腰椎退变性疾病（续）

3 退变性腰椎滑脱 退变性腰椎滑脱是指因腰椎退变引起损害节段的上位椎 体向前或向后滑动;若伴有神经根压迫症状,称为退变性腰椎 滑脱症。 3.1 病理 由于腰椎椎间盘和两个小关节突关节软骨进行性退变, 关节囊及棘上、棘间韧带松弛,腰椎不稳,导致小关节突的相 互制约能力逐步减弱,损害节段的上位椎体向前或向后滑动, 但与峡部崩裂导致的椎体滑脱不同,退变性滑脱通常不超过 椎体前后径的30％,Ⅰ°为主,占90.5％,Ⅱ°仅占9.5％;后 者是椎节间丧失了制约关系,随着剪应力的加大,上位椎体前 滑脱可达Ⅱ°、Ⅲ °,甚至位移至下位椎体的前面。 发生退变性滑脱的椎节通常有节段性椎管狭窄,当两侧 关节突退变破坏不对称时,上位脊椎相对下位脊椎发生旋转, 导致侧隐窝和椎管变形和狭窄,引起相应的神经根压迫。     

颈椎椎间隙不同程度变窄与椎间孔变化的相关性研究

目的研究颈椎椎间隙不同程度变窄与椎间孔大小变化的关系。方法计算机辅助模拟测量15具国人颈椎解剖标本的C_(4、5),C_(5、6),C_(6、7)椎间孔的面积及在椎间隙狭窄1、2、3 mm时椎间孔面积的变化。结果在椎间隙变窄1、2、3 mm时,椎间孔的面积分别减少20%～30%、30%～40%、35%～45%。结论不同程度的椎间隙变窄导致的椎间孔面积的减少在统计学上有显著性差异,椎间孔的大小直接与椎间隙的高度有关,椎间盘退变狭窄所致的椎间孔内神经根的压迫不应被忽视。     

椎间孔区的解剖观测及其在腰椎滑脱症中的临床意义

目的观察下腰椎椎间孔和椎间孔外的形态,初步探讨其在腰椎滑脱症腰腿痛发病机制中的作用。方法选取10具新鲜的正常成年尸体脊柱标本的腰骶段,解剖椎间孔测量上下径和前后径,再按Meyerding分级系统将腰椎标本人为地形成滑脱模型后,观察椎间孔的变化。结果神经根在下腰椎滑脱椎体椎间孔内卡压的同时,对相邻神经根存在较明显的牵拉。结论由于椎体及椎间孔内的退变,对椎体滑脱行手术强行复位可能会使血管和神经根受挤压与牵拉。     

下颈椎侧块螺钉固定与椎动脉、神经根的解剖关系及评价

目的　通过解剖学研究和影像学手段 ,了解下颈椎侧块螺钉固定与椎动脉之间的关系以及斜位片在置钉过程中对神经根的监测价值。方法　 (1)取 2 8具尸体的C3 ～C7标本 ,年龄 2 8～ 79岁。摄取标本各椎体的横断面片 ,测量X线片上C3 ～C7横突孔外缘与侧块背面中心内侧 1mm处的连线在横断面上与矢状轴之间的成角。 (2 )取 10具标本 ,以侧块背面中心点内侧 1mm处为入针点、横突与侧块相交处为出针点在C3 ～C6侧块内置入克氏针。当针尖未超出或超出侧块远侧皮质 2、4、6mm时 ,摄取标本左右 4 5°斜位片。把斜位片上椎间孔分为上、下两部分 ,上部实际是真正的椎间孔 ,下部则相当于横突间孔位置。观察针尖在斜位片上椎间孔内的位置并计数 ,同时与实际解剖比较两者的一致性。　结果　 (1)C3 ～C6横突孔外缘与侧块背面中心内侧 1mm处的连线在横断面上与矢状轴成外偏 5°～ 12°的角度 ,椎体间差别无统计学意义 (P >0 0 5 )。 (2 )以横突与关节突相交处为出针点 ,实际观察当针尖超出侧块远侧皮质 2mm时 ,未突入横突间孔 ;当超出距离为 4、6mm时 ,针尖则突入横突间孔。X片上显示当针尖未超出远侧皮质时 ,斜位片上有 15 %针尖出现于椎间孔下部 ;当针尖超出 2mm时 ,斜位片 4 1 3%针尖出现于椎间孔下部 ;当针尖超出 4mm     

