老年2型糖尿病患者体质量指数与胰岛素抵抗及脂代谢异常的相关性研究

目的:探讨老年2型糖尿病患者体质量指数与胰岛素抵抗及脂代谢异常的关系,指导临床治疗。方法:将175例老年2型糖尿病患者根据体质量指数分3组,分别测定血清总胆固醇、三酰甘油、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇以及糖化血红蛋白、空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素,并应用稳态模型评估法评价胰岛素抵抗及胰岛β细胞功能。结果:随体质量指数增加,胰岛素抵抗程度加重,三酰甘油水平明显升高,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇逐渐降低(P<0.05);空腹血胆固醇及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇略呈增高,但3组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:老年2型糖尿病、尤其是超体质量和肥胖患者,均有不同程度胰岛素抵抗增加、胰岛β细胞功能降低和脂代谢紊乱。临床应注意对血压、血脂、血糖及体质量等进行全方位干预和治疗。     

家庭护士食疗方案在超重/肥胖2型糖尿病病人饮食干预中的实证研究北大核心

目的:探讨家庭护士食疗理论指导下构建的食疗方案对超重或肥胖2型糖尿病病人的效果。方法:选取2022年9月—2022年11月在社区招募的63例超重或肥胖2型糖尿病病人为研究对象,采用随机数字表法将其分为茶饮组32例和食疗组31例。茶饮组给予代用茶和常规饮食健康教育;食疗组在茶饮组的基础上给予富含非营养素的个性化饮食管理,分别在干预前和干预42 d后比较两组体重、体质指数、空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、空腹胰岛素、胰岛素抵抗指数、总胆固醇、三酰甘油、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平和2型糖尿病病人饮食管理得分。结果:1)体重及体质指数。干预后,食疗组体重及体质指数均低于茶饮组(P<0.05)。2)糖代谢指标。与干预前比较,食疗组干预42 d后空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素、胰岛素抵抗指数和糖化血红蛋白均下降(P<0.05),茶饮组空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素和胰岛素抵抗指数均下降(P<0.05);干预42 d后,食疗组空腹血糖低于茶饮组(P<0.05);3)脂代谢指标。与干预前比较,食疗组干预42 d后总胆固醇、三酰甘油和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇均下降(P<0.05),茶饮组总胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇均下降(P<0.05)。4)饮食管理。干预42 d后,食疗组饮食管理各维度得分及总得分均高于茶饮组(P<0.05)。结论:家庭护士食疗理论指导下构建的家庭护士食疗方案可降低超重或肥胖2型糖尿病病人的体重、体质指数、空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、空腹胰岛素、胰岛素抵抗指数、总胆固醇、三酰甘油和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平,提高2型糖尿病病人饮食管理能力。     

罗格列酮对糖尿病患者血清肿瘤坏死因子α水平及胰岛素抵抗的干预效应

目的:运用胰岛素增敏剂罗格列酮治疗2型糖尿病患者,观察其在改善血糖、血脂、胰岛素抵抗的同时对血清肿瘤坏死因子α水平的影响。方法:①选择2004-03/07深圳市罗湖区人民医院内分泌科住院的2型糖尿病患者26例为糖尿病组。纳入同期本院体检科健康体检人员26例作为对照组。均对实验目的知情同意。②糖尿病组在严格糖尿病饮食、运动和原有口服药物的基础上服用马来酸罗格列酮,4mg/次,1次/d,共干预12周。③采用自动生化分析仪测定总胆固醇、三酰甘油、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、空腹血糖、餐后血糖。采用放射免疫法测定空腹胰岛素、餐后胰岛素。采用RIAKit测定血清肿瘤坏死因子α水平。计算胰岛素抵抗指数=(空腹胰岛素×空腹血糖)/22.5,计算胰岛素敏感性指数=1/(空腹胰岛素×空腹血糖)。④组间比较采用t检验,采用直线相关分析。结果:糖尿病患者26例和健康体检者26人均进入结果分析。①糖尿病组治疗前肿瘤坏死因子α、总胆固醇、三酰甘油、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、空腹血糖、餐后血糖明显高于对照组(P<0.05～0.01),高密度脂蛋白胆固醇明显低于对照组(P<005)。糖尿病组治疗后肿瘤坏死因子α、三酰甘油、空腹血糖、餐后血糖明显低于治疗前(P<0.05～0.01),高密度脂蛋白胆固醇明显高于治疗前(P<005)。②糖尿病组治疗前空腹胰岛素、餐后胰岛素、胰岛素抵抗指数明显高于治疗后和对照组(P<0.05～0.01),胰岛素敏感指数明显低于治疗后和对照组(P<0.05)。③糖尿病组治疗前肿瘤坏死因子α与胰岛素敏感指数呈显著负相关(r=-0.38,P<0.05),与胰岛素抵抗指数呈显著正相关(r=0.29,P<0.05)。治疗后肿瘤坏死因子α与胰岛素敏感指数呈显著负相关(r=-0.31,P<0.05),与胰岛素抵抗指数呈显著正相关(r=0.26,P<0.05)。结论:①罗格列酮可使糖尿病患者血清肿瘤坏死因子α下降,胰岛素敏感性增加,胰岛素抵抗得到改善。②罗格列酮可以升高高密度脂蛋白胆固醇,降低高血脂和高血糖水平等多种心血管风险因素,纠正一系列代谢异常,从而对心血管起到保护作用。     

