Fluoroquinolone-resistant Vibrio cholerae isolated during a cholera outbreak in India

During the cholera epidemic of 2002 in and around Hubli, south India, Vibrio cholerae strains resistant to fluoroquinolones were isolated. Among the isolates of V. cholerae non-O1, non-O139 serogroups, 55.9% and 47.1% were resistant to norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin, respectively. However, only 12.5% of the O1 serogroup strains were resistant to both norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin. Though the O139 serogroup strains were susceptible to these antibiotics, they exhibited multidrug resistance. Emergence of fluoroquinolone-resistant V. cholerae that also exhibited multidrug resistance is of great significance in the epidemiology and control of cholera.     

Expanding multiple antibiotic resistance among clinical strains of Vibrio cholerae isolated from 1992-7 in Calcutta, India

Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Vibrio cholerae strains isolated from cholera patients admitted to the Infectious Diseases Hospital, Calcutta, India for 6 years were analysed to determine the changing trends; 840 V. cholerae strains isolated in 1992-1997 were included in this study. Among V. cholerae serogoup O1 and O139, ampicillin resistance increased from 1992 (35 and 70%, respectively) to 1997 (both serogroups 100%). Resistance to furazolidone and streptomycin was constantly high among V. cholerae O1 strains with gradual increase in resistance to other drugs such as ciprofloxacin, co-trimoxazole, neomycin and nalidixic acid. V. cholerae O139 strains exhibited susceptibilities to furazolidone and streptomycin comparable with those of O1 strains. However, after initial increase in resistance to chloramphenicol and co-trimoxazole, all the V. cholerae O139 strains became susceptible to these two drugs from 1995 onwards. Both V. cholerae O1 and O139 remained largely susceptible to gentamicin and tetracycline. V. cholerae non-O1, non-O139 strains, in contrast, exhibited high levels of resistance to virtually every class of antimicrobial agents tested in this study especially from 1995. Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis showed that V. cholerae O1 Ogawa serogroup exhibited significant yearly increase in resistance to nine antibiotics followed by non-O1 non-O139 and O139 strains to six antibiotics and two antibiotics respectively. Interesting observation encountered in this study was the dissipation of some of the resistant patterns commonly found among V. cholerae non-O1 non-O139 or O1 serogroups to the O139 serogroup and vice versa during the succeeding years.     

Comparison of amplified fragment length polymorphism and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis for subtyping of Vibrio cholerae serogroups O1 and O139

Molecular typing of Vibrio cholerae strains is a powerful tool for the surveillance of cholera. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) is considered to be a powerful subtyping technique to distinguish bacterial strains at the genetic level. Optimization and standardization of AFLP protocol is required to allow data comparisons across different laboratories in a surveillance network. Here, we performed AFLP using different restriction enzymes and primer pairs for subtyping of V. cholerae serogroups O1 and O139 and compared the optimized AFLP protocol with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) to evaluate the applicability of AFLP for conducting epidemiological surveillance of cholera. The discriminatory index (D-value) of PFGE for serogroup O1 strains was similar when digested with NotI and SfiI, whereas that for O139 strains was higher for NotI digestion than for SfiI. EcoRI-G/MseI-T was the restriction enzyme and primer combination with highest discriminatory index used in the AFLP analysis. Capillary electrophoresis-based AFLP showed higher discriminatory power than that of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis-based AFLP. When the two methods were compared using 72 epidemiologically unrelated serogroup O1 El Tor isolates, AFLP had a lower D-value than PFGE with NotI and SfiI digestions, respectively. For 54 epidemiologically unrelated serogroup O139 isolates, NotI PFGE had the highest discriminatory power, and SfiI PFGE and AFLP yielded almost the same but lower discriminatory power. We conclude that NotI and SfiI are both suitable for the PFGE of V. cholerae serogroup O1, whereas NotI should be defined as the primary enzyme for serogroup O139. The applicability of AFLP in V. cholerae subtyping and outbreak investigations is limited.     

Biotype traits and antibiotic susceptibility of Vibrio cholerae serogroup O1 before, during and after the emergence of the O139 serogroup.