后路全内镜下椎间孔环形减压治疗伴骨椎间孔狭窄的神经根型颈椎病

神经根型颈椎病常合并因钩突和关节突增生导致的骨性椎间孔狭窄,同时伴有软性椎间盘突出,压迫神经根,从而出现上肢放射性疼痛或麻木、肌力减退等神经根性损害表现。对于合并骨性颈椎间孔狭窄的神经根型颈椎病患者,目前手术方式的选择仍有一定争议,颈椎前路椎间盘切除融合术（anterior cervical discectomy and fusion,ACDF）的目的在于从前方减压、椎间植骨融合的同时能一定程度撑开椎间隙的高度,增大椎间孔的面积,从而达到间接减压的目的,但椎间融合牺牲了椎间活动度,加速了邻近节段退变。近年来,后路椎间孔切开术是治疗颈椎间孔狭窄的常见手术方式,但同时解决椎间孔前方和后方骨性压迫的技术鲜有报道。2017年5月～2018年7月云南省德宏州中医医院骨科采用全内镜下椎间孔环形减压技术治疗13例伴骨性颈椎间孔狭窄的神经根型颈椎病患者,报告如下。     

颈椎间孔及其脊神经根相互关系的解剖学观察

目的　探讨脊神经根在椎间孔处被嵌压的解剖学因素。方法　取 6 0具成尸 (男 2 8,女32 ) ,对 3～ 7颈椎间孔及其脊神经根的前后径和上下径进行了观测 ,并一一统计其相关比值。结果(1)男性颈椎间孔的上下径和前后径均大于女性 (P <0 .0 1)。 (2 )脊神经根与椎间孔各径线的比值 ,女性明显高于男性 (P <0 .0 1)。下颈段 (5、6、7)比值大于上颈段 (3、4 )。神经根外径大于椎间孔的出现率 ,男性占 3.3% ,女性占 17%。结论　脊神经根被压不仅与椎间孔狭窄有密切关系 ,而且与脊神经根本身的粗细与椎间孔相对大小以及管内的软组织受损有关     

颈髓角的MRI影像测量及其临床意义

目的:在颈椎MRI片上测量国人正常颅椎区的颈髓角,探讨其临床意义。方法:选择116例国人正常颅椎区的MRI片,测量其上颈髓腹侧与延髓腹侧两直线间的夹角,即颈髓角。结果:116例颈髓角最小值140.0°,最大175.5°,平均158.7°,95%可信区间为144.5°～172.9°。结论:颈髓角对于量化延髓、颈脊髓压迫程度以及评价术后压迫解除情况等有重要价值。     

王国才颈椎推拿手法介绍

王国才认为,颈椎结构复杂,除了关节突关节,还有寰枕关节、寰枢关节、钩椎关节等。当发病时,出现椎间隙变窄、滑膜嵌顿、关节错位等颈椎失稳征,直接或间接压迫刺激颈部神经、血管、脊髓等,引起头痛、头晕、颈肩部疼痛、走路不稳等一系列的症状。1颈椎扳法1·1传统瞬间暴发力扳法多用于身体较好、病情较轻、较年轻患者。患者应取仰卧位或正坐位,头前屈15°左右,不能超过30°。扳动时,在扳机点处扩大5°¹5°,掌握“到位有效”的原则,不要盲目地大力、大幅度扳动,也不能一味地追求关节弹响声。经过一段时间的治疗病变处可出现关节弹响声。1·2抻展缓力扳法用于年老体弱、患有血压高或严重糖尿病等的患者。一手拇指抵住病变有     