2型糖尿病患者体脂分布与胰岛素抵抗的关系

目的:研究2型糖尿病患者不同体脂分布对胰岛素抵抗的影响。方法:对248例2型糖尿病患者的体质量指数(BMI)、腰臀比(WHR)、胰岛素抵抗指数进行调查,检测身高、体重、腰围、腹围、臀围,并测定空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖、空腹胰岛素、餐后2 h胰岛素、糖化血红蛋白、血清总胆固醇、血清三酰甘油、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇,计算胰岛素抵抗指数。采集相应数据对体脂分布与胰岛素抵抗的关系进行研究。结果:肥胖组患者的胰岛素抵抗指数明显高于非肥胖组(P<0.05),而正常体重代谢性肥胖患者的胰岛素抵抗指数与外周型肥胖者基本相同,提示无论是总体脂增加还是局部体脂增加,胰岛素抵抗程度都随之增加。结论:在2型糖尿病患者中,无论是总体脂增加或是局部体脂增加者其胰岛素抵抗指数均升高。     

糖尿病肾病患者血清淀粉样蛋白A与血糖及血脂代谢的相关性

目的探讨血清淀粉样蛋白A(serum amyloid A,SAA)与糖尿病肾病患者血糖及血脂代谢的关系。方法 115例2型糖尿病患者依据24h尿微量白蛋白排泄率分为单纯糖尿病组37例,微量白蛋白尿组40例,临床白蛋白尿组38例,同期35名体检健康者为对照组,测定4组空腹血糖、总胆固醇、三酰甘油、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、血肌酐、血尿素氮、糖化血红蛋白、血清SAA、24h尿微量白蛋白排泄率,并进行比较。结果单纯糖尿病组SAA、三酰甘油、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平高于对照组(P<0.01);微量白蛋白尿组SAA、空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、总胆固醇水平高于单纯糖尿病组(P<0.05);临床白蛋白尿组糖化血红蛋白、总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、SAA、血肌酐、24h尿微量白蛋白排泄率、三酰甘油水平高于微量白蛋白尿组(P<0.05);SAA与24h尿微量白蛋白排泄率、空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、总胆固醇呈正相关(r=0.463,P<0.01;r=0.278,P<0.05;r=0.402,P<0.01;r=0.216,P<0.05),与高密度脂蛋白胆固醇呈负相关(r=-0.265,P<0.05)。结论 SAA与空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、高脂血症及尿微量白蛋白关系密切,SAA水平增高是糖尿病肾病进展的重要危险因素。     

血清成纤维细胞生长因子-21在2型糖尿病合并冠心病中的作用研究

目的探讨血清成纤维细胞生长因子-21(FGF-21)水平与2型糖尿病(T2DM)合并冠心病(CHD)的关系及其临床意义。方法选取单纯T2DM患者50例(T2DM组)、T2DM合并CHD患者48例(T2DM+CHD组)、单纯CHD患者47例(CHD组)、门诊健康体检者50例(对照组),用酶联免疫吸附法检测血清FGF-21水平,并测定空腹血糖、总胆固醇、三酰甘油、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇浓度,糖化血红蛋白和空腹血清胰岛素,计算胰岛素抵抗指数、体重指数及腰臀比,并作相关比较和分析。结果 T2DM+CHD组血清FGF-21水平均明显高于T2DM组、CHD组和对照组,差异均有统计学意义(q分别=3.55、3.74、3.96,P均<0.05);T2DM+CHD组FGF-21水平与腰臀比、三酰甘油和胰岛素抵抗指数呈正相关(r分别=0.195、0.255、0.189,P均<0.05);FGF-21和糖化血红蛋白是T2DM危险因素,FGF-21和三酰甘油是T2DM合并CHD的危险因素。结论血清FGF-21与T2DM合并CHD的发病有一定联系。     

