Stability of respiratory symptoms in unlabelled wheezy illness and nocturnal cough.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the natural history of respiratory symptoms not labelled as asthma in primary schoolchildren. DESIGN: Repeat questionnaire survey of subgroups identified from a previous questionnaire survey after a two year delay. SUBJECTS: The original population of 5321 Sheffield children aged 8-9 years yielded 4406 completed questionnaires in 1991(82.8%). After excluding children with a label of asthma, there were 370 children with current wheeze, 129 children with frequent nocturnal cough, and a random sample of 222 children with minor cough symptoms and 124 asymptomatic children. RESULTS: Response rates in the four groups were 233 (63.0%), 77 (59.7%), 160 (72.1%), and 90 (72.6%) respectively. Of those who initially wheezed, 114 (48.9%) had stopped wheezing and 42 (18.0%) had been labelled as having asthma. Those with more frequent wheezing episodes (p < 0.02) and a personal history of hay fever (p < 0.01) in 1991 were more likely to retain their wheezy symptoms. In the children with frequent nocturnal cough in 1991, 20.1% had developed wheezing, 42.9% had a reduced frequency of nocturnal coughing, and 14.2% had stopped coughing altogether two years later. One sixth had been labelled as having asthma. Children with nocturnal cough were more likely to develop wheezing if they had a family history of atopy (p = 0.02). Only 3.8% and 3.3% of those with minimal cough and no symptoms respectively in 1991 had developed wheeze by 1993 (1.9% and 1.0% labelled as asthma). CONCLUSIONS: Most unlabelled recurrent respiratory symptoms in 8-10 year olds tend to improve. Unlabelled children who have persistent symptoms have other features such as frequent wheezing attacks and a family or personal history of atopy. If a screening questionnaire were to be used to identify such children, a combination of questions should be employed.     

Stability of respiratory symptoms in unlabelled wheezy illness and nocturnal cough

OBJECTIVE: To assess the natural history of respiratory symptoms not labelled as asthma in primary schoolchildren. DESIGN: Repeat questionnaire survey of subgroups identified from a previous questionnaire survey after a two year delay. SUBJECTS: The original population of 5321 Sheffield children aged 8-9 years yielded 4406 completed questionnaires in 1991(82.8%). After excluding children with a label of asthma, there were 370 children with current wheeze, 129 children with frequent nocturnal cough, and a random sample of 222 children with minor cough symptoms and 124 asymptomatic children. RESULTS: Response rates in the four groups were 233 (63.0%), 77 (59.7%), 160 (72.1%), and 90 (72.6%) respectively. Of those who initially wheezed, 114 (48.9%) had stopped wheezing and 42 (18.0%) had been labelled as having asthma. Those with more frequent wheezing episodes (p < 0.02) and a personal history of hay fever (p < 0.01) in 1991 were more likely to retain their wheezy symptoms. In the children with frequent nocturnal cough in 1991, 20.1% had developed wheezing, 42.9% had a reduced frequency of nocturnal coughing, and 14.2% had stopped coughing altogether two years later. One sixth had been labelled as having asthma. Children with nocturnal cough were more likely to develop wheezing if they had a family history of atopy (p = 0.02). Only 3.8% and 3.3% of those with minimal cough and no symptoms respectively in 1991 had developed wheeze by 1993 (1.9% and 1.0% labelled as asthma). CONCLUSIONS: Most unlabelled recurrent respiratory symptoms in 8-10 year olds tend to improve. Unlabelled children who have persistent symptoms have other features such as frequent wheezing attacks and a family or personal history of atopy. If a screening questionnaire were to be used to identify such children, a combination of questions should be employed.     

Relationship between rhinitis and nocturnal cough in school children

To cite this article: Higuchi O, Adachi Y, Itazawa T, Ito Y, Yoshida K, Ohya Y, Odajima H, Akasawa A, Miyawaki T. Relationship between rhinitis and nocturnal cough in school children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2012: 23: 562-566. ABSTRACT: Background: There is a complex relationship between rhinitis, asthma, and nocturnal cough. Methods: To evaluate whether rhinitis is an important risk factor for nocturnal cough and whether this effect is independent of asthma, we analyzed data collected using the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire in a population-based nationwide survey. A child who had experienced a dry cough at night in the past 12?months in the absence of a cold was defined as having nocturnal cough. Results: After excluding 11,475 records with incomplete data, data from 136,506 children were analyzed. Nocturnal cough was significantly more prevalent in children with current rhinitis compared with children without rhinitis. The association between rhinitis and nocturnal cough was significant in children who had current asthma (adjusted OR [95% CI]: 2.26 [2.00-2.56] in children aged 6-7?yr, 1.90 [1.58-2.30] in those aged 13-14?yr, and 1.86 [1.60-2.19] in those aged 16-17?yr), and this association was even higher among children who had no asthma (adjusted OR [95% CI]: 3.65 [3.36-3.97] in children aged 6-7?yr, 3.05 [2.79-3.32] in those aged 13-14?yr, and 2.69 [2.51-2.88] in those aged 16-17?yr). Conclusions: There was a close association between rhinitis and nocturnal cough in young children through adolescents, and this effect was independent of asthma. Upper airways should be examined in children with nocturnal cough.     