神经根型颈椎病椎间孔内神经根受压的原因分析及减压方式选择

目的:分析神经根型颈椎病患者椎间孔内神经根受压的原因,选择合理的减压方式。方法 :2010年1月~2013年8月,我院共收治神经根型颈椎病患者178例,其中56例为椎间孔内神经根受压所致的单侧神经根型颈椎病,术前VAS评分为8.99±1.01分(7~10分);颈椎功能障碍指数(NDI)为41.15±7.12分(37~49分)。根据术前影像学资料判断椎间孔内神经根受压的原因分为3组:单纯椎间盘压迫,14例(A组);单纯骨性压迫,22例(B组);混合压迫(椎间盘+骨性压迫),20例(C组)。A组切除椎间盘至钩椎关节,适当扩大椎间孔,取出突出髓核;B、C组切除椎间盘至钩椎关节后,将钩突基底部内侧磨平,充分显露钩突后部、上位椎体后下角及钩椎关节间隙,刮除上位椎体后下角及部分增生的钩突。减压后均行椎间植骨内固定。使用Surgimap软件测量患者术前颈椎双斜位X线片上病变节段的双侧椎间孔面积,将健侧与患侧的椎间孔面积进行对比。比较3组患者术前及末次随访时VAS评分和NDI,同时比较3组的手术时间、术中出血量和术后住院时间。结果:3组患者术前健侧椎间孔面积无显著性差异(P0.05),B组和C组的患侧椎间孔面积均较A组明显狭窄(P0.05);B组和C组无显著性差异(P0.05);B组和C组的患侧椎间孔面积均较各自的对侧椎间孔面积明显狭窄(P0.05);而A组患侧椎间孔面积较对侧无明显狭窄(P0.05)。3组患者均顺利完成手术,B、C组与A组相比术中出血量较多,手术时间和术后住院天数较长(P0.05);B组与C组比较无显著性差异(P0.05)。术后3组患者均无神经症状加重、感染及脑脊液漏等并发症发生。56例患者均获得随访,随访时间27.2±8.9个月(12~52个月),3组术前VAS评分和NDI比较无显著性差异(P0.05),末次随访时亦无显著性差异(P0.05);3组末次随访时与术前比较均有显著性差异(P0.05)。结论:术前根据影像学资料分析神经根型颈椎病患者椎间孔内神经根受压的原因,进行针对性的减压手术可取得良好效果。     

后路颈神经根减压（附23例临床报告）

以往经后路颈椎管扩大、椎管减压可致脊髓后移，既可解除后方压，又可缓解前方压迫，但神经根压迫仍未解除，肩上肢痛的问题也一直未解决。2000年1～12月我院有23例患者试行经后路颈椎管加椎间孔扩大解除神经根压迫，患侧上肢症状即有明显缓解，没有上肢痛发生，早期临床疗效满意。     

The anatomic relation among the nerve roots, intervertebral foramina, and intervertebral discs of the cervical spine

