长春地区0~12个月健康婴儿血清铁、镁、锌、铜参考区间的建立

目的 建立长春地区0~12个月健康婴儿血清铁、镁、锌、铜参考区间,为临床诊疗提供依据。方法 根据卫生行业标准WS/T 402-2012,经临床标准和实验室标准筛选后,选取2014年1月-2017年12月在吉林大学第一医院儿童体检中心体检的8 905名0~12月健康婴儿,使用日立7600-210全自动生化分析仪检测血清铁、镁、锌、铜,进行年龄、性别分组。使用SPSS 21.0统计软件进行分析,获得不同年龄段和性别分组的参考区间。结果 血清铁浓度随着月龄增加呈逐渐下降趋势,而血清镁浓度随月龄增加而逐渐升高。血清锌水平随月龄增加而逐渐升高,男婴、女婴分别在7~8个月、5~6个月达到高峰,此后逐渐下降。血清铜含量随着月龄增加,在11~12个月达高峰。四种微量元素参考区间均有年龄差异(P<0.05),血清铜在4~12个月开始有性别差异(P<0.05)。结论 建立各地区婴儿年龄与性别相关的血清元素参考区间对正确评估婴儿发育具有重要意义。     

Use of infrared thermographic calorimetry to determine energy expenditure in preterm infants

BACKGROUND: Measurement of infant energy expenditure in the clinical setting is difficult and is rarely done. Both indirect and direct calorimetry require long measurement periods and frequent calibration. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to validate in infants a newly developed method of determining energy expenditure, infrared thermographic calorimetry (ITC), against an established method, respiratory indirect calorimetry (IC). ITC measures mean infant body surface temperature. ITC was used in conjunction with heat loss theory to calculate radiant, convective, evaporative, and conductive heat losses and thereby determine total energy expenditure. DESIGN: Ten healthy preterm infants were studied by obtaining concurrent ITC and IC measurements over a 3.5-5.5-h study period. Continuous IC measurements were compared with ITC measurements taken every 10 min during study periods. IC values were summed over 10-min intervals covering the 5 min before and 5 min after each ITC measurement, to allow comparisons between the 2 methods. RESULTS: Comparison of paired ITC and IC mean measurements for all 10 infants over the entire study period showed no significant difference between the 2 methods. However, individual paired IC and ITC values were significantly different for 7 of 10 infants. The overall mean difference between the 2 methods was 1.3%. CONCLUSIONS: ITC is an accurate, noninvasive method for measurement of heat loss and energy expenditure in healthy preterm infants, and therefore it may be a useful clinical and research tool.     

Predictors of growth from 1 to 18 months among breast-fed Ghanaian infants

OBJECTIVE: To examine factors associated with the physical growth of breast-fed Ghanaian infants during the first 18 months of life. DESIGN: A community-based longitudinal study. SETTING: The study was carried out in Techiman, a district capital and major food trading center in the Brong Ahafo region of Ghana. SUBJECTS: One-month old infants (n=216) with birth weight >/= 2.5 kg were recruited from Maternal and Child Health Centers. METHOD: From 6 to 12 months, infants were provided with one of four types of nutritionally enhanced complementary foods. Anthropometric assessments were completed monthly from 1 to 12 months and every other month from 12 to 18 months. Information was collected on household characteristics, morbidity from common infections and dietary intakes. Blood samples were collected at 6 and 12 months to assess iron, zinc, riboflavin and vitamin A status. Multiple regression analysis was used to examine factors associated with growth during the age intervals of 1-6, 4-6, 6-12 and 12-18 months as well as size attained at 12 and 18 months. RESULTS: Prevalence of diarrhea and fever were negatively associated with growth during the first year of life. No significant relationship was found between respiratory illness (defined as cough or purulent nasal discharge) and growth. With the exception of dietary zinc intake, dietary variables were generally not significantly associated with growth. Maternal education was positively associated with growth during most of the age intervals. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that interventions to reduce morbidity and improve the education of girls may benefit children's growth in this population. Sponsorship: Nestle Foundation; Rockefeller Foundation African Dissertation Internship Award; Fulbright Scholarship. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2000) 54, 41-49     