Sixty-nine strains of Vibrio cholerae O1 isolated at different times were analysed to investigate if there were any differences among the O1 strains isolated before, during and after the advent of the O139 serogroup. Of the 69 O1 strains examined, 68 belonged to the Ogawa serotype while one belonged to the Inaba serotype. With the exception of one strain all other strains of V. cholerae O1 belonged to the eltor biotype. A single O1 strain isolated before the emergence of the O139 serogroup could not be classified as either eltor or classical biotype because it was resistant to both classical and eltor specific bacteriophages. Marked variations in the susceptibility to antibiotics of V. cholerae O1 isolated during the different periods were observed. In addition, strains of V. cholerae isolated after the epidemic of serogroup O139 in Calcutta showed an expanding R-type with resistance to a variety of drugs as compared to the O1 strains isolated before the advent of the O139 serogroup. From this study, it is clear that there is a substantial mobility in genetic elements of V. cholerae O1 which necessitates a continuous monitoring to keep abreast of the changing traits of the etiologic agent of cholera.     

珠江河口水体O1群和O139群霍乱弧菌监测

目的 分析珠江河口水体O1群和O139群霍乱弧菌菌型特征,探讨环境水体监测的方法和疫情监测中的作用.方法 2006年3月至2007年2月,在珠江河口选择24个水样采集点,每月采集一次,进行O1群和O139群霍乱弧菌的分离培养,并利用实时PCR监测样品增菌液中的O1群和O139群霍乱弧菌.采样同时测定气温、水温等气象资料.用脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)对分离菌株进行分型分析.结果 监测期间共采样862份,霍乱弧菌分离阳性率7.77%,实时PCR阳性率为26.33%.按月的水样检测阳性率与水温变化趋势相似;城区监测点阳性率高于其他区域,在一家海产品批发市场排水口下游检测到产毒O139群菌株;菌株的菌型构成中,分离菌株主要为非产毒株;O1群E1 Tor小川和稻叶型以及O139群菌株的分离无季节变化趋势;PFGE分析75株分离株被分为49种带型,相似性为57.4%～100%,表现出明显的多样性.结论 霍乱弧菌在珠江河口水体中广泛存在,并呈现多样性.水体监测提供产毒菌株的指示,可作为环境危险评价的指标,且能在霍乱弧菌的监测和霍乱疫情预警中发挥作用.     

Changing epidemiology of cholera due to Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139 Bengal in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

At the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR, B) Dhaka we studied the trends in cholera for the period January 1992 to May 1995. Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal emerged as a second aetiologic agent of cholera in Dhaka in January 1993. In 1993, the majority of cholera cases was due to V. cholerae O139, with V. cholerae O1 accounting for a small proportion of cases. During the latter part of the study period (Jan 1994-May 1995), V. cholerae O1 re-emerged as the predominant cholera strain. The predominant age group affected in endemic cholera due to V. cholerae O1 was children 2-9 years old, and the organism was isolated from more females than from males at all ages. In contrast, cholera due to V. cholerae O139 caused disease mostly in adults 15 years and older, which indicated that this organism was new in this population. As with V. cholerae O1, V. cholerae O139 was isolated from more females than males. The initial rapid emergence and predominance of V. cholerae O139 was considered possibly to herald the start of the eighth pandemic of cholera. However, just after a year, the prevalence of V. cholerae O139 decreased dramatically with V. cholerae O1 resuming the role of the dominant cholera strain. The factor(s) contributing to the dramatic decline in prevalence of V. cholerae O139 is not well understood.     

珠江河口水体霍乱弧菌监测及菌株毒力基因分布特征

目的 了解珠江河口水体中O1群和O139群霍乱弧菌的分布状况,分析菌株的分子特征和毒力基因特征.方法 对2009年1月至2010年12月从珠江河口水体中分离的59株O1群和10株O139群霍乱弧菌,采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)方法体外检测ctxA、tcpA、ace、zot、tcpl,hlyA、toxR和ompU等毒力相关基因,并进行毒力相关基因分型分析,对限制性内切酶Not Ⅰ消化后的基因组DNA进行脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)分析,采用BioNumerics软件分析图谱,得到菌株带型相似性的聚类分析树状图.结果 2009-2010年共采集1 152份水体标本,分离得到O1/O139群霍乱弧菌69株,其中O1群埃尔托霍乱弧菌59株(小川型18株,稻叶型41株),O139群霍乱弧菌10株.PCR检测69株菌ctxA全部阴性,hlyA和toxR全部阳性,基因分型可分成9个型.稻叶型菌株中,34.15％(14/41)为hlyA+ toxR+ ompU+ ace+ zot+ tcpⅠ+型;小川型菌株中,66.67％(12/18)为hlyA+toxR+型;O139群菌株中,70％(7/10)为hlyA+ toxR+型.PFGE分型发现,O139群菌株PFGE相似度为69.9％～ 95.5％;O1群菌株相似度为72.8％～ 100.0％,可分成3个聚类.结论 在霍乱流行间歇期,该地区外环境水体中O1群和O139群霍乱弧菌非产毒株广泛存在,基因型别多样.     

