冠状动脉计算机体层成像血管造影在冠状动脉疾病的临床应用

冠状动脉计算机体层成像血管造影是诊断冠状动脉疾病的一个优秀无创评价测试工具。虽然冠状动脉造影是冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病的金标准,但有充分的证据来支持冠状动脉计算机体层成像血管造影的性价比,而且它的临床应用范围广。本次综述的目的是对冠状动脉计算机体层成像血管造影在冠状动脉疾病临床应用中的诊断准确性和预测价值的概述;对冠状动脉计算机体层成像血管造影的新兴领域,包括双源计算机体层成像、多排螺旋计算机体层成像进行讨论,以及冠状动脉计算机体层成像血管造影的局限性和突出展示其未来的发展方向。     

多层螺旋CT对冠状动脉血管的评价

多层螺旋CT作为一种安全、非侵入性的冠状动脉粥样硬化病变检查方法已为人们接受。其临床应用有着很大的潜力,它不仅可以发现显著的冠状动脉狭窄,还可以检出尚未引起狭窄的钙化及非钙化(脂质及纤维)斑块,随着技术进步,多层螺旋CT有可能取代冠状动脉造影完成对早期亚临床冠状动脉疾病的筛查。冠状动脉钙化积分对冠状动脉的评价要优于传统风险因素,它对总的冠状动脉的斑块负荷的评估可以提供更有力的预测。它还可用于其它冠状动脉疾病的评价。现主要介绍多层螺旋CT冠状动脉血管成像的临床应用现状。     

A Different Kind of Christmas Tree: Anomalous Origin of the Right Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Artery (ARCAPA)

Anomalous right coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ARCAPA) is a rare congenital coronary anomaly that has an incidence of 0.002%. We report a case of a previously healthy female who presented to our hospital with pneumonia and was incidentally discovered to have ARCAPA. This was initially diagnosed on echocardiography by the unusual echocardiographic finding of multiple color flow Doppler signals around the right ventricular free wall and apex which were subsequently confirmed by angiography to be due to extensive collateral circulation between the left and right coronary arteries. This represents an unusual echocardiographic manifestation of this very rare condition.     

Double right coronary artery detected on coronary computed tomography angiography: A case report

Double right coronary artery is a relatively rare coronary anomaly. In this case report we aim to increase awareness of the importance of recognizing such anomaly and a brief literature review of similar cases and possible high risk features. Computed Tomography is well recognized modality to detect coronary anomaly and in our case we demonstrated this as well.     

Case Report: A Rare Case of a Giant Right Coronary Artery Aneurysm

We report the case of a 34-year-old female patient with a giant thrombus-filled aneurysm of the right coronary artery presenting as a spherical cardiac mass on echocardiography. The cardiac mass was found to be an 8-cm right coronary artery aneurysm on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, which also revealed a 3.5-cm proximal left coronary aneurysm and a very small aneurysm at the origin of the obtuse marginal coronary artery. Due to the extent and size of the right coronary aneurysm, a decision for surgical intervention was made. Resection of the right coronary artery aneurysm with vein graft replacement and a bypass to the left anterior descending followed by subsequent exclusion of the aneurysm was successfully performed.     

An Unusual Combination of an Anomalous Origin of the Left Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Artery (ALCAPA) and a Right Coronary Artery System with Two Separate Ostia from the Aorta in an Adult

We describe a patient with an infrequent combination of variants in both the right and the left coronary arterial ostia, namely a combination of two separate right coronary artery (RCA) ostia from the aorta, and an anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA). To our knowledge, such a combination has not been previously reported. Based on published statistics for individual variants, such a combination is expected to occur approximately once for every 500,000 to one million live births. ALCAPA and dual RCA anatomy was characterized in our patient by echocardiography, conventional angiography, and multidetector computed tomography before and after Takeuchi repair. (Echocardiography 2010;27:E13-E17)     

Isolated Single Coronary Artery Presenting as Acute Coronary Syndrome: Case Report and Review

