耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的药敏分析

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌 (MRSA)是临床上重要的院内感染病原菌之一[1] 。随着抗菌药物种类的增多 ,临床的广泛应用 ,MRSA的感染也日渐增多 ,因其治疗困难 ,病死率高 ,成为医院感染的重大问题。为了解本院的MRSA感染状况及耐药情况 ,指导临床合理用药 ,我们收集近 2a临床送检标本中分离出的 14 8例耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌 ,来分析它们的药敏情况。1　材料与方法1 1　菌株来源　 14 8例MRSA来源于本院细菌室1998年 11月～ 2 0 0 0年 10月期间各种临床标本。其中 ,伤口分泌物 5 7例 ( 3 8 5 % ) ,痰液 46例 ( 3 1 1% ) ,鼻咽拭子 18…     

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药性分析

目的 了解耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌临床感染现状及其耐药性,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供科学依据.方法 采用phonix-100对314株金黄色葡萄球菌进行鉴定和药敏试验,数据统计使用WHONET5.5软件及SPSS17.0软件进行.结果 共分离出314株金黄色葡萄球菌,其中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA) 164株,占52.2％,甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA) 150株,占47.8％;标本来源以痰液为主,占58.3％,其次是伤口分泌物占29.3％;MRSA和MSSA对万古霉素、替考拉宁、利奈唑胺无耐药,MRSA对阿米卡星、庆大霉素、妥布霉素、利福平、环丙沙星、磺胺甲噁唑/甲氧苄啶、克林霉素、红霉素、四环素耐药率分别为86.6％、89.6％、93.3％、43.3％、87.8％、6.7％、84.1％、84.1％、85.3％;MSSA对青霉素、阿米卡星、庆大霉素、妥布霉素、利福平、环丙沙星、磺胺甲噁唑/甲氧苄啶、克林霉素、红霉素、四环素耐药率分别为92.0％、0.7％、32.7％、32.7％、2.7％、10.0％、34.7％、36.0％、59.3％、22.0％;MRSA对大环内酯类、氨基糖苷类、氟喹诺酮类、四环素类、克林霉素耐药率明显高于MSSA.结论 MRSA分离率较高,耐药性严重,应引起重视,临床应根据药敏试验结果合理选择抗菌药物.     

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的检测及耐药性分析

目的鉴定及分析耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药性。方法菌株按《全国临床检验操作规程》进行培养和鉴定。药物敏感试验采用纸片扩散法。结果检出金黄色葡萄球菌206株,其中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌110株,占53.4%。其中MRSA和MSSA对万古霉素均敏感,MRSA对阿米卡星、利福平的耐药性较低(<30%),其余均显示较高耐药性,为多重耐药。结论 MRSA的耐药性严重,临床细菌室应高度重视MRSA的检测。     

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的变迁与耐药性分析

目的 探讨耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)的流行分布和多药耐药趋势,防止MRSA的上升,采取有效的医院管理措施.方法 对2003～2008年医院住院患者部分门诊患者各类标本分离到的金黄色葡萄球菌作药敏试验和甲氧西林耐药性测定.结果 6年中MRSA分离率分别为56.8%、79.6%、52.9%、17.8%、20.2%、12.9%,对大部分临床常用抗菌药物耐药率随MRSA的变化而变化,利福平耐药率较低,未发现耐万古霉素金黄色葡萄球菌.结论 医院MRSA分离率2003～2005年与高发地区相近,2006～2008年明显下降.     

新生儿医院感染耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的分析

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（ＭＲＳＡ）是医院感染的重要致病菌，致病力强。新生儿机体抵抗力低，ＭＲＳＡ对他们的健康造成威胁。本文对我院医院感染中的新生儿的病原体调查中发现：ＭＲＳＡ已成为新生儿感染中的重要致病菌，占金黄色葡萄球菌的４７．０％，且多重耐药。文章还对临床合理选用抗生素提供了参考。     

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌医院感染调查分析

目的 分析耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）和耐甲氧西林表皮葡萄球菌（MRSE）医院感染的危险因素,防止感染暴发和流行.方法 采用前瞻性监测方法,对58 422例住院患者发生的MRSA、MRSE医院感染病例进行调查分析.结果 我院两年内共发生MRSA、MRSE医院感染173例;年龄≥60岁118例,感染前使用≥3种抗菌药物114例,有侵入性操作100例,有≥3种严重基础疾病62例;感染部位为呼吸道105例,分布在ICU 59例.结论 MRSA、MRSE医院感染的危险因素主要是高龄、住院时间过长、不规范使用抗菌药物、侵入性操作、严重的基础疾病等;高发科室为ICU、神经科和器官移植科;高发部位是呼吸道.     