广西首次分离 O139群霍乱弧菌的病原学特征

目的 了解O139群霍乱弧菌的病原学特征。方法 采用经典的微生物学、噬菌体-生物分型方法进行生化、药敏和流行菌株的分型,并用家兔肠段结扎方法进行霍乱肠毒素检测。结果 4株菌与O139群霍乱诊断血清发生强凝集反应。与O1群多价血清不凝集;在庆大琼脂平板上菌落较O1群霍乱弧菌混浊、隆起。霍乱肠毒素检测均为中等毒力,对氟哌酸、丁胺卡那霉素敏感,对9种抗菌药物耐药。结论 霍乱肠毒素检测为中等毒力,具备引起流行的能力,为流行株。因此加强监测,及时做好防治措施十分必要。     

Consecutive outbreaks of Vibrio cholerae O139 and V. cholerae O1 cholera in a fishing village near Karachi, Pakistan

In July 2002 and June 2003, cholera outbreaks were detected by a diarrhoea surveillance system in a village outside Karachi, Pakistan. Specimens were culture confirmed. The first outbreak was caused by Vibrio cholerae O139 (n = 30) and the second outbreak by V. cholerae O1 (n = 39). Demographic and clinical features of patients were recorded and case-control studies were conducted following each outbreak. Clinical information was obtained for 29 of the 30 patients in the first outbreak, and 2 of the patients in the second outbreak were either out of the area or lost to follow-up, leaving 29 and 37 cases in the analysis for the first and second outbreak, respectively. Eighteen (49%) of the 37 V. cholerae O1 patients were under 2 years of age compared with 6 (21%) of the 29 V. cholerae O139 patients (P = 0.02). Vibrio cholerae O139-infected patients were more likely to be febrile (16/29) than those infected with V. cholerae O1 (2/37; P<0.001). A household contact with cholera was a risk factor in both outbreaks; water source was a risk factor in the first outbreak only. Geographically, cases were clustered during the first outbreak but not during the second. Person-to-person contact and water reservoirs appear to be the main transmission routes for cholera in this setting.     

Characterization of Vibrio cholerae isolated from the aquatic basins of the State of Pernambuco, Brazil

Through a continuous bacteriological monitoring programme carried out by the Health Secretariat of the State of Pernambuco, Brazil, two isolates of Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor Ogawa were discovered in an endemic area in 2001, during a cholera inactive period, along with six V. cholerae non-O1/non-O139 strains and two Aeromonas veronii biovar sobria strains showing an unusual characteristic of agglutination with O1 antiserum. Between that time and 2005, eight other O1 isolates were found. The virulence genes present in the V. cholerae differed among strains, with only three O1 strains harboring the ctxA gene. The O1 and some non-O1/non-O139 strains displayed identical patterns of amplification of the 16S-23S intergenic spacer region. RAPD of the 10 V. cholerae O1 strains, with the two primers used, revealed heterogeneity. The presence of V. cholerae carrying virulence genes in the aquatic basins examined confirms that they constitute a vibrio reservoir during a cholera inactive period, thus strengthening the argument for a continuous monitoring programme and preventative measures for cholera, mainly in the areas where the supply of drinking water is deficient.     

The prevalence of Vibrio spp. in drinking water and environmental samples in Vellore South India.