Determinants of developmental delay in infants aged 12 months

The aim of this study was to determine which demographic, maternal, obstetric and postnatal variables were associated with achievement of developmental milestones at the age of 12 months in term infants. Mothers and babies were enrolled in the Auckland Birthweight Collaborative Study shortly after birth. All infants were full term (gestation >or= 37 weeks). Approximately half of the sample were small for gestational age (SGA = birthweight 10th percentile). A maternal interview was conducted soon after birth. Phase 2 of the study occurred 12 months later when mothers were sent a postal questionnaire requesting information about the child's health and development during the first year of life using the Denver Prescreening Developmental Questionnaire. Seven hundred and forty-four (85.4%) European mothers returned the postal questionnaire. SGA children were not at increased risk of developmental delay at 12 months of age. In a sample representative of New Zealand European children, after adjustment for the effects of potential confounders, maternal smoking during pregnancy (OR = 2.1 [95% CI 1.1, 4.0]), maternal smoking during the first year of life (OR = 1.9 [95% CI 1.0, 3.8]) and low levels of satisfaction with parenting (OR = 2.4 [95% CI 1.1, 5.2]) were associated with significantly increased risk of developmental delay. In the subgroup of SGA children, maternal smoking during pregnancy (OR = 2.9 [95% CI 1.4, 6.2]), high levels of stress associated with parenting (OR = 2.2 [95% CI 1.2, 4.0]), and low levels of satisfaction with parenting (OR = 4.3 [95% CI 1.3, 13.5]) were significantly associated with developmental delay after adjustment for the effects of potential confounders. In conclusion, maternal and postnatal factors were better predictors of developmental delay than demographic variables.     

Longitudinal investigation of energy expenditure in infants with cystic fibrosis

OBJECTIVE: To determine when energy expenditure becomes elevated in infants with cystic fibrosis (CF). DESIGN: Longitudinal studies of total energy expenditure (TEE) using doubly labeled water were conducted in infants identified with CF by newborn screening through the first year of life. SETTING: Hospital and community based studies in Denver, Colorado, USA and Cambridge, UK. RESULTS: Eight of the 12 infants enrolled had begun enzyme therapy but were clinically asymptomatic. Four of the 12 infants were heterozygous for the delta F508 mutation, however no difference was seen in TEE from the remaining homozygous infants. TEE was compared to control cohorts at 2, 6 and 12 months of age. There was no difference from the control groups in TEE/kg fat free mass (FFM)/day at 2 months. However, by 6 months of age TEE/kg FFM/day in infants with CF exceeded that of age-matched controls by 25% (P<0.001). This elevation in TEE continued at 12 months of age exceeding that of controls by 30% (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that infants with CF have increased energy needs by 6 months of age and that early diagnosis alone does not prevent the development of increased caloric requirements. These findings emphasize the need for close nutritional monitoring to prevent suboptimal growth during infancy in this population. SPONSORSHIP: This research was supported by grant number 5 MO1 RR00069, General Clinical Research Centers Program, National Center for Research Resources, NIH.     

1~36月龄早产儿闪光视觉诱发电位随访研究

目的 探究1~36月龄早产儿闪光视觉诱发电位(flash visual evoked potential,FVEP)发育进程,比较其与同龄足月儿的差异,为实施针对性早期干预提供依据。 方法 依据出生体重不同,将早产儿分为极低出生体重(very low birth weight,VLBW)组、低出生体重(low birth weight,LBW)组以及对照组,应用美国Viking-Ⅳ诱发电位仪,纵向记录三组儿童在1、3、6、9、12、18、24、36月龄(早产儿按矫正月龄)FVEP主波P2波潜伏期、振幅值。 结果 三组儿童FVEP发育轨迹大致相似,随月龄增长P2潜伏期呈下降趋势,6月龄内下降幅度最大;VLBW组与对照组相比,在1~24月龄均显示P2波潜伏期显著延迟,36月龄差异无统计学意义;LBW组与对照组相比,仅在1、3、6月龄段显示P2波潜伏期显著延迟。 结论 早产、低出生体重对婴幼儿的视觉系统发育有明显的不良影响,尤其对VLBW早产儿的影响更加显著,应加强对这类儿童在学龄前期的视功能状态的随访评估。     

Systematic errors in middle-aged women's estimates of energy intake: comparing three self-report measures to total energy expenditure from doubly labeled water