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌分子生物学研究进展

目前，耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌是医院感染或术后感染的重要病原菌之一，其耐药特性及流行病学特征已成为医务工作者关注的热点。研究表明，ＭＲＳＡ耐要的主要机制是染色体ｍｅｃＡ基因编码表达一独特青霉素结合蛋白，但ＭＲＳＡ菌株的耐药表型各异。ＭＲＳＡ分流行株和非流行株。浒菌株又各自特征。已证实单克隆ＭＲＳＡ菌株可导致爆发流行，及时发现流行菌株，对防止其播散流行具有重要意义 。     

成都市从养殖到餐桌环节耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌污染状况调查

目的 为控制耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的播散、防控食源性疾病和食品安全风险评估提供科学依据。方法 从成都市各区县采集猪肉、牛肉、鸡肉、鸭肉等市售食品,从成都市部分学校食堂、养殖场及屠宰场采集加工环节涂抹样本。采用平板法分离鉴定金黄色葡萄球菌,纸片扩散法进行青霉素、氨苄西林、苯唑西林、头孢西丁、头孢唑林、红霉素、庆大霉素、环丙沙星、氯霉素、万古霉素的药敏试验,PCR法检测mecA基因鉴定耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌,酶联荧光免疫分析测定金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素。结果 452份样品中分离出的83株金黄色葡萄球菌,其中送检速冻面制品中金黄色葡萄球菌分离率100%。耐药率居前三位的抗菌药物分别是青霉素（66/83）、氨苄西林（65/83）、红霉素（42/83）。其中多重耐药株29株,耐3药17株,耐4药6株,耐5药3株,耐6药3株。83株金黄色葡萄球菌中,15株mecA基因阳性,9株多重耐药,其中5株耐3药,1株耐4药,2株耐5药,1株耐6药。15株耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌中,3株肠毒素阳性,其中2株为来自超市的生鸡肉样品,1株为某单位送检样品。结论 从成都市养殖、生产、加工和销售环节均检出MRSA,速冻食品中MRSA肠毒素阳性风险较高。建议将MRSA纳入食源性致病菌耐药监测系统。     

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌感染及耐药性分析

为了解耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）在我院感染性疾病中的现状及对临床常用药的耐药情况，我们对本院2002年1月--2004年12月，住院患者感染MRSA的情况进行了调查，现报道如下。     

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药性研究

本文总结我院１９９３年６月～１９９４年７月从临床标本中分离的１７２株金黄色葡萄球菌（金葡菌），１３４株（７７．９％）为耐甲氧西林金葡菌（ＭＲＳＡ），其中８０．６％（１０８／１３４）为医院染株。１３３株（９９．３％）ＭＲＳＡ对林可霉素、青霉素Ｇ耐药；对红霉素、庆大霉素的耐药率亦高达９７％；第一代头孢菌素对ＭＲＳＡ的抑菌作用明显下降，头孢唑啉的抑菌率仅为７．５％，ＭＩＣ５０＞１６ｍｇ／Ｌ；环丙沙星耐药率上升迅速，对ＭＲＳＡ的耐药率达８６．６％，ＭＴＣ５０＞４ｍｇ／Ｌ。ＭＲＳＡ的多重耐药性十分明显，９６．３％（１３０／１３４）对５种以上抗菌药物耐药。甲氧西林对敏感金葡菌耐药率较低。万古霉素对ＭＲＳＡ仍具良好的抗菌活性，抑菌率１００％，ＭＩＣ５０为２．２８ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＭＩＣ９０为４．６３ｍｇ／Ｌ。     

Evolution of Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA during outbreaks

Investigation of Staphylococcus aureus outbreaks, and particularly those due to methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in hospitals, can identify infection reservoirs and prevent further colonization and infection. During outbreaks, S. aureus genomes develop single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), small genetic rearrangements, and/or acquire and lose mobile genetic elements (MGE) encoding resistance and virulence genes. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) is the most powerful method for discriminating between related isolates and deciding which are involved in an outbreak. Isolates with only minor variations are detectable and can identify MRSA transmission routes and identify reservoirs. Some patients may carry ‘clouds’ of related isolates, and this has consequences for how we interpret the data from outbreak investigations. Different clones of MRSA are evolving at different rates, influencing their typability. S. aureus genome variation reveals the importance of antibiotic resistance in the long term evolution of successful hospital clones, contributing to strategies to prevent the spread of successful MRSA clones.     