The prevalence of Vibrio cholerae in drinking water, lakes and sewage outfalls during July and August 1996 in Vellore, India was determined. Drinking water samples were collected on single occasions from 12 sites in different geographic areas of the town where cholera had been reported. Samples of water, plankton and sediment were collected from fixed sites at three lakes on three occasions separated by at least 3 days during the course of the study. Samples from open sewers were taken from two representative sites in four areas of the town. Bacteria isolated from samples were identified by standard biochemical tests and isolated strains of V. cholerae tested for their ability to agglutinate O1 and O139 antisera. Water samples from lakes were also tested for the presence of V. cholerae O1 and O139 by fluorescent antibody staining. Non-O1, non-O139 strains of V. cholerae were detected in 41% of drinking water samples and 100% of water, sediment and plankton samples from the test lakes. Eighty-seven per cent of open sewers sampled contained viable non-O1, non-O139 V. cholerae. Fluorescent antibody staining gave positive results for V. cholerae O1 and O139 for all water samples from the three lake sites. Strains of Aeromonas spp. were isolated from 58% of drinking water samples and from 66% of sediment, 77% of plankton and 55% of water samples from lakes. All open sewers sampled contained Aeromonas spp. PCR amplification employing specific primers demonstrated that none of the non-agglutinating V. cholerae isolates contained the ctx operon. The non-O1, non-O139 V. cholerae isolates showed different patterns of antibiotic resistance to ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline and trimethoprim.     

Diversity of Vibrio cholerae strains isolated in Delhi, India, during 1992-2000

The National Institute of Communicable Diseases (NICD), Delhi, India, conducts a laboratory-based surveillance of cholera cases referred from the Infectious Disease Hospital, Delhi. The prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibilities of Vibrio cholerae O1, O139, and others, isolated from cholera patients for nine years, were analyzed to determine the changing trends in their isolation and drug-resistance patterns. In total, 29,196 stool samples or rectal swabs, collected during April 1992-December 2000, were included in this study. Of these, 13,730 (47%) were positive for V. cholerae: 11,091 for V. cholerae O1 (80.7%) and 1,943 (14%) for V. cholerae O139, and 696 (5%) were non-O1 and non-O139. V. cholerae O1 was the dominant serotype during 1992-1993, when V. cholerae O139 emerged as a new serotype but, thereafter, remained low from 1994 to 1999. Phenotypically, re-emerged V. cholerae O139 in 2000 displayed a difference compared to those that appeared in 1992-1993, in that the current O139 strains were sensitive to co-trimoxazole. Resistance to nalidixic acid and furazolidone was constantly high (100%) among strains of V. cholerae O1 and O139. All strains of V. cholerae were uniformly susceptible to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, amikacin, and norfloxacin. Molecular studies revealed different clones of V. cholerae O1 and O139 prevailing in the country with the re-emergence of V. cholerae O139 of a different clonality in Delhi in 2000, which is likely to play a critical role in temporal antigenic variation among the serogroups of V. cholerae.     

Preferential association of the heat-stable enterotoxin gene (stn) with environmental strains of Vibrio cholerae belonging to the O14 serogroup

Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139 serogroups have the capacity of causing epidemic and pandemic cholera but are infrequently found in the environment. The other serogroups are abundant in aquatic environments but do not possess the virulence genes necessary for causing the disease. Of the 559 environmental strains of V. cholerae, collected during different periods from environmental samples in Calcutta, 9 (1.6%) harboured the heat-stable enterotoxin gene (stn). Six of the 9 strains belonged to the O14 serogroup. Thus, V. cholerae strains carrying the stn gene revealed preferential association with the O14 serogroup. Three of the six strains harboured the tcpA gene of the E1 Tor type, which is an unusual feature among environmental V. cholerae strains. A strain that possessed the E1 Tor type tcpA also had the CTX prophage. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) revealed that the stn gene positive O14 strains of V. cholerae were not clonal.     

An epidemic of cholera due to Vibrio cholerae O139 in Dhaka, Bangladesh: clinical and epidemiological features.