STUDY DESIGN: An anatomic study of the cervical intervertebral foramina, nerve roots, and intradural rootlets performed using a surgical microscope. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the anatomy of cervical root compression, and to obtain the anatomic findings related to cervical foraminotomy for the treatment of cervical radiculopathy. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Cervical foraminotomy is a procedure performed frequently for the management of cervical radiculopathy. However, anatomic studies of cervical foraminotomy have not been fully elucidated. METHODS: In this study, 18 cadavers were obtained for the study of the cervical spine. All the soft tissues were dissected from the cervical spine. Thereafter, laminectomy and facetectomy were performed on C4 through T1 using a surgical microscope. The nerve roots and surrounding anatomic structures, including intervertebral discs and foramina, were exposed. In addition, the intradural rootlets and their intersegmental connections were observed. RESULTS: The shape of the intervertebral foramina approximated a funnel, the entrance zone being the most narrow part and the root sleeves conical, with their takeoff points from the central dural sac being the largest part. Therefore, compression of the nerve roots occurred at the entrance zone of the intervertebral foramina. Anteriorly, compression of the nerve roots was caused by protruding discs and osteophytes of the uncovertebral region, whereas the superior articular process, the ligamentum flavum, and the periradicular fibrous tissues affected the nerve posteriorly. The C5 nerve roots were found to exit over the middle aspect of the intervertebral disc, whereas the C6 and C7 nerve roots were found to traverse the proximal part of the disc. The C8 nerve roots had little overlap with the C7-T1 disc in the intervertebral foramen. The C6 and C7 rootlets passed two disc levels in the dural sac. Also, a high incidence of the intradural connections between the dorsal rootlets of C5, C6, and C7 segments was found. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated the anatomy of the nerve roots, rootlets, and intervertebral foramina, and may aid in understanding the pathology of cervical radiculopathy. The presence of intradural connections between dorsal nerve roots and the relation between the course of the nerve root and the intervertebral disc may explain the clinical variation of symptoms resulting from-nerve root compression in the cervical spine. To perform cervical foraminotomy for cervical radiculopathy, it is necessary to understand the detailed anatomy of the intervertebral foramina thoroughly.     

颈椎后路经椎间孔脊髓前外侧减压术及其生物力学研究

１９８９年以来收治严重颈椎病患者２０例，采用后路经椎间孔脊髓前外侧减压术，有效地解除神经根和脊髓的压迫，收到良好效果．同时按本术式设计进行下颈段脊柱的生物力学实验，结果表明扩大同侧ｌ～２个椎间孔对脊柱稳定性无明显影响，而扩大同一平面的２个椎间孔时，则脊柱稳定性下降，提示需作棘突间融合术．     

颈椎病后路脊髓前外侧减压术及其解剖学基础

１９８９年作者设计的后路脊髓前外侧减压术是在直视下施行的一种治疗颈椎病的手术，特别是对后纵韧带骨化（ＯＰＬＬ）所致脊髓压迫，此手术可同时解除脊髓和神经根的压迫症状。４年来治疗３０例，效果很好。作者用５０具成人尸体按此手术的方法及程序就手术野进行了解剖，对肌层的血供、椎弓板、椎管以及神经根和脊髓进行了观测，并用这５０副成人颈椎标本测量了椎间孔、椎间管、钩突及横突孔。除总结手术方法及临床病例外，作者并通过解剖观察提出手术时应注意的事项。     

无症状腰椎间盘突出再认识

腰椎间盘突出症确切致痛机制尚未完全明了，脊神经根的机械性压迫被认为与疼痛和特定节段神经功能障碍有关，然而无症状腰椎间盘突出的现象对此提出不同的解释。该文对近年来有关无症状腰椎间盘突出的机制进行了系统的研究，认为其与椎间盘突出物可代偿的椎管储备容量、受累神经根对机械压迫的逃逸避让与弹性延长功能，以及受累神经根低氧消耗与抗缺血性损伤代偿作用等因素有关。这将深化对下腰痛的理解并有助于相关领域的继续研究。     

后路有限固定的前后路联合治疗陈旧性下颈椎交锁脱位

目的：探讨颈椎Ⅰ期前后路联合360°手术治疗难复性小关节交锁的陈旧性下颈椎脱位的临床疗效和应用价值。方法：自2004年3月至2010年8月,18例陈旧性下颈椎脱位患者,经三维CT检查16例有双侧关节突交锁,2例单侧关节突交锁;MRI检查发现,18例患者均有椎间盘损伤,其中2例为椎间盘突出,9例为椎间盘破裂,7例椎体骨折伴椎间盘破裂。所有患者均进行前后路联合360°手术。术后定期复查X线及CT以观察损伤节段的稳定性和融合率,以Frankel分级判定脊髓功能的恢复情况。结果：18例患者均获得随访,时间6～12个月,平均8.6个月。颈椎脱位均完全复位,无植骨不融合。未出现内固定断裂、松动及脱落,无血管、神经、食道损伤等并发症。神经损伤无加重,Frankel分级平均提高1.2级。结论：颈椎Ⅰ期前后路联合360°手术治疗难复性小关节交锁的陈旧性下颈椎脱位,可以完全恢复颈椎序列,解除颈髓压迫,损伤节段术后获得即刻稳定,不易造成脊髓损伤加重,可为脊髓功能恢复创造有利条件。     

