结果进行分析。结果 屎肠球菌对红霉素、利福平、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、青霉素、氨苄西林、庆大霉素、呋喃妥因和四环素等9种抗菌药物的平均耐药率均高于60%,对庆大霉素、呋喃妥因和链霉素3种抗菌药物耐药率不同年份呈上升趋势,对氯霉素耐药率呈下降趋势。粪肠球菌对红霉素、利福平、四环素和喹奴普汀 - 达福普汀等4种抗菌药物的平均耐药率高于60%,对氨苄西林和青霉素2种抗菌药物耐药率不同年份呈上升趋势,对环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星和庆大霉素3种抗菌药物耐药率呈下降趋势。屎肠球菌及粪肠球菌对替考拉宁和万古霉素2种抗菌药物平均耐药率均低于1%。结论 屎肠球菌和粪肠球菌对14种常用抗菌药物的耐药性变迁总体呈上升趋势,且屎肠球菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药性较高,故临床治疗应根据药敏结果选择合适的抗菌药物。     

儿科院内临床常见细菌耐药性监测

目的调查儿科临床常见致病菌的耐药性现状。方法药物敏感性试验采用Kirby-Bauer纸片扩散法(苛养菌用浓度梯度法),耐药性数据分析采用WHONET5软件。结果2002年1月~2003年12月共收集儿科医院患者首次分离2 303株,其中革兰阳性菌占29.7%,革兰阴性菌占70.3%;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS),分别占金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的9.7%与67.6%,无万古霉素耐药株;肠球菌耐万古霉素株4.1%;11.9%的肺炎链球菌对青霉素耐药;肠杆菌科细菌对亚胺培南的耐药率最低;产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌株的检出率分别为49.7%和63.1%。结论细菌耐药性仍是目前临床上的严重问题,应重视开展儿科抗感染治疗中耐药性监测工作,同时合理使用抗菌药物以降低耐药性和采取有效措施控制其传播也是非常重要的。     

Mohnarin2010年度报告:尿标本细菌耐药监测

目的 了解我国尿路感染常见病原菌的分布及耐药性.方法 59所卫生部全国细菌耐药监测网(Mohnarin)成员单位分离自尿标本的细菌,常规鉴定,采用纸片扩散法(K-B法)或自动化细菌鉴定系统测定细菌的耐药性,按CLSI 2010年版折点判断结果并采用WHONET 5.4软件进行统计分析.结果 共分离到细菌19 621株,其中革兰阳性菌5887株占30.0％,革兰阴性菌13 734株占70.0％,分离率最高的依次为大肠埃希菌8338株占42.5％、粪肠球菌1569株占8.0％、屎肠球菌1521株占7.8％、肺炎克雷伯菌1358株占6.9％;大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌ESBLs检出率分别为67.8％、65.6％,对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物最敏感(耐药率＜5.0％),对阿米卡星、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦耐药率＜20.0％;屎肠球菌对各种抗菌药物的耐药率明显高于粪肠球菌,万古霉素(VRE)耐药株检出率分别为4.6％、0.8％,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)比例分别为54.6％、76.9％,未检测到万古霉素、利奈唑胺耐药株.结论 我国尿路感染致病菌以大肠埃希菌为代表的革兰阴性杆菌为主,但肠球菌属等革兰阳性菌所占比例有所增多,多药耐药菌株增加,细菌耐药性监测对及时了解病原菌及其耐药性非常重要.