We describe the disease spectrum and socio-demographic and epidemiological features of an epidemic of cholera due to a new pathogen, Vibrio cholerae O139, in patients attending a very large hospital in the metropolitan city of Dhaka, Bangladesh. This hospital treats 70,000-90,000 patients a year with diarrhoeal diseases. A 4% systematic sample of 1854 patients attending from January to April 1993 were studied. Five hundred and two (27%) of the 1854 patients were culture positive for V. cholerae O139 and 63 (3%) were culture positive for V. cholerae O1 biotype El Tor. Patients with V. cholerae O139 were mainly adults with a short history of watery diarrhoea. Eight-three percent of patients had moderate to severe dehydration. All recovered except one 80-year-old man with compromised renal function who died. Seventy-eight percent of patients required initial intravenous rehydration followed by oral rehydration therapy with rice ORS; they also received tetracycline to reduce diarrhoea severity. Most patients were from urban slums with inadequate sanitation facilities and hygiene practices. The newly recognized V. cholerae O139 infection produced an epidemic of severe dehydrating diarrhoea indistinguishable from clinical cholera in a population which experiences two epidemic peaks of cholera in a year due to V. cholerae O1. Infection with the latter does not appear to confer any cross-protection from V. cholerae O139. The new pathogen suppressed, albeit temporarily, V. cholerae O1. Unlike other non-O1 serogroups of V. cholerae this new serogroup appears to have epidemic potential.     

广东省外环境O1/O139群霍乱弧菌毒力基因分型

目的 分析广东省外环境来源O1/O139群霍乱弧菌毒力基因的携带及基因分型特征,为霍乱防控提供依据.方法 选取2008 -2009年广东省O1/O139群霍乱弧菌水体分离株69株,水产品分离株16株和同期病例分离株5株,应用多重聚合酶链反应对ctxA、ace、zot、tcpA、tcpl、hlyA、ompU、toxR等8种毒力基因进行检测和分型分析.结果 90株O1/O139群霍乱弧菌均携带hlyA和toxR基因;5株病例菌株中有3株携带8种毒力基因,另外2株小川型菌株为非产毒株,基因型为hlyA+ toxR+ ompU+ zot+ tcpA+ tcpl+型和hlyA+ toxR+ tcpA+型;水体菌株中,稻叶型菌株以hlyA+ toxR+ ompU+ ace+ zot+ tcpl+型(34.15％)为主,小川型(66.67％)和O139群(70％)以hlyA+ toxR+型为主;水产品菌株中,稻叶型菌株以hlyA+ toxR+ ompU+ tcpl+型(75.00％)为主,小川型菌株各种基因型别均有分布,无明显优势基因型别.结论 广东省外环境来源O1/O139群霍乱弧菌以非产毒株广泛存在,毒力基因型别多样.     

海、水产品中污染霍乱弧菌的鉴定和分子特征分析

目的 了解调查年份不同种类海、水产品中分离的霍乱弧菌的血清学分型、噬菌体-生物分型及毒力因子携带情况,分析海水产品污染状况与疫情的关系,为疫情预测和制定防治对策提供参考。方法 应用血清学分型及噬菌体-生物分型方法分析所分离菌株的生物表型,应用PCR方法检测毒力基因的携带情况。结果 检测的64株菌株中0139型菌株占48．44％（31／64）,01群小川型占31．25％（20／64）,01群稻叶型占20．31％（13／64）;01群噬菌体-生物分型显示均为非流行株;对61株菌毒力基因检测结果显示：0139霍乱弧菌毒力基因的检出率（83．33％）远高于01群小川型霍乱弧菌（15．38％）和01群稻叶型霍乱弧菌（11．11％）。结论 0139型霍乱弧菌主要存在于甲鱼、甲鱼养殖水及甲壳类海水产品中,而且多为产毒株,这些海、水产品是预防和控制霍乱疫情的重要环节。     

脉冲场凝胶电泳分型技术在追溯O139霍乱传染来源中的应用

目的分析四川省2004年7起因聚餐暴发霍乱疫情的分离菌株之间,及其与常规监测中从外环境、水产品中分离的霍乱弧菌之间的分子分型特征和遗传相关性,查找霍乱传染来源.方法利用聚合酶链反应检测霍乱毒力基因（ctxAB）,用脉冲场凝胶电泳（PFGE）对菌株进行分子分型,所得结果以BioNumerics V4.0软件UPGMA方法进行聚类分析.结果所试72株O139群霍乱弧菌中所有4株从河水分离的菌株ctxAB阴性,其余均具有ctxAB,为产毒株.对其中的67株菌以Not I酶切后PFGE可分为16个型别.从甲鱼分离的O139群霍乱弧菌与同期流行的O139群霍乱弧菌优势PFGE型别一致,并且也为产毒株.7起暴发中分离的菌株型别各不相同.结论2004年四川省O139霍乱暴发感染来源复杂,提示并非因为菌株在该地持续存在而引起,但甲鱼可能是2004年度霍乱聚餐暴发的主要传染来源之一.     