PURPOSE: To evaluate energy intake (EI) derived from a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), seven-day dietary recall (7DDR), and seven 24-hour dietary recall interviews (24HR) for reporting errors associated with social desirability and social approval. METHODS: The FFQ and 7DDR were administered once before and once after a 14-day metabolic period during which total energy expenditure was determined using the doubly labeled water method (TEE_dlw). Seven 24HR were conducted over the 14-day period. Data obtained from 80 healthy women (mean age = 49.1 years) were fit to linear regression models in which the EI estimates were the dependent variables and estimates of social desirability and social approval traits, body mass index [weight (kg)/ height (m)²], and TEE_dlw were fit as independent variables. RESULTS: indicated that in college-educated women there was an underestimate associated with social desirability on the FFQ (-42.24 kcal/day/point on the social desirability scale; 95% CI:–75.48, -9.00). For college-educated women with an average social desirability score (17 points) this would equal an underestimate of 507 kcal/day compared to women with the minimum score (4 points). The 7DDR was associated with a differential effect of social approval when comparing by education; i.e., there was a difference of 36.35 kcal/day/point between the two groups (-14.69 in women with ≥college and 21.66 in women with 相似文献   

Energy requirements derived from total energy expenditure and energy deposition during the first 2 y of life

BACKGROUND: Current recommendations for energy intake of children are derived from observed intakes. Deriving energy requirements on the basis of energy expenditure and deposition is scientifically more rational than is using the observational approach and is now possible with data on total energy expenditure (TEE), growth, and body composition. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were 1) to define energy requirements during the first 2 y of life on the basis of TEE and energy deposition; 2) to test effects of sex, age, and feeding mode on energy requirements; and 3) to determine physical activity. DESIGN: TEE, sleeping metabolic rate, anthropometry, and body composition were measured in 76 infants. TEE was measured with doubly labeled water, sleeping metabolic rate with respiratory calorimetry, and body composition with a multicomponent model. RESULTS: Total energy requirements were 2.23, 2.59, 2.97, 3. 38, 3.72, and 4.15 MJ/d at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 mo, respectively. Energy deposition (in MJ/d) decreased significantly over time (P: = 0.001) and was lower in breast-fed than in formula-fed infants (P: = 0.01). Energy requirements were approximately 80% of current recommendations. Energy requirements differed by age (P: = 0.001), feeding group (P: = 0.03), and sex (P: = 0.03). Adjusted for weight or fat-free mass and fat mass, energy requirements still differed by feeding group but not by age or sex. Temperament and motor development did not affect TEE. CONCLUSION: The TEE and energy-deposition data of these healthy, thriving children provide strong evidence that current recommendations for energy intake in the first 2 y of life should be revised.     

Relationship between blood lead concentration and dietary intakes of infants from 3 to 12 months of age

Data from a study of mother-infant pairs of low socioeconomic status living in Albany County, NY, were analyzed to determine the influence of diet and nutrition on the blood lead level of infants during the first year of life. Children's diets were assessed at 3-month intervals using a 24-h diet recall as reported by the primary caregiver. The potential impact of dietary consumption of protein, iron, zinc, calcium, vitamin D, and fat, as well as serum vitamin D and ferritin on blood lead levels at 6 and 12 months of age was examined with multivariable statistical analyses, controlling for other influences on lead levels. Neonates' blood lead levels were low at birth (geometric mean=1.6 microg/dL), and none were elevated (> or = 10 microg/dL). By 12 months, the mean blood lead for this sample was 5.1 microg/dL, and 18% of the sample had an elevated blood lead level. We observed significant inverse relationships between infants' 6-month lead level and their intake of zinc, iron, and calcium. At 12 months, low iron intake continued to be associated with higher lead levels, although zinc and calcium did not. Protein had a paradoxical effect, being associated with lower lead at 6 months, but higher lead at 12 months. Serum vitamin D and ferritin were not associated with lead levels, nor was vitamin supplement use. The results reported here emphasize the value of key minerals in the diet to reduce lead absorption during early infancy.     