2型糖尿病患者接受膳食血糖生成指数教育的相关结果分析

目的:调查2型糖尿病患者参加营养教育情况,分析膳食血糖生成指数与血清生物化学指标的相关性。方法:①选择中山大学附属第二医院糖尿病病友之家2001年登记名单中的106例2型糖尿病患者,年龄30～70岁。均对调查的测定项目知情同意。②对患者既往参加糖尿病营养教育的主要内容进行调查,分为糖尿病基本知识、食物交换份法和食物血糖生成指数等3个问卷。同时进行相关营养知识调查,每张问卷10个题目,答对1题计1分,答错或不知道计0分,不扣分,满分为10分。膳食调查采用24h询问法,连续3d,详细记录每例的膳食食物种类和数量。计算早、中、晚三餐血糖生成指数。③血糖测定采用葡萄糖氧化酶法,总胆固醇和三酰甘油测定采用酶比色法,低密度脂蛋白胆固醇测定采用聚乙烯硫酸沉淀法,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇测定采用磷钨酸-酶沉淀法。应用稳态模型评估法计算胰岛素抵抗指数(空腹血糖×空腹胰岛素/22.5)。④组间比较应用方差分析和t检验。计数资料采用χ2检验。以三餐血糖生成指数与空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖、糖化血红蛋白、三酰甘油、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、胰岛素抵抗和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇变量,进行单因素相关分析。结果:糖尿病患者106例均完成问卷调查并进入结果分析。①参加营养教育情况和营养知识得分:参加1次及以上血糖生成指数知识营养教育的例次百分比明显低于参加糖尿病营养基本知识和食物交换份法知识教育者(4.7%,89.6%,83.0%,χ2=56.1374,47.3086,P<0.01)。食物血糖生成指数知识和食物交换份知识得分明显低于糖尿病营养基本知识得分[(2.14±1.08),(2.37±1.21),(5.11±2.34)分,t=9.2910,P<0.01];与食物交换份知识得分相近[(2.37±1.21)分,P>0.05]。②各餐血糖生成指数与生物化学检验结果相关性:早、午、晚三餐血糖生成指数与空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖、糖化血红蛋白、三酰甘油、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇和胰岛素抵抗指数均呈显著正相关(r=0.2869～0.7820,P<0.05～0.01),与高密度脂蛋白胆固醇呈显著负相关(r=-0.3120～-0.3401,P<0.05～0.01)。结论:①2型糖尿病患者接受血糖生成指数知识较少。②2型糖尿病患者三餐血糖生成指数高低与空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖、糖化血红蛋白、三酰甘油、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、胰岛素抵抗指数和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平有关。     

肿瘤坏死因子α启动子区基因多态性与2型糖尿病的相关性

目的:分析肿瘤坏死因子α启动子区第308位G/A基因多态性与中国北方2型糖尿病患者胰岛素抵抗及血脂异常的相关性。方法:选择2003-08/2004-07伊春市第一医院内分泌科收治的2型糖尿病患者60例为对象,为2型糖尿病组,同期选取中国北方健康汉族人54例,为对照组。两组受试者均知情同意。应用放射免疫技术检测两组空腹血浆胰岛素和肿瘤坏死因子α水平。采用全自动生化分析仪检测两组空腹血糖、血浆总胆固醇、三酰甘油、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平。采用稳态模型分析法评价胰岛素抵抗指数(胰岛素抵抗指数=空腹血糖×空腹血浆胰岛素/22.5)。采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性法检测两组肿瘤坏死因子α基因多态性。结果:纳入2型糖尿病患者60例和正常对照者54例,均进入结果分析。①2型糖尿病组血浆肿瘤坏死因子α、三酰甘油水平和胰岛素抵抗指数均高于对照组[肿瘤坏死因子α分别为(1.43±0.57),(1.21±0.42)μg/L;三酰甘油分别为(2.72±1.28),(1.62±0.79)mmol/L;胰岛素抵抗指数分别为4.60±0.98,3.28±0.67,P<0.05],高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平低于对照组[(0.82±0.23),(1.01±0.19)mmol/L,P<0.05]。②2型糖尿病组和对照组携带GA AA基因型的频率分别是0.316和0.093;A等位基因的频率分别是0.175和0.046。③2型糖尿病组携带GA AA基因型胰岛素抵抗指数、肿瘤坏死因子α、三酰甘油水平高于携带GG基因型[胰岛素抵抗指数分别为5.24±1.25,4.07±0.89;肿瘤坏死因子α分别为(1.56±0.24),(1.39±0.37)μg/L;三酰甘油分别为(3.07±0.88),(2.18±1.08)mmol/L,P<0.05],而血浆总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平两者比较差异无显著性。结论:肿瘤坏死因子α第308G/A基因突变与中国北方2型糖尿病患者的胰岛素抵抗及血脂异常有关。     