Molecular characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in a university hospital in Italy

The molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in a university hospital in Italy was studied in a five-month period in 1996, during which all S. aureus isolated were collected. All MRSA isolates (95) and a sample of methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (20) were typed with a variety of phenotypic and genotypic methods. Clonal identities were determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of chromosomal SmaI digests and, for MRSA isolates, by probing ClaI digests with a mecA probe and a Tn554 probe. Overall, MRSA represented 32.3% of all isolates, with very high percentages from the intensive care units (adult and neonatal). PFGE after restriction with SmaI resolved genomic DNA of 95 MRSA strains into 26 major PFGE patterns. The use of southern blot hybridization of ClaI genomic digests with mecA and Tn554 allowed us a significant increase in discrimination, differentiating at least 32 different clones. Two major clones, however, each sharing common ClaI-mecA and Tn554 type and PFGE pattern as well as a common resistance phenotype, represented more than 50% of all MRSA isolates. The recovery of these two clones in the majority of the isolates of adult and neonatal intensive care units, respectively, is indicative of typical nosocomial outbreaks and clonal spread. It is concluded that intensive care units are major areas requiring preventative interventions.     

The cost of resistance: incremental cost of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in German hospitals

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a significant problem in many healthcare systems. In Germany, few data are available on its economic consequences and, so far, no study has been performed using a large sample of real-life data from several hospitals. We present a retrospective matched-pairs analysis of mortality, length of stay, and cost of MRSA patients based mainly on routine administrative data from 11 German hospitals. Our results show that MRSA patients stay in hospital 11 days longer, exhibit 7% higher mortality, are 7% more likely to undergo mechanical ventilation, and cause significantly higher total costs (€ 8,198).

Environmental meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) disinfection using dry-mist-generated hydrogen peroxide

Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major problem in hospitals worldwide. Hand hygiene is recognised as crucial in limiting the spread of MRSA but less is known about the role of MRSA reservoirs in the inanimate hospital environment. We evaluated the effect of hydrogen peroxide vapour diffused by Sterinis((R)) against MRSA in two experimental hospital settings and in two field trials. Dipslides were used for MRSA detection and quantification before and after using the Sterinis disinfection process. In the first experimental hospital setting, four epidemic MRSA strains were placed at five locations and left for one week. All strains survived the week but not the disinfection process. In field trial one 14 upholstered chairs from a department with many MRSA positive patients were left for one month in a closed room prior to disinfection. MRSA was found on the upholstery of four of the 14 chairs. Three chairs became MRSA negative immediately after the disinfection, the fourth 24h later. The second field trial was in the private home of a MRSA positive family of four individuals. One location was found MRSA positive, remaining so after the Sterinis cycles. We found Sterinis to be effective against MRSA in the experimental hospital setting and upholstered chairs, but not in the private home of heavily colonised MRSA patients.     

肉鸡孵化养殖和屠宰销售环节中沙门菌污染研究

目的:了解开封市肉鸡孵化、养殖、屠宰、运输、销售全过程中沙门菌的污染状况。方法:采集孵化场、养殖场、屠宰场、大型超市等4个场所18个环节的样本,共380份。依据mini-MSRV MPN法进行分离,按照GB4789.4-2010进行沙门菌鉴定。结果:四个场所中屠宰场、大型超市所采样本污染严重,阳性率分别为45.1%、47.6%,18个环节屠宰环节中预冷池水、刀具案板、褪毛后整鸡、及超市销售中的肉鸡制品污染严重,阳性率分别为100%、58.3%、83.3%、61.1%,检出的阳性菌株分布于沙门菌5个血清型,以印第安纳沙门菌和肠炎沙门菌为主。结论:开封鸡肉制品沙门菌血清型主要是肠炎和印第安那沙门菌,屠宰和销售环节是沙门菌交叉污染的关键,有关部门应采取综合措施,有效控制鸡肉沙门菌污染。     

玉林市2010—2011年禽、畜养殖和屠宰过程专项监测分析

目的确定从生产到销售各环节中食源性致病菌的分布,人类传染病的可能传染源,制定公共卫生措施并评价其有效性,同时为微生物风险评估提供基础数据。方法按照2010—2011年《食源性致病菌监测工作手册》内部资料进行增菌和分离鉴定。结果 94份鸡肛拭子样本未检出沙门菌;94份鸡胴体样品检出16株沙门菌;45份鸡胴体检出2株空肠弯曲菌;45份猪胴体和45份猪肛拭子样本各检出3株沙门菌;45份猪鼻拭子检出6株金黄色葡萄球菌;12份鸡场环境样本均未检出沙门菌;17份猪场环境样本检出2株金黄色葡萄球菌,未检出沙门菌。结论玉林市的禽、畜肉沙门菌的污染主要发生在屠宰过程,而生猪及其养殖环境主要是受到金黄色葡萄球菌的污染。     