Multiple subpial lipomas with dumb-bell extradural extension through the intervertebral foramen without spinal dysraphism

BACKGROUND: Intradural subpial lipomas not associated with spinal dysraphism, account for less than 1% of spinal cord tumors. The simultaneous existence of multiple intradural subpial lipomas with dumb-bell extradural extension through the intervertebral foramen in the same patient without any evidence of spinal dysraphism has not been previously reported. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 38-year-old man presented with progressive spastic paraparesis, and weakness of right elbow extension and opposition of the medial three fingers. He also had ascending paraesthesia from the C6 dermatome to the saddle region and loss of joint and position sense of both lower limbs with hesitancy and precipitancy of micturition. There was no spinal tenderness, deformity, neurocutaneous markers, or spinal dysraphism. The total duration of illness was 11 years.The oblique views of the plain radiographs of the cervical spine revealed an enlarged right C7-D1 intervertebral foramen. The T1- and T2-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images showed two intradural, hyperintense lesions (with extensive loss of signal on fat suppression sequences), one extending from C5 to D2 and the other opposite the C3-4 disc space. The parasagittal and axial images showed the extradural component of the lesion emerging from the right C7-D1 intervertebral foramen.At surgery, a C2 to D2 laminectomy was performed. The lipoma, enclosed in a fine pial membrane, was situated on the right posterolateral aspect of the cord. The right-sided nerve roots from the C6 to D1 levels were completely enmeshed by the lipoma. There was a separate superficial subpial lipoma adherent to the posterior aspect of the cord at the C3-4 level. A distinct area of normal cord was present between the two lesions. A subtotal decompression of the lesions including the component emerging through the right C7-D1 intervertebral foramen and a duraplasty were performed.At follow-up after 18 months, the posterior column impairment, lower limb hypoaesthesia, and right upper limb paraesthesia had improved. However, residual elbow extension and lower limb weakness, mild lower limb spasticity and sphincteric dysfunction persisted. CONCLUSIONS: The multiplicity of intradural subpial lipomas without spinal dysraphism points to a dysembryogenetic basis similar to that seen in patients with spinal dysraphism that results in lipomas, but in which the defect is not severe enough to give rise to coexisting vertebral and soft tissue anomalies. The dumb-bell extradural extension through the intervertebral foramen is extremely rare. The magnetic resonance imaging and surgical principles are discussed.     