非典型微生物感染与慢性咳嗽

咳嗽是小儿呼吸科就诊者最常见的主诉症状之一 ,而以咳嗽作为唯一或主要症状并持续难愈的慢性咳嗽往往成为家长和医生关注的难点。非典型微生物包括肺炎支原体(mycoplasmapneumoniae ,MP)、肺炎衣原体 (chlamydiapneumo niae ,CP)、沙眼衣原体 (chlamydiatrachmatis ,CT)以及嗜肺军团菌 (legionellapneumoplila ,LP)等。在儿童主要是MP和CP致呼吸道感染 ,CT感染可发生在新生儿及生后 3～ 6个月内婴儿 ,而LP感染率在儿科较低。本文重点就MP和CP感染与小儿慢性咳嗽间关系作一概述。1　慢性咳嗽的概念慢性咳嗽是一个症状 ,而不是一种独…     

小儿慢性咳嗽与胃食管反流的关系

目的探讨小儿慢性咳嗽与胃食管反流(GER)的关系。方法对170例慢性咳嗽患儿进行24h食管pH监测,32例无症状小儿作为对照。结果病例组各项食管酸反流指标如酸反流次数、反流≥5min次数、最长反流时间、酸性反流指数及Boix-Ochoa综合评分均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(Z=3.025～4.661,P均<0.01)。根据GER诊断标准,病例组GER检出率为37.1%(63/170例),高于对照组的3.1%(1/32例),差异有统计学意义(χ2=14.327,P<0.01)。2个月～1岁组、～3岁组和>3岁组的GER阳性率分别为47.4%(27/57例)、41.5%(17/41例)和26.4%(19/72例),差异有统计学意义(χ2=6.453,P<0.05)。结论GER与小儿慢性咳嗽关系密切,尤其是3岁以下的婴幼儿;食管pH监测对于明确小儿慢性咳嗽的原因有重要的临床价值。     

儿童慢性咳嗽与嗜肺军团菌感染的关系探讨

目的 探讨儿童慢性咳嗽与嗜肺军团菌(LP)感染的关系.方法 对确诊的66例以慢性咳嗽为主要表现的LP感染患儿临床特点进行分析.结果 66例确诊病例中,男31例,女35例;年龄8个月～15岁,其中以3～5岁最多,占39.4%(26/66).临床表现以咳嗽为主要症状或唯一症状,48%(32/66)的病例无肺部体征.82%(54/66)的病例外周血白细胞在(4～10)×10/L之间,常规C反应蛋白(CRP)＜10 mg/L者占64%(42/66),胸片表现可有多种形式.结论 LP感染可能是小儿慢性咳嗽的病因之一,临床在诊治儿童慢性咳嗽时应有相应对策.     

小儿慢性咳嗽与肺炎支原体肺炎衣原体的关系

为了观察肺炎支原体、肺炎衣原体与慢性咳嗽的发病关系,本对１２８例慢性咳嗽病儿进行了血清肺炎支原体抗体（ＭＰ—Ａｂ）及肺炎衣原体抗体（ＣＰ—Ａｂ）检测,现报告如下。     

鼻病毒与儿童呼吸道感染的关系研究进展

近年来儿童呼吸道感染的发生率和病死率在全世界范围内均有升高,其中鼻病毒与儿童呼吸道感染的关系尤为密切.除上呼吸道感染外,在感染期间下呼吸道也存在鼻病毒RNA.呼吸道上皮细胞是鼻病毒感染的靶细胞.近年有关鼻病毒感染与呼吸道感染关系的研究,为临床的治疗提供依据.鼻病毒引发呼吸道感染的病理机制还有待深入探讨.     

Gastro-oesophageal reflux and respiratory function in infants with respiratory symptoms.