2型糖尿病家系非糖尿病一级亲属胰岛素抵抗的多因素分析

目的:研究2型糖尿病家系非糖尿病一级亲属胰岛素抵抗和体质量指数、血脂、血糖、胰岛素、C肽等参数的关系。方法:在重庆地区选择有两个或两个以上2型糖尿病患者的103个家系进行调查。对先证者的父母、同胞、和子代进行标准口服葡萄糖耐量实验,根据糖耐量结果确定无糖尿病者125例为一级亲属组。选择糖尿病患者或糖尿病家系一级亲属的配偶83例为正常对照组。比较两组空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素、空腹C肽、血脂,及糖负荷后60,120,180min血糖、胰岛素、C肽水平,并计算体质量指数及胰岛素抵抗稳态模型评估胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR),用于评价胰岛素抵抗变化。将一级亲属组成员根据体质量指数分组。比较肥胖者(n=57)和非肥胖者(n=68)的指标改变。结果:一级亲属组收缩压、舒张压、三酰甘油、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、HOMA-IR明显高于正常对照组(t=1.98～2.50,P<0.05～0.01)。葡萄糖负荷后60,120min的血糖及0,60min,120min的胰岛素,负荷后60min的C肽,均显著高于对照组(t=2.07～4.82,P<0.05～0.01)。一级亲属组肥胖者的三酰甘油,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇空腹胰岛素水平及HOMA-IR明显高于非肥胖者t=2.03～7.56,P<0.05～0.01)。糖尿病一级亲属组HOMA-IR(与体质量指数,收缩压、舒张压、三酰甘油呈显著     

2型糖尿病合并糖尿病肾病的危险因素分析

选取收治的T2DM患者178例,根据尿白蛋白排泄率分为单纯糖尿病组(DM组)、早期糖尿病肾病组(EDN组)和临床糖尿病肾病组(DN组),比较三组的一般资料、空腹血糖、胰岛素、糖化血红蛋白(Hb Al C)、血清总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)和极低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(VLDL-C)、三酰甘油、尿白蛋白定量及胰岛素抵抗指数等相关因素。结果三组体重指数、病程、VLDL-C、LDL-C、HDL-C、空腹血糖、胰岛素、Hb Alc比较,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05);年龄、收缩压、舒张压、总胆固醇、三酰甘油、尿酸、HOMA-IR比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。肥胖、病程、高血糖和高血脂是T2DM合并DN患者的危险因素。     

Doing more with less and less with more

The "devil is in the details" of any policy response. What forms such changes may take, and what research informs them, are critical to the profession as a whole and to practitioners on a daily basis. Research partnerships between home care agencies and university professors may provide rigorous, systematic, and validated findings necessary for meaningful solutions (Plotkin & Roche, 2000). The evidence of a dialogue between nursing researchers, home healthcare practitioners, and policymakers anticipating impacts on practice of changing fiscal and information-gathering requirements is scant. Such issues are in need a priority discussion by agencies, and collaborative investigative efforts between all involved.     

Communicating with clients and colleagues with hearing loss

Abstract:

Aside from elderly relatives, some of us may have never had any direct personal experience with a person who is deaf or hard of hearing, and so may be unfamiliar with how to effectively communicate with these people. This can make for a very awkward, frustrating and possibly embarrassing experience for both parties. This author is a wearer of hearing aids herself, and would like to share some information on hearing loss and tips on effective communication with a person with hearing loss.     

Mindfulness and Coping with Dysphoric Mood: Contrasts with Rumination and Distraction

Past research has shown that rumination exacerbates dysphoric mood whereas distraction attenuates it. This research examined whether the practice of mindfulness meditation could reduce dysphoric mood even more effectively than distraction. A dysphoric mood was induced in 139 female and 38 male participants who were then randomly assigned to a rumination, distraction, or meditation condition. As predicted, participants instructed to meditate reported significantly lower levels of negative mood than those in either of the two other conditions. Distraction was associated with a lessening of dysphoric mood when compared to rumination but was not as effective as mindfulness meditation. The implications of these findings are discussed.     