Twenty-four-hour analysis of elevated energy expenditure after physical activity in a metabolic chamber: models of daily total energy expenditure

BACKGROUND: The Institute of Medicine proposed that 15% of energy expenditure (EE) as excess post-exercise oxygen consumption should be added to additional physical activity energy expenditure (DeltaPAEE) to estimate total EE. However, the magnitude of elevated post-physical activity energy expenditure (EPEE) under normal daily living conditions has not been examined. OBJECTIVE: We examined the effects of EPEE on 24-h EE by modeling standard living conditions in a metabolic chamber. DESIGN: Eleven Japanese men completed three 24-h metabolic chamber measurements: a control day (C-day), a day with high-frequency moderate-intensity physical activity (M-day), and a day with high-frequency vigorous-intensity physical activity (V-day). RESULTS: Mean (+/- SD) 24-h EE for the C-day, the M-day, and the V-day was 2228 +/- 143 kcal, 2816 +/- 197 kcal, and 2813 +/- 163 kcal, respectively. No significant difference was observed in 24-h EE between an M-day and a V-day. Mean EPEEs on the M-day and the V-day did not significantly contribute to increasing 24-h EE. Relative EPEEs to DeltaPAEEs were 6.2 +/- 13.9% (M-day) and 5.1 +/- 9.2% (V-day). However, EPEE/24-h EE was negatively correlated with maximal oxygen uptake on the V-day (r = -0.68, P = 0.02), although no significant correlation between these variables was observed on the M-day (r = -0.41, P = 0.21). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that EPEE has a small effect on 24-h EE in the course of normal daily activities, findings that do not support the proposition by the Institute of Medicine for estimating TEE. However, persons with low physical fitness levels could enhance EE as EPEE by increasing vigorous-intensity daily physical activity.     

Resting and total energy expenditure in patients with inflammatory bowel disease

Patients with inflammatory bowel disease often present with weight loss. Among possible causes, an elevated energy expenditure has frequently been suggested but is the least documented. In this study resting metabolic rate (RMR) and total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) were measured in 15 outpatients with inflammatory bowel diseases and in eight healthy control subjects. Measured RMR as a percentage of that predicted from fat-free mass was not significantly different for control subjects (102 +/- 9.8%, mean +/- SD) and patients (100 +/- 13.3%). TDEE, expressed as a multiple of RMR, was 1.70 +/- 0.31 for control subjects and 1.78 +/- 0.24 for patients. When patients were subgrouped as greater than or equal to 90% or less than 90% desirable body weight, a mean increase over RMR predicted from fat-free mass was seen in the underweight patients (106 +/- 9.3%) but not in normal-weight patients (99.0 +/- 15.6%). Mean TDEE/RMR values for the patient subgroups were 1.70 +/- 0.30 and 1.88 +/- 0.08, respectively. We conclude that stable outpatients with inflammatory bowel disease have only a minimal increase in energy needs.     

1990～2000年辽宁省卫生总费用分析

卫生总费用是指在一定时期一定地域内 ,卫生服务提供者为了给社会各界提供卫生服务所消耗的物化劳动和活劳动的贷币表现 ,它全面反映一个国家或地区的卫生保健筹资水平及其利用程度。卫生总费用测算结果及其基础数据不仅为政府制定卫生经济政策提供信息 ,同时也是评价社会对人类健康的重视程度 ,考核卫生系统的工作绩效 ,分析卫生保健筹资与利用公平性和合理性的重要手段。卫生总费用测算方法有筹资来源法、分配流向法、工作量法三种。为了和历史资料有可比性 ,辽宁省一直沿续使用筹资来源法来测算卫生总费用。为了反映我省卫生总费用筹资水…     

Indirect calorimetry in mechanically ventilated infants and children: accuracy of total daily energy expenditure with 2 hour measurements.

OBJECTIVE: To determine how accurately total daily energy expenditure can be estimated from measurement periods of less than 24 h in mechanically ventilated infants and children. DESIGN: Prospective study to validate a method to determine energy expenditure. SETTING: Pediatric intensive care unit of an university hospital. PATIENTS: Nineteen ventilated patients (age 3 weeks - 13 years) with a FiO(2)of less than 60% and tube leakage < 10% (the difference between inspiratory and expiratory tidal volume measured by the ventilator). Separately, in five patients with varying tube leakage (2-59%) the influence of tube leakage on measured energy expenditure was determined. MEASUREMENT: Energy expenditure was measured by indirect calorimetry. Total daily energy expenditure measurements for 24 h were compared with 2 h energy expenditure measurements. The influence of body temperature on measured energy expenditure was determined. RESULTS: The mean coefficient of variation among 2 hour periods of measured energy expenditure was 6% (range 2-11%) compared with total daily energy expenditure measurements. The influence of body temperature revealed an increase of 6% of energy expenditure/ degrees C. An increased tube leakage influenced the energy expenditure measurements significantly (P< 0. 001). CONCLUSION: In a clinical situation in patients with a tube leakage < 10% total daily energy expenditure can be estimated from a 2 h measurement period.     