This study aimed to define the incidence and severity of gastro-oesophageal reflux (GOR), as measured using 24 hour oesophageal pH monitoring, in 38 infants with recurrent respiratory symptoms and to relate these findings to measures of respiratory function. Twenty one infants had a pH under 4 for more than 5% of the time (one definition of abnormal GOR) and nine had GOR exceeding age related normal values. Maximum expiratory flow at functional residual capacity was reduced in 37 infants, airways resistance was raised in 19 infants, and thoracic gas volume was abnormal in 11 infants. There was no association between indices of GOR and measures of lung function whether assessed by correlation or by chi 2 analysis for normal versus abnormal values. However, individual infants appeared to have respiratory symptoms produced by GOR. This suggests that host responsiveness to GOR may be of greater relevance than the amount of GOR.     

叶酰多聚谷氨酸合成酶与甲氨蝶呤敏感性的关系

叶酰多聚谷氨酸合成酶( folypolyglutamate synthetase,FPGS)作为甲氨蝶呤(methotrexate,MTX)类抗肿瘤药物细胞内代谢过程中的关键酶,催化形成活性形式的MTX多聚谷氨酸,其异常是MTX耐药的重要原因之一.近年来研究发现,FPGS表达及活性的降低可使细胞内MTX多聚谷氨酸浓度降低,从而导致MTX耐药.FPGS基因多态性在MTX耐药中也起着重要的作用,但其具体机制尚未完全明了.该文就FPGS酶活性及基因多态性与MTX药物敏感性的关系进行综述.     

Obesity and respiratory symptoms in primary school.

The association of weight for height and triceps skinfold with seven respiratory symptoms has been examined using logistic regression analysis in 7800 5 to 11 year old children (6200 in England and 1600 in Scotland). The results support the view that overweight children have a greater liability to some respiratory symptoms than other children. After allowing for age, sex, and social factors, significant (P less than 0.05) or borderline non-significant (P less than 0.1) positive associations were found between weight for height and the prevalence of bronchitis, ''chest ever wheezy'', and ''colds usually going to the chest''. This suggests that some respiratory illness can be reduced by preventing children from becoming overweight. If this is correct, more than nutritional gains can be achieved by implementing an effective health education programme on obesity.     

呼吸道合胞病毒毛细支气管炎与支气管哮喘的相关性研究

目的探讨呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)毛细支气管炎(毛支)与支气管哮喘两者发病机制的相关性。方法采用ELISA法检测31例RSV毛支患儿、25例支气管哮喘患儿、27例非RSV肺炎患儿和24例健康儿童外周血IFN-γ、IL-4、IL-10、TGF-β、IL-17水平,并进行比较分析。结果 RSV毛支患儿和哮喘患儿的IL-10、TGF-β水平显著低于非RSV肺炎患儿和健康对照儿童,而IL-4、IL-17水平则显著高于非RSV肺炎患儿和健康对照儿童(P均<0.05)。RSV毛支患儿和哮喘患儿的IFN-γ/IL-4、IL-10/IL-17比例显著低于非RSV肺炎患儿和健康对照儿童(P均<0.05),哮喘患儿的TGF-β/IL-17显著低于非RSV肺炎患儿与健康对照儿童(P均<0.05)。RSV毛支患儿与哮喘患儿之间、非RSV肺炎患儿与健康对照儿童之间IFN-γ、IL-4、IL-10、TGF-β、IL-17水平及其比值IFN-γ/IL-4、IL-10/IL-17、TGF-β/IL-17的差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。结论 RSV毛支患儿与哮喘患儿存在相同的外周血细胞因子IFN-γ、IL-4、IL-10、TGF-β、IL-17水平的改变,这可能是其共同的发病机制之一。     

Relation between measurements of cough severity.

BACKGROUND: In asthma, measurements of airway inflammation correlate poorly with clinical markers and airway hyperresponsiveness. While the relation between determinants of asthma severity is known, that for cough is unknown. We hypothesised that cough sensitivity changes relate to changes in cough scores and objectively measured cough frequency. AIMS: To examine the relation between commonly used outcome measurements of cough severity in children. METHODS: The concentration of capsaicin causing two and five or more coughs (C2 and C5 respectively), cough frequency objectively measured using an ambulatory cough meter, and parent and child recorded subjective cough scores were determined in 40 children with recurrent cough on two occasions. RESULTS: On occasion one, log cough frequency significantly correlated with parent and child recorded log cough score (r(s) = 0.32, p = 0.05; and r(s) = 0.32, p = 0.046 respectively) and significantly negatively correlated with log C2 (r(s)= -0.5, p = 0.005). Subjective cough scores did not relate to either C2 or C5. On occasion two, the relation between cough frequency and C2 and C5 measures was lost, but C2 had a weak but significant relation to parent recorded cough score (r(s) = -0.38, p = 0.047). When the changes in the log values were determined, C5 but not C2 significantly related to cough frequency. CONCLUSION: In children, measures of cough sensitivity have a weak relation with cough frequency. Subjective cough scores have a stronger and consistent relation with cough frequency. These cough severity indices measure different aspects of cough. The choice of indices depends on the reason for performing the measurement.     