Special problems with children and adolescents with diabetes.

Treatment of children and adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (type 1) is different in many ways than it is for adults. Physical, cognitive, and emotional development changes affect therapeutic goals and modalities. Neonatal, early childhood, school-age, and adolescent patients all have unique needs. Further, diabetes can affect psychosocial maturation and the likelihood of difficulties with mood.     

Interaction of peptidoglycans with anti-IgGs and with complement.

This report describes the interaction of peptidoglycan (Streptococcus group A, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Micrococcus lysodeikticus) with 2 serum mediator systems, namely with the anti-IgG system and with complement. The observation that the majority of rabbits hyperimmunized with A-variant streptococcal vaccine produced anti-group carbohydrate antisera containing anti-IgGs and antibodies directed to peptidoglycan suggested that the production of these 2 latter antibodies was related. This view was supported by the finding of a monoclonal 7S anti-IgG with antibody specificity for the pentapeptide of peptidoglycan as evidenced by inhibition of the coprecipitation of 7S anti-IgG with antigen-antibody complexes by the pentapeptide. Inhibition of the anti-idiotype reaction by the pentapeptide provided further evidence for the antibody specificity of 7S anti-IgG for peptidoglycan. When added to normal human sera all peptidoglycan preparations inhibited the hemolytic activity of the sera. Consumption of C3 in C2 deficient serum and consumption of C2 in normal serum indicated the activation of both known complement pathways. Activation of the classical pathway of complement was more efficient since 50 mug of peptidoglycan consumed approximately 70% of C2 per ml normal serum whereas more than 2 mg of the same preparations was required to inactivate 17-24% of C3 in C2 deficient sera. Each of the different peptidoglycan preparations consumed similar amounts of complement in all 20 sera tested. This finding suggested that activation of the classical complement pathway by peptidoglycan was not mediated by anti-peptidoglycan antibodies present in only 20-40% of normal human sera.     

Expanded timed up and go test with subjects with stroke: reliability and comparisons with matched healthy controls

Faria CD, Teixeira-Salmela LF, Silva EB, Nadeau S. Expanded Timed Up and Go test with subjects with stroke: reliability and comparisons with matched healthy controls.ObjectivesTo investigate the intra- and interrater reliabilities of the Expanded Timed Up and Go (ETUG) test with subjects with stroke and to compare the ETUG scores between subjects with stroke and healthy control subjects.DesignCross-sectional.SettingResearch laboratory.ParticipantsStroke participants (n=48; mean age ± SD, 59.29±15.84y) and healthy controls (n=48), matched by age, sex, and levels of physical activity.InterventionsNot applicable.Main Outcome MeasuresThe time spent to complete the ETUG in absolute (s) and ratio values regarding the percentages of the total time. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), Student t tests, and 95% confidence intervals were employed to investigate the reliability and differences between the groups (α<.05).ResultsBoth intra- and interrater reliabilities showed significant and excellent results for both groups for the absolute values (0.86≤ICC≤1.00; P<.001) and ratio values (0.55≤ICC≤0.99; P<.001). The mean time, in seconds, for all of the ETUG activities was higher for the subjects with stroke than for the control subjects (3.15≤t≤5.78; P<.001). However, when the comparisons considered the ratio values, no significant differences between the groups were found (0.45≤t≤1.15; 0.25≤P≤0.65). These results were confirmed by the 95% confidence interval.ConclusionsSubjects with stroke spent more time in all of the ETUG activities when compared with control subjects. All of the activities appeared to contribute similarly to the poorer performances observed in subjects with stroke, because the ratio values were similar between the groups. Considering the positive intra- and interrater reliability results, the ETUG could be applied to assess the functional mobility of both groups.     

Hemosuccus pancreaticus: diagnosis with CT and MRI and treatment with transcatheter embolization

We report the case of a 56-year-old woman with a presyncopal episode followed by melena. A sentinel clot sign in the pancreatic duct on precontrast computed tomography and the presence of a splenic artery aneurysm on postcontrast computed tomography strongly suggested a fistula between the aneurysm and the duct, as visualized by magnetic resonance imaging. The patient was treated successfully by complete embolization of the splenic artery aneurysm. Received: 25 January 2000/Accepted: 21 February 2001