The anatomical mechanism of C5 palsy after expansive open-door laminoplasty

BACKGROUNDPostoperative C5 palsy is not an uncommon complication in patients who undergo expansive open-door laminoplasty. However, the etiology is unclear and likely multifactorial. Nerve root lesions and spinal cord lesions have been previously proposed theories.PURPOSETo investigate the anatomical mechanism of postoperative C5 palsy after cervical expansive open-door laminoplasty.STUDY DESIGNA dissection-based study of eight embalmed human cadavers.METHODSThe anatomy was studied in eight whole cervical cadavers (three females, five males), prepared with formaldehyde, whose ages at the time of death ranged from 54 to 78 years. Dissection was performed on the intervertebral foramen and spinal canal. In the C3–C7 of the cervical vertebra, the extraforaminal ligaments and the meningovertebral ligaments were observed. The length, width, and thickness of the ligaments were measured with a Vernier caliper. After an expansive open-door laminoplasty was performed, the shape of the dural sac was changed, and displacement of the nerve root was observed. In addition, the lengths of the anterior rootlets were measured. This study has been supported by grants from Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province (CN) (Grant No. 2017B020210010) without potential conflict of interest-associated biases in the text of the paper.RESULTSOne hundred seventy-seven extraforaminal ligaments were found to connect the spinal nerve to the surrounding structures. After an expansive open-door laminoplasty was performed, posterior distension of the dural sac and movement of the spinal cord and nerve root were found. The spinal cord was closely attached to the ligamentum flavum by meningovertebral ligaments. In addition, the length of the C5 intradural rootlets (5.81–10.59 mm) was the shortest among the vulnerable segments.CONCLUSIONTraction on and posterior movement of the extradural roots may be the main pathologic mechanism of postoperative C5 palsy when expansive open-door laminoplasty is performed. The meningovertebral ligaments and extraforaminal ligaments might play an important role in the occurrence of postoperative C5 palsy.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEThis study provides clinicians with a more detailed understanding of the anatomic structure and potential mechanism of C5 palsy. Consideration of the meningovertebral ligaments and the intervertebral foramen may provide new directions for reducing the incidence of this complication.     

The symptomatic incompetent cervical intervertebral disc

A series of 16 patients with symptoms such as pain in the neck, occiput, shoulder and arm; numbness in the hands; and/or difficulty in walking, is described. Neurological examination of the upper extremities disclosed signs of nerve roots dysfunction in 5 patients and long tract signs in 12, whereas examination of the lower extremities disclosed long tract signs in every patient. Positive contrast cervical myelograms suggested mild posterior bulging of one or two intervertebral discs in every patient, but computed tomographic myelograms invariably demonstrated a coincident narrow cervical spinal canal, thus revealing the true compressive potential of the aforementioned mild disc protrusion on the spinal cord. All patients underwent anterior cervical microdiscectomy of the offending disc or discs, which were found to be degenerated. No case of frank rupture of the anulus was identified. Response to treatment was graded as excellent in 12 patients, who had complete relief of symptoms, and good in 4 patients, who had mild residual complaints. This study suggests that incompetence (bulging) of a cervical intervertebral disc may acquire important clinical significance in the presence of a narrow spinal canal by compressing the spinal cord and the corresponding nerve roots. Surgical removal of the diseased disc may result in restoration of neurological function.     

Radiographic anatomy of the intervertebral cervical and lumbar foramina (vessels and variants)

The intervertebral foramen is an orifice located between any two adjacent vertebrae that allows communication between the spinal (or vertebral) canal and the extraspinal region. Although the intervertebral foramina serve as the path traveled by spinal nerve roots, vascular structures, including some that play a role in vascularization of the spinal cord, take the same path. Knowledge of this vascularization and of the origin of the arteries feeding it is essential to all radiologists performing interventional procedures. The objective of this review is to survey the anatomy of the intervertebral foramina in the cervical and lumbar spines and of spinal cord vascularization.     

Injuries of the lower cervical spine associated with widening of the spinal canal

In this paper, we present 17 cases with injury of the lower cervical spine associated with widening of the spinal canal. This was due to bilateral fracture of the pedicles of the neural arch, where the body of the injured vertebra is displaced anteriorly, while the posterior elements of the vertebra remain in situ. Eleven patients were male and six female, between 32 and 53 years of age. Ten of them were involved in a road traffic accident, while seven had a fall on the head. We distinguished two types of injury: Type I with anterior displacement of the injured vertebra (12 cases) and Type II with impaction of the injured vertebral body on the vertebra below (five cases). Thirteen patients were without neurological complications, two had root lesions, while two had tetraplegia from a point higher than the injury level. This was due to an extensive anterior displacement of the injured vertebra and of the whole spine above, associated with dislocation of the vertebra above the injury and damage to the spinal cord. The cases with anterior displacement of the injured vertebra are unstable and need spinal fusion after prior reduction, while the rest can be treated non-operatively with head traction followed by bracing until stable intervertebral union is achieved.