大鼠脑缺血再灌流后HSP70的表达和bFGF对其影响

目的研究脑缺血再灌流后热休克蛋白７０（ＨＳＰ７０）表达的意义及外源性碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（ｂＦＧＦ）对其影响。方法应用免疫组化的方法观察大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌流后脑组织ＨＳＰ７０的表达以及在侧脑室注射外源性ｂＦＧＦ对其影响。结果缺血２小时再灌流０小时即可见ＨＳＰ７０表达,至２４小时达高峰。ｂＦＧＦ组与生理盐水组相比于６～４８小时各组可见ＨＳＰ７０表达增高（Ｐ〈０．０５）。结论脑缺血诱导ＨＳＰ７０的     

脑缺血再灌流大鼠脑胶质源性神经营养因子基因表达的变化

探讨脑缺血再灌流不同时程及不同程度缺血对海马及皮层胶质源性神经营养因子（ｇｌｉａｌｃｅｌｌｌｉｎｅ ｄｅｒｉｖｅｄ ｎｅｕｒｏｔｒｏｐｈｉｃ ｆａｃｔｏｒ, ＧＤＮＦ）基因表达的影响,以及Ｎ甲基Ｄ天冬氨酸（Ｎｍ ｅｔｈｙｌＤｓａｐａｒｔａｔｅ, ＮＭＤＡ）受体拮抗剂,钙离子通道阻断剂是否能调节缺血病态下ＧＤＮＦｍ ＲＮＡ的表达。参照Ｓｍ ｉｔｈ 等方法建立大鼠前脑缺血再灌流动物模型。用ＤＩＧＯｌｉｇｏｎｕｃｌｅｏｔｉｄｅ ３′ｅｎｄ ｌａｂｅｌｉｎｇ Ｋｉｔ,标记５１ ｍ ｅｒ的ＧＤＮＦ寡核苷酸探针在含有海马结构的冰冻组织切片上进行原位杂交检测ＧＤＮＦｍ ＲＮＡ的表达。１０ ｍ ｉｎ 缺血再灌流２ ｈ,齿状回ＧＤＮＦｍ ＲＮＡ表达上调。再灌流６ ｈ,ＣＡ１,ＣＡ３ 和皮层ＰＡＲ区ＧＤＮＦｍ ＲＮＡ表达亦见增多,２４ ｈ 达高峰。Ｋｅｔａｍ ｉｎｅ 可使ＧＤＮＦ的基因表达在海马结构及皮层ＰＡＲ区明显低于相应的缺血再灌流组,统计学差异显著（Ｐ＜ ００５）。脑缺血再灌流时ＧＤＮＦ基因表达增加,对缺血神经元可能起保护作用。Ｋｅｔａｍ ｉｎｅ可阻断缺血后ＧＤＮＦｍ ＲＮＡ 的表达增加,提示ＮＭＤＡ谷氨酸受体很可能参与介导了缺     

肿瘤坏死因子在局部脑缺血/再灌流中的表达

目的：为探讨局部脑缺血／再灌流中肿瘤坏死因子－α（ＴＮＦ－α）的动态变化及其与白细胞浸润的关系。方法;采用大鼠大脑中动脉梗死模型,分别用免疫组织化学方法检测ＴＮＦ－α、酶组化方法检测髓过氧化物酶（ＭＰＯ）的动态变化,用图像分析进行定量分析。结果：ＴＮＦ－α在缺血组（Ｉ）和缺血再灌流组（ＩＲ）０．５ｈ表达增多,１２ｈ达高峰,与对照组比较差异非常显著（Ｐ〈０．０１）,持续至１２ｈ;Ⅰ组１２ｈ、ＩＲ缄０     

实验性脑缺血及再灌注大鼠脑组织bFGF表达的研究

目的　探讨大鼠脑缺血２ ｈ 后不同时间再灌注脑组织碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（ｂＦＧＦ）的表达程度。方法　采用线栓法栓堵一侧大鼠大脑中动脉,建立脑缺血及再灌注模型。用免疫组化的方法,对缺血脑组织ｂＦＧＦ的表达进行观察。用统计学分析ｂＦＧＦ阳性细胞的数据。结果　正常脑组织中只有微量ｂＦＧＦ的表达;脑缺血２ ｈ 后再灌注０．５ ｈ 起,ｂＦＧＦ少量表达,为神经元表达;脑缺血２ ｈ 后再灌注２２ ｈ,ｂＦＧＦ表达达到高峰,神经元及神经胶质细胞均有表达。脑缺血２ ｈ 后再灌注１６６ ｈ,ｂＦＧＦ仍有持续表达。结论　ｂＦＧＦ参与缺血脑组织的修复过程     

大鼠全脑缺血再灌流后4个脑区的谷氨酸,门冬氨酸,甘氨酸…

应用高效液相色谱仪，紫外分光光度检测器监测，测定大鼠全脑缺血再灌流后６ｈ￣７ｄ的海马、纹状体、丘脑和新皮层组织匀浆中谷氨酸（Ｇｌｕ）、门冬氨酸（Ａｓｐ）、甘氨酸（Ｇｌｙ）和ｒ－氨基丁酸（ＧＡＢＡ）含量变化。结果显示在海马和丘脑Ｇｌｕ含量于再灌流后６ｈ￣３ｄ下降（Ｐ〈０．０５和０．０１），ＧＡＢＡ含量升高（Ｐ〈０．０５和０．０１），在纹状体和新皮层除ＧＡＢＡ外，分别于６ｈ￣５ｄ均有不同呈度的升高。比     