Congenital single coronary artery is commonly associated with complex congenital heart diseases and manifests in infancy or childhood. But isolated single coronary artery is a rare congenital anomaly which can present as acute coronary syndrome in adults. The aim of the work is to discuss on isolated single coronary artery in two adults presenting as acute coronary syndrome. The first case underwent coronary angiography (CAG) through right radial route, but switched over to femoral for confirmation of diagnosis and due to radial spasm. An aortic root angiogram was done to rule out presence of any other coronary ostia. It revealed a single coronary artery originating from right sinus of valsalva. After giving rise to posterior descending artery branch at crux, it continued in the atrioventricular groove to the anterior basal surface of the heart and traversed as anterior descending artery. There was no atheromatous occlusive stenosis. This is R-I type single coronary artery as per Lipton classification. In the second case, angiography was completed through right radial route. It revealed a single coronary artery arising from right aortic sinus. Anterior descending and circumflex branch were originating from proximal common trunk of the single coronary artery and supplying the left side of the heart. The right coronary artery has diffuse atheromatous disease without significant stenosis in any major branch. This is R-III C type as per Lipton classification. A coronary anomaly of both origin and course is very rare. It may be encountered in adults evaluated for atherosclerotic coronary heart disease. Knowledge and understanding of anatomical types of this congenital anomaly will reduce time, anxiety, complications during CAG and cardiac surgery.     

非右冠窦起源右冠状动脉特征及经桡动脉介入诊疗分析

目的 分析异常起源于主动脉系统的右冠状动脉(RCA)解剖分布特点、临床分型,及冠状动脉介入诊疗技术要点。 方法 2014年1月至2015年12月浦东新区周浦医院行冠脉造影（CAG）3396例,冠脉经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）1550例;RCA非右冠窦起源异常患者共19 例,5 例RCA行PCI,19例患者均经桡动脉途径,部分患者行冠脉CTA检查;分析异常起源于主动脉系统RCA的发生率、分布特点,并从解剖学角度进行临床分型,及分析CAG、PCI技术要点。 结果 我院2014-2015年度冠脉造影发现的异常起源于主动脉系统的RCA病例占0.56%,平均年龄73±9岁,男性10例,女性9例。其中A1型14例,占74%;B1型二例,A2、B2、D1型各有一例,未见到C型和D2型。患者均由桡动脉路径完成选择性冠状动脉造影、IVUS检查或PCI术;三例患者采用主动脉根部非选择性造影寻找右冠脉开口;完成的右冠脉造影以5F TIG造影导管及6F IL3.5指引导管为主,只1例用6F AL1.0。11例行冠脉PCI;6例( 31.6%,6/19)有右冠脉冠心病,5 例行PCI术。完成右冠脉PCI的指引导管包括6F IL3.5,6F AL1.0,6F SAL1.0,其中一例用6F AL1.0行右冠脉PCI时,出现右冠脉近端夹层。 结论 冠脉造影发现的异常起源于主动脉系统的RCA病例以左冠窦内左冠脉开口右侧起源,穿主肺动脉间且不伴有右冠脉开口狭窄、近端受压类型为主;熟悉异常起源于主动脉系统的RCA的解剖分布规律,指导选用适宜的造影及指引导管,用适宜的操作手法完成冠脉介入诊疗过程。     

多排CT在冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞病变介入治疗中的应用价值

目的:探讨多排计算机断层扫描造影技术(CTA)在冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞病变(CTO)介入治疗中的应用价值.方法:25例进行过CTA检查的CTO患者.其中,介入治疗前进行CTA检查者11例;其余14例患者介入治疗前未进行CTA检查,在术后3d内完成CTA检查.结果:11例介入治疗前进行CTA检查的患者中,有8例(73%)介入手术成功.14例介入治疗前未进行CTA检查的患者PCI均失败.介入治疗成功者CTO病变局部平均CT密度值是324±58Hu,平均PCI操作时间是73±31min,介入治疗失败者CTO病变局部平均CT密度值是560±131Hu(P＜0.01).平均PCI操作时间是120±41min(P＜0.01).结论:CTO病变局部CT密度值有助于预测介入手术成功率.     

Coronary artery-left ventricular communications: A report of two cases and review of the literature

Two patients with chest pain had angiographically-demonstrated communications between the three coronary arteries and the left ventricular chamber. Communications between coronary arteries and the left ventricle are unusual and communications between all three coronary arteries and the left ventricle are rare. These anomalies are, however, commonly associated with symptoms of chest pain. The presence of left ventricular hypertrophy and a widened pulse pressure may suggest a greater hemo-dynamic effect of the shunt flow than often suspected angiographically.     

Anomalous Right Coronary Artery Origin in a High School Athlete

Coronary anomalies are the cause of 12% of sudden deaths among athletes. Similarly anomalous coronary origin from the opposite sinus is often found at autopsy. The use of echocardiography to screen for these types of defects may provide a potentially life‐saving diagnosis. The authors present a case that highlights the utility of echocardiography as part of a comprehensive screening program for athletes. (Echocardiography 2010;27:348‐350)