表型和分子分型技术在霍乱弧菌研究中的应用

目的分析1999～2005年广州地区O1群和O139群霍乱弧菌代表菌株的致病基因型和PFGE型别,确定霍乱菌株的分子流行病学特征和同源性,研究本地霍乱弧菌的分子特性。方法采用多重PCR方法检测霍乱弧菌的4种致病相关基因,采用限制性内切酶Not I,以脉冲场凝胶电泳技术(PFGE)对菌株进行分子分型,采用分型处理软件BioNumerics Version对PFGE图谱做聚类分析。结果本地霍乱弧菌代表株中存在3种致病基因型(A、B、C型),病例分离的霍乱弧菌多为A型基因,而环境分离的霍乱弧菌则多为C型和B型。总共96株霍乱弧菌分为60个不同的PFGE型,带型范围:8 kb-650 kb。相同或相近的PFGE型(相差1～3条带)存在于多次霍乱暴发疫情分离株中、环境分离霍乱与临床株之间、输入病例与本地病例分离霍乱弧菌间,不同的PFGE克隆型(4～6带及以上)的流行病学联系也较远。结论将致病基因分型、PFGE型与流行病学资料结合,揭示了本地霍乱菌株从受污染的珠江水及水产品传递给人并引起霍乱暴发、散发的特征,提示开展霍乱菌株PFGE分子分型监测及加强地区间合作的必要性和急迫性。     

Vibrio cholerae O1 lineages driving cholera outbreaks during seventh cholera pandemic in Ghana

In recent years, the frequency of cholera epidemics across Africa has increased significantly with thousands of people dying each year. However, there still exists a lack of information concerning the Vibrio cholerae O1 lineages driving early and contemporary epidemics since the seventh cholera pandemic started in the continent. This compromises the understanding of the forces determining the epidemiology of cholera in Africa and its control. This study aimed to analyze a collection of V. cholerae O1 strains from the beginning of the seventh cholera pandemic in Ghana and to compare them with recent isolates to understand the evolution of the cholera epidemic in Ghana. V. cholerae O1 strains were characterized by means of Multilocus Sequence Analysis (MLSA), genes from the virulence core genome (VCG), and genes related to the choleragenic phenotype. Our results revealed two major clusters of Ghanaian V. cholerae O1 strains, El Tor and Amazonia/Ghana. Concerning the virulence genes, all strains harbored the set of VCG and most were positive for VSP-II genomic island. The ctxB gene of the contemporary strains was characterized as Altered El Tor. The strains from 1970 to 1980 were susceptible to all antibiotics tested, except for the Amazonia/Ghana cluster that was resistant to aminoglycosides and carried the class 2 integron with the sat2-aadA1 arrangement. This study showed that distinct V. cholerae O1 were the determinants of cholera outbreaks in Ghana. Thus, in endemic regions, such as Africa, cholera can be caused by various V. cholerae O1 genotypes.     

湖南省2005年-2010年霍乱疫情分离株的毒力基因PCR及PFGE分型分析

目的:了解2005年-2010年湖南省霍乱疫情分离到的O139群霍乱弧菌菌株的病原学特征,研究疫情分离株之间的克隆相关性。方法:采用K-B法进行药敏试验;聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测ctxAB毒力基因;脉冲场凝胶电泳对疫情分离代表株进行PFGE分型分析。结果:33株霍乱弧菌对强力霉素、复方新诺明的耐药率较高,分别为39.39%和75.76%,对环丙沙星、诺氟沙星以及丁胺卡那100%敏感;毒力基因的PCR结果显示为所有疫情分离的O139霍乱弧菌均为产毒株,即霍乱肠毒素基因ctxAB阳性;24株分离自2005年和2010年的7起疫情里的O139霍乱弧菌进行PFGE分型及聚类分析后,共分为3个PFGE带型,所有菌株的带型相似率在83%～100%之间。结论:湖南省2005年-2010年霍乱疫情以O139群为主,引起疫情的全部为产毒株,不同年份不同地区之间霍乱疫情的分离菌株之间存在着紧密相关的流行克隆群,对分离菌株进行耐药性监测和进一步的分子分型分析,有助于霍乱的主动监测和传染来源的追踪。