北京市4~12月龄婴儿辅食喂养指数分析

目的 调查了解北京市4～12月龄婴幼儿喂养现状, 为婴幼儿营养干预提供科学依据。方法 采用分层整群抽样的方法, 在北京市城区和郊区分别抽取4～12月龄婴幼儿为调查对象, 通过问卷收集婴幼儿的基本情况、辅食添加等情况进行统计分析, 建立并计算4～12月龄婴儿的辅食喂养指数。结果 本次共调查900人, 城区431人, 郊区469人。辅食喂养指数包括膳食多样化分数(dietary diversity score, DDS)、膳食种类(food variety score, FVS)、辅食首添时间、配方奶首添时间四个部分。北京市4～6月龄和7～9月龄婴儿DDS、FVS和辅食喂养指数城区和郊区之间的差异有统计学意义。10～12月龄婴儿DDS、辅食喂养指数, 城区和郊区之间的差异有统计学意义。4～6月龄组和10～12月龄组与婴儿辅食喂养指数相关的因素是食物费用。7～9月龄组与婴儿辅食喂养指数相关的因素是食物费用和母亲文化。结论 辅食喂养指数可以综合评价婴幼儿辅食喂养情况, 但应用效度如何有待评价。     

Breastmilk intake and growth in infants from two to ten months

Longitudinal measurements of breastmilk intake in 48 Cambridge infants showed that intake reached a peak of 824 g/24 h in boys and 741 g/24 h in girls in the third and fourth months, respectively. Regression analysis demonstrated that, in the early months, the infants' weight accounted for a major part of the variance in breastmilk intake. Infants in non-manual social classes received more breastmilk and started solids later than those in manual groups. In the early months weight gain showed a relative increase compared to growth standards, but later infancy was characterized by a progressive deceleration in weight and length gain. Adiposity, as measured by triceps skinfold thickness differed most markedly from growth charts and was only equivalent to the tenth standard centile at all ages. The lower skinfold thickness measurements are considered to be more appropriate to breastfed infants in general.     

Development of salivary alpha-amylase in infants from birth to 5 months

The alpha-amylase activity in whole saliva of two groups of infants was investigated from birth to 5 months at monthly intervals. Foods used in infant feeding as well as height and weight were recorded at each monthly collection period. alpha-Amylase activity was found to increase rapidly from low values at birth to approximately two-thirds of adult values by 3 months. Large variation in alpha-amylase activity, either per ml of saliva or per mg of protein, was recorded. No significant relationships of alpha-amylase activity with weight, weight for height, growth rate, or presence of starch-containing foods in the diet were found. Introduction of starch-containing food before 3 months of age would likely lead to inadequate hydrolization of starch in some infants.     

不同随访模式早产儿生后6至12月营养相关指标的对比研究

目的 监测规律随访与未规律随访模式早产儿生后6~12月间(矫正月龄)血清25-羟维生素D₃[25-(OH)D₃]、钙(Ca)、磷(P)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、尿素(UREA)、前白蛋白(PA)的水平,探讨两种随访模式对早产儿营养状况的影响及其安全性。方法 回顾性分析2015年1月-2017年12月在陆军军医大学第二附属医院院门诊就诊的143例早产儿资料,其中定期规律随访者79例设为A组,另外因各种原因未能定期规律随访者64例设为B组,同时将同期在本院儿保门诊随访的足月健康婴儿253例设为C组。婴儿于出生第6月至第12月(早产儿为矫正月龄)间抽血查血清25-(OH)D₃、Ca、ALP、P、UREA、PA水平。结果 1)A组及C组的血清25-(OH)D₃、Ca、PA均显著高于B组(P<0.05)。A组的血清25-(OH)D₃高于C组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。A、B、C三组间血清ALP、P、UREA差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。2)A、B、C三组25-(OH)D₃测值评价结果比较:三组均无中毒病例,评价为25-(OH)D₃值适宜的例数A组最多,B组最少。结论 1)定期规律随访并按儿保建议喂养的早产儿,其生后6至12月血清25-(OH)D₃缺乏及低前白蛋白血症发生率低。2)早产儿喂养方案需个体化。3)部分早产儿营养评价指标(如:ALP)缺乏参考标准,仍需完善。