Detection and molecular characterization of a gentamicin-susceptible, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clone in Rio de Janeiro that resembles the New York/Japanese clone

Staphylococcus aureus is the leading cause of hospital-acquired infections in many countries, and multiple factors contribute to the ability of these bacteria to disseminate and spread in hospitals. In Brazil it has been demonstrated that a multiresistant methicillin-resistant S. aureus clone, the so-called Brazilian epidemic clone, is widespread geographically. This clone was first detected in 1992 in Brazil, and recently from many other countries within South America, Europe and Asia. The study describes the detection of a gentamicin-susceptible heterogeneous MRSA clone that resembles another MRSA clone widely spread in US and Japanese hospitals, and supports the premise that the detection of heterogeneous MRSA isolates by some recommended methods is a challenging task that may, occasionally, result in MRSA misidentification.     

Appearance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) sensitive to gentamicin in a hospital with a previous endemic distinct MRSA

Since 1990 a clone of gentamicin and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has remained endemic in our hospital, but since January 1996 a gentamicin-sensitive strain has progressively replaced the previous clone. We characterized the phenotypic and molecular pattern of the MRSA strains isolated in our hospital in 1996 and compared prospectively the epidemiological, clinical and evolutionary characteristics of ninety patients infected or colonized by gentamicin-sensitive MRSA (GS-MRSA) (49) and by gentamicin-resistant MRSA (GR-MRSA) (41). Finally we studied the variation of aminoglycoside consumption in our hospital from 1989 to 1996. We observed two antibiotypes (GS-MRSA and GR-MRSA) corresponding to two major chromosomal patterns. Patients with GS-MRSA usually acquired the infection 72 hours after hospital admission. No significant differences were observed in epidemiological characteristics, clinical presentation and evolution between patients with GS-MRSA and GR-MRSA. Since 1989 aminoglycoside intake in our hospital has decreased by 46%.     

Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) on retail meat in Iowa

Several recent studies have indicated a high prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in retail-available meat. However, few studies have investigated MRSA in meat in the United States. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) on meat samples available at retail stores. Samples of fresh raw pork, chicken, beef, and turkey were purchased from 22 food stores throughout Iowa. S. aureus strains were isolated from 27 of 165 samples, giving an overall prevalence of 16.4%. Turkey, pork, chicken, and beef had individual S. aureus prevalence rates of 19.4%, 18.2%, 17.8%, and 6.9%, respectively. Two isolates of MRSA were isolated from pork, giving an overall prevalence of 1.2%. One MRSA isolate was positive for the PVL gene. Common spa types included t034, t337, t008, and t002. These results suggest that MRSA is present on low numbers of retail meat in Iowa.     

Qualitative and (semi)quantitative characterization of nasal and skin methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriage of hospitalized patients

The objective of this study was to systematically investigate the carriage pattern and load of newly identified methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonized or infected patients before any decolonization took place. Cultures of wounds (38%), of sputum (16%) or throat (10%) and of urine (10%) most frequently gave the initial positive MRSA result. Samples from nose, forehead, neck, axilla, and groin were obtained to determine the extent of nasal and extranasal colonization. Fifty-six (69%) of the screened patients proved to be MRSA positive at one or more of these sample sites, and 53 (65%) were extranasal carriers. The proportions positive for cultures of the nares, forehead, groin, neck and axilla were 54%, 51%, 38%, 35%, and 28%, respectively. The most sensitive screening method (96% sensitivity) was to take a combination of cultures from the nares, forehead and groin. Out of the 56 patients (100% sensitivity) this combination revealed 10 more MRSA-carriers than testing the nose alone (79% sensitivity). But the number of study patients was relative small. Therefore we cannot give general recommendations for MRSA screening on the basis of these results. For our hospital we concluded to take a combination of three screening samples to detect MRSA-carriers. Beside the MRSA-carriage pattern we report about the quantitative whole-body colonization. Out of 41 patients colonized on the forehead, a median of 20 MRSA/24 cm2 was obtained on contact agar plates. On the neck (n = 28), an identical value was found. The median MRSA levels for the nose (n = 44), the groin (n = 31), and the axilla (n = 23) were 80, 50 and 50 cfu/swab streak. The MRSA load varied widely from 1 to more than 100 colonies per culture. Further studies must show whether the individual number of MRSA cultured from different body sites is relevant for transmission, for acquiring infections or for decolonization efficacy.