Relationship between respiratory control and feeding in the developing infant

Simultaneous breathing and nursing from a bottle or breast requires intricate coordination of the muscles that serve both respiration and feeding. During the buccopharyngeal phase of feeding reflex input to the brainstem from the oropharynx and larynx, as well as suprabulbar and chemoreceptor areas controls the sequential activity of the muscles of deglutition. Coordinated development of buccopharyngeal functions generally occurs by 35 weeks post-conceptional age in infants, but can be disrupted by respiratory disease or neuropathology. During the oesophageal phase of feeding, the bolus of food traverses the oesophagus and lower oesophageal sphincter, whose tone is also regulated by nuclei in the brainstem and modulated by respiratory drive. Control of the lower oesophageal sphincter gradually develops postnatally in premature infants. Although symptomatic gastro-oesophageal reflux can be problematic for the term or preterm infant, it does not appear that reflux is a common stimulus for apnoea of prematurity.     

Effect of children's and parents' smoking on respiratory symptoms.

It has been suggested that the apparent relationship between children''s cigarette smoking and their respiratory symptoms could be explained by the effect of parents'' smoking upon both child''s smoking and symptoms. This was investigated in a study of 6000 Derbyshire schoolchildren. Children who smoked regularly were more likely than nonsmokers to report cough first thing in the morning, cough at other times during the day or at night, and breathlessness. Children whose parents smoked were also more likely to report these symptoms than were the children of nonsmokers. Both the child''s and parents'' smoking were independently related to the child''s respiratory symptoms. Morning cough was less prevalent than cough at other times during the day or at night, but the relationship between the child''s smoking and morning cough was much closer than its relationship to cough at other times. The relationship between parents'' smoking and the child''s symptoms was similar for each symptom.     

婴幼儿喘息与呼吸道病毒感染及过敏的关系

目的探讨婴幼儿喘息与呼吸道病毒感染及过敏的关系。方法选择反复喘息(哮喘和喘息性支气管炎)患儿152例、毛细支气管炎(毛支)患儿191例、肺炎患儿101例,取鼻咽分泌物进行7种常见呼吸道病毒检测,同时取血筛查过敏原。结果3组患儿病毒检测总阳性率为60.4%,各组患儿病毒检测阳性率差异有显著性(P<0.01),但均以呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)为主,其他病毒阳性率很低。所有患儿食物过敏阳性率为25.5%,吸入过敏原阳性率仅5.6%。3组患儿的过敏原阳性率差异有显著性(P<0.05或0.01),反复喘息组显著高于毛支组和肺炎组(P均<0.05),而后两组间差异无显著性。结论RSV是诱发婴幼儿喘息和喘息反复发作的主要病原;过敏是婴幼儿反复喘息发生的重要危险因素,而呼吸道合胞病毒感染的发生与患儿是否存在过敏无关。     

心肌细胞β肾上腺素受体及其与心功能障碍关系

心肌细胞β肾上腺素受体在细胞内外起着传递信息的重要作用,不仅对机体发挥生理调节作用,而且与某些心血管疾病的发生发展有很大关系.本文就心肌细胞β肾上腺素受体介导的细胞信号传导系统及其与心脏的舒缩功能关系作一综述.     

Parents' interpretations of children's respiratory symptoms on video.

AIMS: To investigate how parents report children's respiratory sounds on video compared to a clinical "gold standard". METHODS: Five clinicians agreed on 10 video clips of children with audible breathing. These responses were the "gold standard". The clips were shown to parents of children: (a) with asthma/wheeze; (b) with other respiratory complaints; (c) without respiratory complaints. Parents were asked what they called the sounds, where they originated, and whether their own child made similar sounds. RESULTS: A total of 190 parents took part. The "correct" labelling of wheeze was 59% (95% confidence interval 52 to 66%) and 47% (95% confidence interval 40 to 54%) for other sounds (stridor, snoring, stertor). Parents were better at locating both sounds than labelling. There were no differences between subject groups. There were more false positive responses to labelling and locating other sounds than for wheeze (27% v 8% and 33% v 10%). CONCLUSION: Parents locate sounds better than describing them. At least 30% of all parents use other words for wheeze and 30% labelled other sounds as "wheeze". This could have important clinical implications.