大鼠局灶脑缺血再灌注后GM1的保护作用及其对FGFR1表达的影响

目的 探讨大鼠局灶脑缺血再灌注后神经节苷脂（ＧＭ１）的保护作用及其对碱性纤维母细胞生长因子的特异性受体（ＦＧＦＲ１）表达的影响。方法 采用检线法备大脑中动脉缺血再灌注模型。通过腹腔注射给予ＧＭ１,利用免疫组化方法检测ＦＧＦＲ１表达情况,并对病理学改变进行观察研究。结果 与对照组相比,缺血再灌组ＦＧＦＲ１表达明显增多（Ｐ〈０．０１）,而ＧＭ１用药组与缺血再灌组相比,ＦＧＦＲ１表达也明显增长（Ｐ〈０．     

大鼠局部脑缺血再灌流的实验研究

采用大鼠局部脑缺血再灌流模型，研究了大鼠脑缺血６ｈ、９ｈ和缺血６ｈ再灌流３ｈ脑梗塞体积，脑含水量，能量代谢，丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）和超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）的变化。结果：脑缺血６ｈ、９ｈ可以造成严重的脑梗塞和脑水肿，ＡＴＰ含量和ＳＯＤ活性显著降低，乳酸和ＭＤＡ含量显著增加，和对照组相比均有显著差异（Ｐ＜０．０５或Ｐ＜０．００１）。再灌组和缺血两组比较，脑梗塞体积，脑水肿无明显差别（Ｐ＞０．０５），ＡＴＰ、乳酸、ＳＯＤ和ＭＤＡ均有不程度的改善。提示，大鼠局部脑缺血超过６ｈ可造成严重的脑损伤，并随缺血时间的再延长，脑损伤变化趋于平缓。再灌后，脑损伤未见明显加重。     

脑缺血和再灌注后脑组织内皮素－1基因表达及丹参的影响

为研究脑缺血和再灌注后脑组织内皮素－１（ＥＴ－１）基因表达的变化以及丹参对它的影响，采用线栓法制成大鼠大脑中动脉缺血和再灌注模型，并用地高辛精标记ＥＴ－１基因进行原位杂交。结果显示，缺血组（缺血２４ｈ）和再灌注组（缺血１．５ｈ再灌注２４ｈ）缺血侧皮层及尾壳核ＥＴ－１基因表达均显著高于健侧相应的脑区（Ｐ＜０．０１，Ｐ＜０．０５），经丹参治疗后缺血或再灌注鼠缺血侧皮层及尾壳核ＥＴ－１基因表达均显著低于生理盐水（ＮＳ）对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５，Ｐ＜０．０１），但仍比健侧脑区显著增高。本实验表明，缺血和再灌注均可诱导脑组织ＥＴ－１基因的异常表达，进一步加重缺血和再灌注引起的脑损伤，丹参对缺血诱导的ＥＴ－１基因表达有部分抑制作用，这可能是丹参防治缺血性脑血管病的分子机理之一。     

脑缺血时大鼠大脑皮层乙酰胆碱含量变化的动态观察

本实验采用双侧颈总动脉夹闭（ＣＣＡＯ）和大脑中动脉闭塞（ＭＣＡＯ）两种脑缺血动物模型，分别用乙酰胆碱（ＡＣｈ）生物测定法检测皮层ＡＣｈ含量，ＡＣｈ离子选择性微电极（ＡＣｈ－ＩＳＭｓ）检测皮层ＡＣｈ释放量，乙酰胆碱酯酶（ＡＣｈＥ）生化测定法检测皮层ＡＣｈＥ活性，观察脑缺血时皮层ＡＣｈ含量的动态查化。结果发现：脑缺血可诱发皮层ＡＣｈ活度急剧上升，示ＡＣｈ突然大量释放，在ＣＣＡＯ组于缺血１０ｍｉｎ达到高峰（净增１．４４４ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ），而ＭＣＡＯ组于缺血２ｍｉｎ即达高峰（净增１．５５３ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ），随着缺血延长，二者均逐渐下降，于缺血３０ｍｉｎ时，虽较峰值要低，但明显高于缺血前水平，此时，ＡＣｈＥ活性巳明显低于缺血前，ＡＣｈ含量在ＣＣＡＯ组下降０．２５６μｇ／ｇ（Ｐ＞０．０５），在ＭＣＡＯ组则显著下降１．０１４μｇ／ｇ（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结果提示：皮层ＡＣｈ含量变化对缺血是敏感的；脑缺血时ＡＣｈ含量下降、释放增加、降解减弱，推测ＡＣｈ可能在缺血性脑损伤中起重要作用。     

局灶性脑缺血后脑内髓过氧化物酶活性观察

目的　探讨局灶性脑缺血后脑组织髓过氧化物酶（ＭＰＯ） 活性的测定方法,以及与缺血性损害的关系。方法　采用新型小鼠大脑中动脉线栓模型,检测不同缺血时间组梗塞体积及ＭＰＯ活性。结果　缺血１ ｈ 后再灌注２３ ｈ 组（ｔＭＣＡＯ）缺血灶体积明显小于缺血２４ ｈ 组（ｐＭＣＡＯ）;ＭＰＯ活性在各缺血组缺血侧明显高于对照侧和对照组（ Ｐ＜ ０－０５）,ｐＭＣＡＯ 组缺血侧基底节区ＭＰＯ 活性显著高于ｔＭＣＡＯ 组（ Ｐ＜ ０－０５） ,而两组缺血皮质区ＭＰＯ 活性则无显著差异。结论　本研究建立了局灶性脑缺血的ＭＰＯ活性测定方法,证明ＭＰＯ活性与缺血损伤间具有一定关系。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。